Hendra and Nipah infection: Emerging paramyxoviruses

Virus Research

Volumn 177, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 119-126

  Aljofan, Mohamad ^a,b  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b QASSIM UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Hendra virus; Henipavirus; Nipah virus

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VACCINE; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BRILLIANT GREEN; CHLOROQUINE; CRYSTAL VIOLET; EQUIVAC HEV; GLIOTOXIN; HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY M102.4; LJ 001; MEASLES VACCINE; MIBEFRADIL; PEPTIDE; PRAZIQUANTEL; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; RIBAVIRIN; THROMBOSPONDIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VERAPAMIL; VIRUS VACCINE;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CELL LINE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL FEATURE; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HENDRA VIRUS; HENDRA VIRUS INFECTION; HENIPAVIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NIPAH VIRUS; NIPAH VIRUS INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PARAMYXOVIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRAL TROPISM; VIRUS CLASSIFICATION; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

EQUIDAE; HENDRA VIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS; NIPAH VIRUS;

HENDRA VIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS; HEV; IFN; INTERFERON; NIPAH VIRUS; NIV;

ANIMALS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; HENDRA VIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; HUMANS; NIPAH VIRUS;

EID: 84885318157     PISSN: 01681702     EISSN: 18727492     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Aljofan M., Porotto M., Moscona A., Mungall B.A. Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus. J. Virol. Methods 2008, 149(1):12-19.
2. Aljofan M., Saubern S., Meyer A.G., Marsh G., Meers J., Mungall B.A. Characteristics of Nipah virus and Hendra virus replication in different cell lines and their suitability for antiviral screening. Virus Res. 2009, 142(1-2):92-99.
3. Aljofan M., Sganga M., Porotto M., Meyer A.G., Meers J., Saubern S., Moscona A., Mungall B.A. Gliotoxin gentian violet and brilliant green have potent antiviral activity against Nipah and Hendra virus in vitro. Virol. J. 2009, 6:187.
4. Aljofan M., Lo M.K., Rota P.A., Michalski W.P., Mungall B.A. Off label antiviral therapeutics for henipaviruses: new light through old windows. J. Antivir. Antiretrovir. 2010, 1:1-10.
5. Andreas Pichlmair A., Schulz O., Tan C., Näslund T., Liljeström P., Weber P., Sousa C. RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses to single-stranded RNA bearing 5'-phosphates. Science 2006, 5801:997-1001. 10.1126/science.1132998.
6. Andrejeva J., Young D.F., Goodbourn S., Randall R.E. Degradation of STAT1 and STAT2 by the V proteins of simian virus 5 and human parainfluenza virus type 2, respectively: consequences for virus replication in the presence of alpha/beta and gamma interferons. J. Virol. 2002, 76:2159-2167.
7. Anonymous Australian vet dies from Hendra virus infection. Vet. Rec. 2008, 163:257.
8. Anonymous Call for investment in research and education as another Australian vet dies of Hendra virus. Vet. Rec. 2009, 165:303.
9. Barbeler D. Six More People Exposed to Hendra. Brisbane Times, Queensland 2009, September, http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/six-morepeople- exposed-to-hendra-20090909-fh4l.html.
10. Bellini W.J., Harcourt B.H., Bowden N., Rota P.A. Nipah virus: an emergent paramyxovirus causing severe encephalitis in humans. J. Neurovirol. 2005, 11(5):481-487.
11. Bonaparte M.I., Dimitrov A.S., Bossart K.N., Crameri G., Mungall B.A., et al. Ephrin-B2 ligand is a functional receptor for Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102:10652-10657. 10.1073/pnas.0504887102.
12. Bossart K.N., Wang L.F., Flora M.N., Chua K.B., Lam S.K., Eaton B.T., Broder C.C. Membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the Nipah virus and Hendra virus envelope glycoproteins. J. Virol. 2002, 76(22):11186-11198.
13. Bossart K.N., Crameri G., Dimitrov A.S., Mungall B.A., Feng Y.R., Patch J.R., Choudhary A., Wang L.F., Eaton B.T., Broder C.C. Receptor binding, fusion inhibition, and induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies by a soluble G glycoprotein of Hendra virus. J. Virol. 2005, 79(11):6690-6702.
14. Bossart K.N., Mungall B.A., Crameri G., Wang L.F., Eaton B.T., Broder C.C. Inhibition of Henipavirus fusion and infection by heptad-derived peptides of the Nipah virus fusion glycoprotein. Virol. J. 2005, 2:57.
