Swimmer illness associated with marine water exposure and water quality indicators: Impact of widely used assumptions

Epidemiology

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 845-853

  Arnold, Benjamin F ^a   Schiff, Kenneth C ^b   Griffith, John F ^b   Gruber, Joshua S ^a   Yau, Vincent ^a,c   Wright, Catherine C ^a   Wade, Timothy J ^d   Burns, Susan ^a   Hayes, Jacqueline M ^a   Mcgee, Charles ^e   Gold, Mark ^f   Cao, Yiping ^b   Weisberg, Stephen B ^b   Colford, John M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL WATER RESEARCH PROJECT   (United States)

^c DIVISION OF RESEARCH   (United States)

^d U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^e ORANGE COUNTY SANITATION DISTRICT   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RUNOFF; SEA WATER;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLONY FORMING UNIT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; DISEASE DURATION; ENTEROCOCCUS; FECAL COLIFORM; FECES ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INDICATOR ORGANISM; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; OTALGIA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RASH; SCHOOL CHILD; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SWIMMING; WATER IMMERSION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING;

EID: 84885375254     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: 15315487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000434431.06765.4a     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. USEPA Office of Water. Recreational Water Quality Criteria. US Environmental Protection Agency; 2012. Available at: Http://water.epa. gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/health/recreation/upload/ RWQC2012.pdf. Accessed 26 May 26 2013
2. G riffith JF, Cao Y, McGee CD, Weisberg SB. Evaluation of rapid methods and novel indicators for assessing microbiological beach water quality. Water Res. 2009;43:4900-4907
3. Haile RW, Witte JS, Gold M, et al. The health effects of swimming in ocean water contaminated by storm drain runoff. Epidemiology. 1999;10:355-363
4. Wade TJ, Calderon RL, Sams E, et al. Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality are predictive of swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:24-28
5. Wade TJ, Calderon RL, Brenner KP, et al. High sensitivity of children to swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness: Results using a rapid assay of recreational water quality. Epidemiology. 2008;19:375-383
6. Wade TJ, Sams E, Brenner KP, et al. Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: A prospective cohort study. Environ Health. 2010;9:66
7. C olford JM Jr, Wade TJ, Schiff KC, et al. Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination. Epidemiology. 2007;18:27-35
8. C olford JM Jr, Schiff KC, Griffith JF, et al. Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water. Water Res. 2012;46:2176-2186
9. Heaney CD, Sams E, Wing S, et al. Contact with beach sand among beachgoers and risk of illness. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:164-172
10. Heaney CD, Sams E, Dufour AP, et al. Fecal indicators in sand, sand contact, and risk of enteric illness among beachgoers. Epidemiology. 2012;23:95-106
11. R osenbaum P. Choice as an alternative to control in observational studies. Stat Sci. 1999;14:259-278
12. C alifornia's 2006 Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited Segments. California State Water Resources Control Board. Available at: Http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water-issues/programs/ tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/ epa/r4-06-303d-reqtmdls.pdf. Accessed 24 May 2013
13. USEPA. Method 1600: Enterococci in Water by Membrane Filtration Using Membrane-Enterococcus Indoxyl-beta-D-Glucoside Agar (mEI). Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2006
14. A PHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington DC: American Public Health Association; 2009
15. Haugland RA, Siefring SC, Wymer LJ, Brenner KP, Dufour AP. Comparison of Enterococcus measurements in freshwater at two recreational beaches by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and membrane filter culture analysis. Water Res. 2005;39:559-568
16. N oble RT, Blackwood AD, Griffith JF, McGee CD, Weisberg SB. Comparison of rapid quantitative PCR-based and conventional culturebased methods for enumeration of Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in recreational waters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76:7437-7443
17. L ayton BA, Walters SP, Lam LH, Boehm AB. Enterococcus species distribution among human and animal hosts using multiplex PCR. J Appl Microbiol. 2010;109:539-547
18. Baqui AH, Black RE, Yunus M, Hoque AR, Chowdhury HR, Sack RB. Methodological issues in diarrhoeal diseases epidemiology: Definition of diarrhoeal episodes. Int J Epidemiol. 1991;20:1057-1063
19. Dorevitch S, Pratap P, Wroblewski M, et al. Health risks of limited-contact water recreation. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:192-197
20. Soller JA, Bartrand T, Ashbolt NJ, Ravenscroft J, Wade TJ. Estimating the primary etiologic agents in recreational freshwaters impacted by human sources of faecal contamination. Water Res. 2010;44:4736-4747
21. L os Angeles County Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Ocean Water Monitoring Data. Los Angeles County Department of Public Health; 2012. Available at: Http://lapublichealth.org/eh/ehftp/. Accessed 4 June 2012
22. Ocean Water Public Monitoring Data. City of Los Angeles, Department of Public Works, Bureau of Sanitation, Environmental Monitoring Division; 2012
23. L ipsitch M, Tchetgen Tchetgen E, Cohen T. Negative controls: A tool for detecting confounding and bias in observational studies. Epidemiology. 2010;21:383-388
24. Kay D, Fleisher JM, Salmon RL, et al. Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing: Results from randomised exposure. Lancet. 1994;344:905-909
25. Fleisher JM. The effects of measurement error on previously reported mathematical relationships between indicator organism density and swimming-associated illness: A quantitative estimate of the resulting bias. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19:1100-1106
26. Hutcheon JA, Chiolero A, Hanley JA. Random measurement error and regression dilution bias. BMJ. 2010;340:c2289
27. Haile RW, Witte JS, Ursin G, et al. A case-control study of reproductive variables, alcohol, and smoking in premenopausal bilateral breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1996;37:49-56
28. Fleisher JM, Fleming LE, Solo-Gabriele HM, et al. The BEAC HES Study: Health effects and exposures from non-point source microbial contaminants in subtropical recreational marine waters. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:1291-1298