Paternal Age and General Cognitive Ability-A Cross Sectional Study of Danish Male Conscripts

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  McGrath, John ^a,b   Mortensen, Preben Bo ^c,d   Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker ^c,d   Ehrenstein, Vera ^e   Petersen, Liselotte ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b QUEENSLAND CENTRE FOR MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH   (Australia)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^d Aarhus   (Denmark)

^e AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIRTH ORDER; BORGE PRIENS PROVE; CHILDBIRTH; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DANISH; ETHNIC GROUP; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE TEST; LEARNING; LOGIC; MALE; MATERNAL AGE; PARENTAL ATTITUDE; PARENTING EDUCATION; PATERNAL AGE; PROGENY; SPATIAL LEARNING; VERBAL COMMUNICATION;

ADULT; CHILD; COGNITION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; MALE; MATERNAL AGE; PATERNAL AGE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84885138266     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077444     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Malaspina D, Brown A, Goetz D, Alia-Klein N, Harkavy-Friedman J, et al. (2002) Schizophrenia risk and paternal age: a potential role for de novo mutations in schizophrenia vulnerability genes. CNS Spectr 7(1):: 26-29. PubMed: 15254446.
2. Byrne M, Agerbo E, Ewald H, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, (2003) Parental age and risk of schizophrenia: a case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(7):: 673-678. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.673. PubMed: 12860771.
3. El-Saadi O, Pedersen CB, McNeil TF, Saha S, Welham J, et al. (2004) Paternal and maternal age as risk factors for psychosis: findings from Denmark, Sweden and Australia. Schizophr Res 67(2-3):: 227-236. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00100-2. PubMed: 14984882.
4. Miller B, Messias E, Miettunen J, Alaräisänen A, Järvelin MR, et al. (2011) Meta-analysis of Paternal Age and Schizophrenia Risk in Male Versus Female Offspring. Schizophr Bull 37(5):: 1039-1047. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq011. PubMed: 20185538.
5. Hultman CM, Sandin S, Levine SZ, Lichtenstein P, Reichenberg A, (2011) Advancing paternal age and risk of autism: new evidence from a population-based study and a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry 16: 1203-1212. doi:10.1038/mp.2010.121. PubMed: 21116277.
6. Frans EM, Sandin S, Reichenberg A, Lichtenstein P, Långström N, et al. (2008) Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(9):: 1034-1040. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1034. PubMed: 18762589.
7. Petersen L, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, (2011) Paternal age at birth of first child and risk of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 168(1):: 82-88. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020252. PubMed: 20952457.
8. Pedersen CB, McGrath J, Mortensen PB, Petersen L, (2013) The importance of father's age to schizophrenia risk. Mol Psychiatry (In press). doi:10.1038/mp.2013.69.
9. Sun JX, Helgason A, Masson G, Ebenesersdóttir SS, Li H, et al. (2012) A direct characterization of human mutation based on microsatellites. Nat Genet 44(10):: 1161-1165. doi:10.1038/ng.2398. PubMed: 22922873.
10. Crow JF, (2003) Development. There's something curious about paternal-age effects. Science 301(5633):: 606-607. doi:10.1126/science.1088552. PubMed: 12893932.
11. Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, et al. (2012) Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk. Nature 488(7412):: 471-475. doi:10.1038/nature11396. PubMed: 22914163.
12. Neale BM, Kou Y, Liu L, Ma'ayan A, Samocha KE, et al. (2012) Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders. Nature 485(7397):: 242-245. doi:10.1038/nature11011. PubMed: 22495311.
13. Sanders SJ, Murtha MT, Gupta AR, Murdoch JD, Raubeson MJ, et al. (2012) De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism. Nature 485(7397):: 237-241. doi:10.1038/nature10945. PubMed: 22495306.
14. Veltman JA, Brunner HG, (2012) De novo mutations in human genetic disease. Nat Rev Genet 13(8):: 565-575. doi:10.1038/nrg3241. PubMed: 22805709.
15. Hamlyn J, Duhig M, McGrath J, Scott J, (2012) Modifiable risk factors for schizophrenia and autism- Shared risk factors impacting on brain development. Neurobiol Dis 53: 3-9. PubMed: 23123588.
16. Malaspina D, Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Fennig S, Davidson M, et al. (2005) Paternal age and intelligence: implications for age-related genomic changes in male germ cells. Psychiatr Genet 15(2):: 117-125. doi:10.1097/00041444-200506000-00008. PubMed: 15900226.
17. Saha S, Barnett AG, Foldi C, Burne TH, Eyles DW, et al. (2009) Advanced Paternal Age Is Associated With Impaired Neurocognitive Outcomes during Infancy and Childhood. PLOS Med 6(3):: e40. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000040. PubMed: 19278291.
18. Edwards RD, Roff J, (2010) Negative effects of paternal age on children's neurocognitive outcomes can be explained by maternal education and number of siblings. PLOS ONE 5(9):: e12157. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012157. PubMed: 20856853.