15. Bossart K.N., Tachedjian M., McEachern J.A., Crameri G., Zhu Z., et al. Functional studies of host-specific ephrin-B ligands as Henipavirus receptors. Virology 2008, 372:357-371. 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.011.
16. Bossart K., Geisbert T., Feldmann H., Zhu Z., Feldmann F., Geisbert J., Yan L., Feng Y.R., Brining D., Scott D., Wang Y., Dimitrov A., Callison J., Chan Y., Hickey A., Dimitrov D., Broder C., Rockx B. A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects african green monkeys from Hendra virus challenge. Sci. Transl. Med. 2011, 3:105ra103.
17. Bossart K.N., Rockx B., Feldmann F., Brining D., Scott D., LaCasse R., Geisbert J.B., Feng Y.R., Chan Y.P., Hickey A.C., Broder C.C., Feldmann H., Geisbert T.W. A Hendra virus G glycoprotein subunit vaccine protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge. Sci. Transl. Med. 2012, 4(August (146)):146ra107. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004241.
18. Broder C.C. Passive immunization and active vaccination against Hendra and Nipah viruses. Dev. Biol. (Basel) 2013, 135:125-138. 10.1159/000171017.
19. Broder C.C., Xu K., Nikolov D.B., Zhu Z., Dimitrov D.S., Middleton D., Pallister J., Geisbert T.W., Bossart K.N., Wang L.F. A treatment for and vaccine against the deadly Hendra and Nipah viruses. Antiviral Res. 2013, (July). pii: S0166-3542(13)00169-1. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.012.
20. Brooks G.F., Karen C., Carroll, Butel J.S., Morse S.A. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology 2007, vol. 19:550-566. 24, illustrated.
21. Chan Y.P., Chua K.B., Koh C.L., Lim M.E., Lam S.K. Complete nucleotide sequences of Nipah virus isolates from Malaysia. J Gen Virol 2001, 82(Pt 9):2151-2155.
22. Choi C. Nipah's return. Scientific American 2004, 2004(September):21-22.
23. Chong H.T., Kamarulzaman A., Tan C.T., Goh K.J., Thayaparan T., Kunjapan S.R., Chew N.K., Chua K.B., Lam S.K. Treatment of acute Nipah encephalitis with ribavirin. Ann. Neurol. 2001, 49:810-813.
24. Chua K.B., Goh K.J., Wong K.T., Kamarulzaman A., Tan P.S., Ksiazek T.G., Zaki S.R., Paul G., Lam S.K., Tan C.T. Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet 1999, 354:1257-1259.
25. Chua K.B., Bellini W.J., Rota P.A., Harcourt B.H., Tamin A., Lam S.K., Ksiazek T.G., Rollin P.E., Zaki S.R., Shieh W., Goldsmith C.S., Gubler D.J., Roehrig J.T., Eaton B., Gould A.R., Olson J., Field H., Daniels P., Ling A.E., Peters C.J., Anderson L.J., Mahy B.W. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science 2000, 288:1432-1435.
26. Chua K.B., Lam S.K., Tan C.T., Hooi P.S., Goh K.J., Chew N.K., Tan K.S., Kamarulzaman A., Wong K.T. High mortality in Nipah encephalitis is associated with presence of virus in cerebrospinal fluid. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 48(5):802-805.
27. Ciancanelli M., Volchkova V., Shaw M., Volchkov V., Basler C. Nipah virus sequesters inactive STAT1 in the nucleus via a P gene-encoded mechanism. J. Virol. 2009, 83(16):2610-2618. 10.1128/JVI.02610-08.
28. Crameri G., Wang L.F., Morrissy C., White J., Eaton B.T. A rapid immune plaque assay for the detection of Hendra and Nipah viruses and antivirus antibodies. J. Virol. Methods 2002, 99(12):41-51.
29. Daniels P., Ksiazek T., Eaton B.T. Laboratory diagnosis of Nipah and Hendra virus infections. Microbes Infect. 2001, 3(4):289-295.
30. Darnell J.J., Kerr I.M., Stark G.R. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signalling proteins. Science 1994, 264:1415-1421.
31. De Franceschi L., Fattovich G., Turrini F., Ayi K., Brugnara C., Manzato F., Noventa F., Stanzial A.M., Solero P., Corrocher R. Hemolytic anemia induced by ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: role of membrane oxidative damage. Hepatology 2000, 31(4):997-1004.
32. Eaton B.T. Introduction to current focus on Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 2001, 3(4):277-278.
33. Eaton B.T., Broder C.C., Middleton D., Wang L.F. Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2006, 4(1):23-35.
