The women's health initiative: Hormone therapy and calcium/vitamin D supplementation trials

Current Osteoporosis Reports

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 171-178

  Cauley, Jane A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcium supplementation; Fractures; Hormone therapy; Vitamin D supplementation; Women's Health Initiative

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM; CALCIUM CARBONATE; COLECALCIFEROL; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN PLUS GESTAGEN; GESTAGEN; HORMONE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; PLACEBO; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLEEDING; BODY MASS; BONE DENSITY; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLIMACTERIUM; COLORECTAL CANCER; CORONARY RISK; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DEMENTIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FALLING; FAMILY HISTORY; FOLLOW UP; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; GLOBAL INDEX; HEALTH HAZARD; HEART INFARCTION; HIP FRACTURE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LUNG EMBOLISM; MENOPAUSE; NEGRO; NEPHROLITHIASIS; OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POSTMENOPAUSE; RATING SCALE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SPINE FRACTURE; TABLET; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR INVASION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WRIST FRACTURE;

AGED; BONE DENSITY; CALCIUM; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL; PREVALENCE; PROGESTINS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84885328123     PISSN: 15441873     EISSN: 15442241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-013-0150-7     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials. 1998;19(1):61-109.
2. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701-12.
3. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33.
4. Wysowski DK, Golden L, Burke L. Use of menopausal estrogens and medroxyprogesterone in the United States, 1982-1992. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85(1):6-10.
5. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med. 1991;20(1):47-63.
6. Lindsay R, Hart DM, Clark DM. The minimum effective dose of estrogen for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;63(6):759-63.
7. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. JAMA. 1995;273(3):199-208.
8. Heiss G, Wallace R, Anderson GL, et al. Health risks and benefits 3 years after stopping randomized treatment with estrogen and progestin. JAMA. 2008;299(9):1036-45. This paper summarizes the outcomes of the E+P trial during the intervention phase, post-intervention and overall.
9. LaCroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, et al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;305(13):1305-14. This paper summarizes the outcomes of the E-alone trial during the intervention phase, post-intervention and overall.
10. Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290(13):1729-38.
11. Jackson RD, Wactawski-Wende J, LaCroix AZ, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on risk of fractures and BMD in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: results from the women's health initiative randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(6):817-28.
12. Black DM, Steinbuch M, Palermo L, et al. An assessment tool for predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(7):519-28.
13. Pilon D, Castilloux AM, LeLorier J. Estrogen replacement therapy: determinants of persistence with treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(1):97-100.
14. Coker LH, Espeland MA, Rapp SR, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cognitive outcomes: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;118(4-5):304-10.
15. Clarkson TB, Melendez GC, Appt SE. Timing hypothesis for postmenopausal hormone therapy: its origin, current status, and future. Menopause. 2013;20(3):342-53.
16. Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):684-96.
17. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):669-83. This paper is the primary report of the calcium/Vitamin D trial and the fracture/bone mineral density outcomes.
18. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Cauley JA, McGowan J. The Women's Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D trial: overview and baseline characteristics of participants. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13(9 Suppl):S98-106.
19. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Orav EJ, et al. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(1):40-9.
20. Prentice RL, Pettinger MB, Jackson RD, et al. Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(2):567-80. This paper is an updated analyasis of the Calcium/Vitamin D trial on multiple outcomes.
21. de Boer IH, Tinker LF, Connelly S, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of incident diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):701-7.
22. Manson JE, Allison MA, Carr JJ, et al. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and coronary artery calcification in the Women's Health Initiative. Menopause. 2010;17(4):683-91.
23. Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, et al. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2007;115(7):846-54.
24. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(22):1581-91.
25. Brunner RL, Cochrane B, Jackson RD, et al. Calcium, vitamin D supplementation, and physical function in the Women's Health Initiative. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(9):1472-9.
26. LaCroix AZ, Kotchen J, Anderson G, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(5):559-67.
27. Rejnmark L, Avenell A, Masud T, et al. Vitamin D with calcium reduces mortality: patient level pooled analysis of 70,528 patients from eight major vitamin D trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2670-81.