19. Svensson AC, Abel K, Dalman C, Magnusson C, (2011) Implications of advancing paternal age: does it affect offspring school performance? PLOS ONE 6(9):: e24771. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024771. PubMed: 21957460.
20. Myrskykä M, Silventoinen K, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F, (2013) Is later better or worse? Association of advanced parental age with offspring cognitive ability among half a million young Swedish men. Am J Epidemiol 177(7):: 649-655. doi:10.1093/aje/kws237. PubMed: 23467498.
21. Davies G, Tenesa A, Payton A, Yang J, Harris SE, et al. (2011) Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Mol Psychiatry 16(10):: 996-1005. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.85. PubMed: 21826061.
22. Deary IJ, (2012) Intelligence. Annu Rev Psychol 63: 453-482. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100353. PubMed: 21943169.
23. Rodgers JL, Cleveland HH, van den Oord E, Rowe DC, (2000) Resolving the debate over birth order, family size, and intelligence. Am Psychol 55(6):: 599-612. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.599. PubMed: 10892201.
24. Kristensen P, Bjerkedal T, (2007) Explaining the relation between birth order and intelligence. Science 316(5832):: 1717. doi:10.1126/science.1141493. PubMed: 17588924.
25. Sulloway FJ, (2007) Psychology. Birth order and intelligence. Science 316(5832):: 1711-1712. doi:10.1126/science.1144749. PubMed: 17588922.
26. Sørensen HT, Sabroe S, Olsen J, Rothman KJ, Gillman MW, et al. (1997) Birth weight and cognitive function in young adult life: historical cohort study. BMJ 315: 401-403. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7105.401. PubMed: 9277604.
27. Schisterman EF, Cole SR, Platt RW, (2009) Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology 20(4):: 488-495. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1. PubMed: 19525685.
28. VanderWeele TJ, (2009) On the relative nature of overadjustment and unnecessary adjustment. Epidemiology 20(4):: 496-499. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181a82f12. PubMed: 19525686.
29. Christenfeld NJ, Sloan RP, Carroll D, Greenland S, (2004) Risk factors, confounding, and the illusion of statistical control. Psychosom Med 66(6):: 868-875. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000140008.70959.41. PubMed: 15564351.
30. Green A, (1996) The Danish Conscription Registry: a resource for epidemiological research. Dan Med Bull 43(5):: 464-467. PubMed: 8960819.
31. Teasdale TW, (2009) The Danish draft board's intelligence test, Borge Priens Prove: psychometric properties and research applications through 50 years. Scand J Psychol 50(6):: 633-638. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00789.x. PubMed: 19930263.
32. Osler M, Lawlor DA, Nordentoft M, (2007) Cognitive function in childhood and early adulthood and hospital admission for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders in Danish men born in 1953. Schizophr Res 92(1-3):: 132-141. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.009. PubMed: 17344025.
33. Pedersen CB, (2011) The Danish Civil Registration System. Scand J Public Health 39 (7 Suppl)():: 22-25. doi:10.1177/1403494810387965. PubMed: 21775345.
34. Knudsen LB, Olsen J, (1998) The Danish Medical Birth Registry. Dan Med Bull 45(3):: 320-323. PubMed: 9675544.
35. Statistik Danmarks, (Statistics Denmark) (1991) IDA-en integreret database for arbejdsmarkedsforskning (The Integrated Database for Longitudinal Labour Market Research). Copenhagen: Statistics Denmark Press.
36. Teasdale TW, Hartmann PV, Pedersen CH, Bertelsen M, (2011) The reliability and validity of the Danish Draft Board Cognitive Ability Test: Borge Prien's Prove. Scand J Psychol 52(2):: 126-130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00862.x. PubMed: 21198650.
37. Mortensen EL, Reinisch JM, Teasdale TW, (1989) Intelligence measured by WAIS and a military draft board group test. Scand J Psychol 30: 3115-3118.
38. Teasdale TW, Owen DR, (2008) Secular declines in cognitive test scores: A reversal of the Flynn Effect. Intelligence 36: 121-126. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.01.007.
39. Rose G, Khan K-T, Marmot M, (2008) Rose's Strategy of Preventive Medicine. Updated edition USA: Oxford University Press.
40. Frisell T, Öberg S, Kuja-Halkola R, Sjölander A, (2012) Sibling comparison designs: bias from non-shared confounders and measurement error. Epidemiology 23(5):: 713-720. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31825fa230. PubMed: 22781362.
41. Nahum GG, Stanislaw H, (2003) Relationship of paternal factors to birth weight. J Reprod Med 48(12):: 963-968. PubMed: 14738024.
42. Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ, (1999) Maternal age and educational and psychosocial outcomes in early adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40(3):: 479-489. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00464. PubMed: 10190348.
43. Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, (1993) Maternal age and cognitive and behavioural outcomes in middle childhood. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 7(1):: 77-91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1993.tb00604.x. PubMed: 8426834.