34. Field H., Young P., Yob J.M., Mills J., Hall L., Mackenzie J. The atural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 2001, 3(4):307-314.
35. Field H.E., Mackenzie J.S., Daszak P. Henipaviruses: emerging paramyxoviruses associated with fruit bats. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2007, 315:133-159.
36. Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., Howley P.M. Fields' Virology 2007, 2:1357-1450. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
37. Garcia M.A., Gil J., Ventoso I., Guerra S., Domingo E., Rivas C., Esteban M. Impact of protein kinase PKR in cell biology: from antiviral to antiproliferative action. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2006, 70:1032-1060.
38. Goh K.J., Tan C.T., Chew N.K., Tan P.S., Kamarulzaman A., Sarji S.A., Wong K.T., Abdullah B.J., Chua K.B., Lam S.K. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342(17):1229-1235.
39. Gurley E.S., Montgomery J.M., Hossain M.J., Bell M., Azad A.K., Islam M.R., Molla M.A., Carroll D.S., Ksiazek T.G., Rota P.A., Lowe L., Comer J.A., Rollin P., Czub M., Grolla A., Feldmann H., Luby S.P., Woodward J.L., Breiman R.F. Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13(7):1031-1037.
40. Gurley E.S., Montgomery J.M., Hossain M.J., Islam M.R., Molla M.A., Shamsuzzaman S.M., Akram K., Zaman K., Asgari N., Comer J.A., Azad A.K., Rollin P.E., Ksiazek T.G., Breiman R.F. Risk of nosocomial transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladesh hospital. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2007, 28(6):740-742.
41. Halpin K., Mungall B. Recent progress in henipavirus research. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2007, 30(56):287-307.
42. Halpin K., Young P.L., Field H.E., Mackenzie J.S. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J. Gen. Virol. 2000, 81(Pt 8):1927-1932.
43. Halpin K., Bankamp B., Harcourt B.H., Bellini W.J., Rota P.A. Nipah virus conforms to the rule of six in a minigenome replication assay. J. Gen. Virol. 2004, 85(Pt 3):701-707.
44. Harcourt B.H., Tamin A., Ksiazek T.G., Rollin P.E., Anderson L.J., Bellini W.J., Rota P.A. Molecular characterization of Nipah virus, a newly mergent paramyxovirus. Virology 2000, 271(2):334-349.
45. Harit A.K., Ichhpujani R.L., Gupta S., Gill K.S., Lal S., Ganguly N.K., Agarwal S.P. Nipah/Hendra virus outbreak in Siliguri, West Bengal India in 2001. Indian J. Med. Res. 2006, 123:553-560.
46. Hooper P., Zaki S., Daniels P., Middleton D. Comparative pathology of the diseases caused by Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 2001, 3(4):315-322.
47. Lamb R.A., Kolakofsky D. Paramyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields Virology 2001, 1449-1483. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA. 4th ed.
48. Lehle C., Razafitrimo G., Razainirina J., Andriaholinirina N., Goodman S.M., Faure C., Georges Courbot M., Rousset D., Reynes J. Henipavirus and Tioman virus antibodies in pteropid bats, Madagascar. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:159-161.
49. Lo M.K., Rota P.A. The emergence of Nipah virus, a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus. J. Clin. Virol. 2008, 43(4):396-400.
50. Lo M.K., Peeples M.E., Bellini W.J., Nichol S.T., Rota P.A., et al. Distinct and overlapping roles of Nipah virus P gene products in modulating the human endothelial cell antiviral response. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(10). 10.1371/journal.pone.0047790.
51. Luby S.P., Rahman M., Hossain M.J., Blum L.S., Husain M.M., Gurley E., Khan R., Ahmed B.N., Rahman S., Nahar N., Kenah E., Comer J.A., Ksiazek T.G. Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12(12):1888-1894.
52. Marsh G.A., de Jong C., Barr J.A., Tachedjian M., Smith C., et al. Cedar virus: a novel henipavirus isolated from Australian Bats. PLoS Pathog. 2012, 8(8):e1002836. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836.
53. Mathieu C., Guillaume V., Volchkova V.A., Pohl C., Jacquot F., Looi R.Y., Wong K.T., Legras-Lachuer C., Volchkov V.E., Lachuer J., Horvat B. Nonstructural Nipah virus C protein regulates both the early host proinflammatory response and viral virulence. J. Virol. 2012, 10766-10775. 10.1128/JVI.01203-12.
54. Murray K., Selleck P., Hooper P., Hyatt A., Gould A., Gleeson L., Westbury H., Hiley L., Selvey L., Rodwell B. A morbillivirus that caused fatal isease in horses and humans. Science 1995, 268:94-97.
55. Murray K., Selleck P., Hooper P., Hyatt A., Gould A., Gleeson L., Westbury H., Hiley L., Selvey L., Rodwell B. A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Science 1995, 268:94-97.
56. Nagai Y. Paramyxovirus replication and pathogenesis. Reverse genetics transforms understanding. Rev. Med. Virol. 1999, 9(2):83-99.
57. Negrete O.A., Levroney E.L., Aguilar H.C., Bertolotti-Ciarlet A., Nazarian R., Tajyar S., Lee B. EphrinB2 is the entry receptor for Nipah virus, an emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Nature 2005, 436:401-405.
58. Negrete O.A., Wolf M.C., Aguilar H.C., Enterlein S., Wang W., Muhlberger E., Su S.V., Bertolotti-Ciarlet A., Flick R., Lee B. Two key residues in ephrinB3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for Nipah virus. PLoS Pathog. 2006, 2(2):e7.
59. Niedermeier S., Singethan K., Rohrer S.G., Matz M., Kossner M., Diederich S., Maisner A., Schmitz J., Hiltensperger G., Baumann K., Holzgrabe U., Schneider-Schaulies J. A small-molecule inhibitor of Nipah virus envelope protein-mediated membrane fusion. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52(14):4257-4265.
60. Okamoto K., Ohgimoto S., Nishio M., Tsurudome M., Kawano M., Komada H., Ito M., Sakakura Y., Ito Y. Paramyxovirus-induced syncytium cell formation is suppressed by a dominant negative fusion regulatory protein-1 (FRP-1)/CD98 mutated construct: an important role of FRP-1 in virusinduced cell fusion. J. Gen. Virol. 1997, 78(Pt 4):775-783.
61. Pallister J., Middleton D., Crameri G., Yamada M., Klein R., Hancock T.J., Foord A., Shiell B., Michalski W., Broder C.C., Wang L.F. Chloroquine administration does not prevent Nipah virus infection and disease in ferrets. J Virol. 2009, 83(November (22)):11979-11982.
62. Patton J.T., Jones M.T., Kalbach A.N., He Y.W., Xiaobo J. Rotavirus RNA polymerase requires the core shell protein to synthesize the doublestranded RNA genome. J. Virol. 1997, 71(12):9618-9626.
63. Peel A.J., Baker K.S., Crameri G., Barr J.A., Hayman D.T.S., et al. Henipavirus neutralising antibodies in an isolated island population of African fruit bats. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(1). 10.1371/journal.pone.0047790.e30346.
64. Ploquin A., Szécsi J., Mathieu C., Guillaume V., Barateau V., Ong K.C., Wong K.T., Cosset F.L., Horvat B., Salvetti A. Protection against henipavirus infection by use of recombinant adeno-associated virus-vector vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 2012, 207(November (3)):469-478. 10.1093/infdis/jis699.
65. Porotto M., Yokoyama C.C., Orefice G., Kim H.S., Aljofan M., Mungall B.A., Moscona A. Kinetic dependence of paramyxovirus entry inhibition. J. Virol. 2009, 83(13):6947-6951.
66. Porotto M., Rockx B., Yokoyama C.C., Talekar A., DeVito I., et al. Inhibition of nipah virus infection in vivo: targeting an early stage of paramyxovirus fusion activation during viral entry. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6(10). e1001168.
67. Pringle C.R., Fauquet C.M., Mayo M.A., Maniloff J., Desselberger U. Virus Taxonomy: Eigthth Report of the International Committee on axonomy of Viruses. Order Mononegavirales 2005, 609-666.
68. Rodriguez J.J., Cruz C.D., Horvath C.M. Identification of the nuclear export signal and STAT-binding domains of the Nipah virus V protein reveals mechanisms underlying interferon evasion. J. Virol. 2004, 78:5358-5367.
69. Sawatsky B., Grolla A., Kuzenko N., Weingartl H., Czub M. Inhibition of henipavirus infection by Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein occurs without cell-surface downregulation of ephrin-B2 or ephrin-B3. J Gen Virol 2007, 88(Pt 2):582-591.
70. Selvey L.A., Wells R.M., McCormack J.G., Ansford A.J., Murray K., Rogers R.J., Lavercombe P.S., Selleck P., Sheridan J.W. Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus. Med. J. Aust. 1995, 162(12):642-645.
71. Shakil A.O., McGuire B., Crippin J., Teperman L., Demetris A.J., Conjeevaram H., Gish R., Kwo P., Balan V., Wright T.L., Brass C., Rakela J. A pilot study of interferon alfa and ribavirin combination in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002, 36(5):1253-1258.
72. Shaw M.L., Garcia-Sastre A., Palese P., Basler C.F. Nipah virus V and W proteins have a common STAT1-binding domain yet inhibit STAT1 activation from the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, respectively. J. Virol. 2004, 78(11):5633-5641.
73. Shaw M.L., Cardenas W.B., Zamarin D., Palese P., Basler C.F. Nuclear localization of the Nipah virus W protein allows for inhibition of both virusand toll-like receptor 3-triggered signaling pathways. J. Virol. 2005, 79(10):6078-6088.
74. Siebert U., Sroczynski G. Antiviral combination therapy with interferon/peginterferon plus ribavirin for patients with chronic hepatitis C in Germany: a health technology assessment commissioned by the German Agency for Health Technology Assessment. Ger. Med. Sci. 2003, 1:Doc07.
75. Stark G.R., Kerr I.M., Williams B.R.G., Silverman R.H., Schreiber R.D. How cells respond to interferons. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1998, 67:227-264.
76. Takeda M., Nakatsu Y., Ohno S., Seki F., Tahara M., Hashiguchi T., Yanagi Y. Generation of measles virus with a segmented RNA genome. J. Virol. 2006, 80(9):4242-4248.
77. Tamin A., Rota P.A. Current status of diagnostic methods for henipavirus. Dev. Biol. (Basel) 2013, 135:139-145. 10.1159/000189236.
78. Tan C.T., Wong K.T. Nipah encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 2003, 32(1):112-117.
79. Torres-Velez F.J., Shieh W.J., Rollin P.E., Morken T., Brown C., Ksiazek T.G., Zaki S.R. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical characterization of Nipah virus infection in the guinea pig. Vet. Pathol. 2008, 45(4):576-585.
80. Vigant F., Lee B., Hendra Nipah infection: pathology models potential therapies infectious disorders. Drug Targets 2011, 11:000.
81. Vulliemoz D., Roux L. Rule of six how does the Sendai virus RNA polymerase keep count?. J. Virol. 2001, 75(10):4506-4518.
82. Wang L.F., Michalski W.P., Yu M., Pritchard L.I., Crameri G., Shiell B., Eaton B.T. A novel P/V/C gene in a new member of the Paramyxoviridae family, which causes lethal infection in humans, horses, and other animals. J. Virol. 1998, 72(2):1482-1490.
83. Wang L., Harcourt B.H., Yu M., Tamin A., Rota P.A., Bellini W.J., Eaton B.T. Molecular biology of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 2001, 3(4):279-287.
84. Wolf M.C., Freiberg A.N., Zhang T., Akyol-Ataman Z., Grock A., Hong P.W., Li J., Watson N.F., Fang A.Q., Aguilar H.C., Porotto M., Honko A.N., Damoiseaux R., Miller J.P., Woodson S.E., Chantasirivisal S., Fontanes V., Negrete O.A., Krogstad P., Dasgupta A., Moscona A., Hensley L.E., Whelan S.P., Faull K.F., Holbrook M.R., Jung M.E., Lee B. A broad-spectrum antiviral targeting entry of enveloped viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107(January (7)). 10.1073/pnas.0909587107.
85. Wong K.T. Emerging and re-emerging epidemic encephalitis: a tale of two viruses. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2000, 26(4):313-318.
86. Wong K.T., Shieh W.J., Kumar S., Norain K., Abdullah W., Guarner J., Goldsmith C.S., Chua K.B., Lam S.K., Tan C.T., Goh K.J., Chong H.T., Jusoh R., Rollin P.E., Ksiazek T.G., Zaki S.R. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am. J. Pathol. 2002, 161(6):2153-2167.
87. Wright P.J., Crameri G., Eaton B.T. RNA synthesis during infection by Hendra virus: an examination by quantitative real-time PCR of RNA accumulation, the effect of ribavirin and the attenuation of transcription. Arch. Virol. 2005, 150(3):521-532.
88. Yoneda M., Georges-Courbot M.-C., Ikeda F., Ishii M., Nagata N., et al. Recombinant measles virus vaccine expressing the Nipah virus glycoprotein protects against lethal Nipah virus challenge. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(3). 10.1371/journal.pone.0058414.
89. Young P.L., Halpin K., Selleck P.W., Field H., Gravel J.L., Kelly M.A., ackenzie J.S. Serologic evidence for the presence in Pteropus bats of aramyxovirus 1996.