메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 475-493

Constraints to Park Visitation: A Meta-Analysis of North American Studies

Author keywords

barriers; constraints; meta analysis; parks; visitation

Indexed keywords

AGE; EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT; GENDER RELATIONS; INCOME; META-ANALYSIS; RACE; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY;

EID: 84885128274     PISSN: 01490400     EISSN: 15210588     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01490400.2013.831294     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (73)

References (75)
  • 2
    • 0019658886 scopus 로고
    • Ceasing participation in sports activity: Reported reasons and their implications
    • Boothby, J., Tungatt, M. F. and Townsend, A. R. 1981. Ceasing participation in sports activity: Reported reasons and their implications. Journal of Leisure Research, 13: 1 - 14.
    • (1981) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.13 , pp. 1-14
    • Boothby, J.1    Tungatt, M.F.2    Townsend, A.R.3
  • 4
    • 0023085051 scopus 로고
    • Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure
    • doi: 10.1080/01490408709512151
    • Crawford, D. W. and Godbey, G. 1987. Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9: 119 - 127. doi: 10.1080/01490408709512151
    • (1987) Leisure Sciences , vol.9 , pp. 119-127
    • Crawford, D.W.1    Godbey, G.2
  • 5
    • 0026273053 scopus 로고
    • A hierarchical model of leisure constraints
    • doi: 10.1080/01490409109513147
    • Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L. and Godbey, G. 1991. A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13: 309 - 320. doi: 10.1080/01490409109513147
    • (1991) Leisure Sciences , vol.13 , pp. 309-320
    • Crawford, D.W.1    Jackson, E.L.2    Godbey, G.3
  • 6
    • 4243089481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal changes in perceived constraints to visiting state parks
    • Crompton, J. L. and Kim, S.-S. 2004. Temporal changes in perceived constraints to visiting state parks. Journal of Leisure Research, 36 (2): 160 - 182.
    • (2004) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 160-182
    • Crompton, J.L.1    Kim, S.-S.2
  • 9
    • 0242381265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do unions do to productivity? A meta-analysis
    • Doucouliagos, C. and Laroche, P. 2003. What do unions do to productivity? A meta-analysis. Industrial Relations, 42: 650 - 691.
    • (2003) Industrial Relations , vol.42 , pp. 650-691
    • Doucouliagos, C.1    Laroche, P.2
  • 10
    • 0019688635 scopus 로고
    • Race, residence, and leisure style: Some policy implications
    • doi: 10.1080/01490408109512954
    • Edwards, P. K. 1981. Race, residence, and leisure style: Some policy implications. Leisure Sciences, 4: 95 - 112. doi: 10.1080/01490408109512954
    • (1981) Leisure Sciences , vol.4 , pp. 95-112
    • Edwards, P.K.1
  • 12
    • 0036079568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400252900121
    • Gobster, P. H. 2002. Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Leisure Sciences, 24: 143 - 159. doi: 10.1080/01490400252900121
    • (2002) Leisure Sciences , vol.24 , pp. 143-159
    • Gobster, P.H.1
  • 13
    • 79957854589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades
    • Godbey, G., Crawford, D. W. and Shen, X. S. 2010. Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades. Journal of Leisure Research, 42 (1): 111 - 134.
    • (2010) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-134
    • Godbey, G.1    Crawford, D.W.2    Shen, X.S.3
  • 14
    • 0036073024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethnicity and public recreation participation model
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400252900112
    • Gomez, E. 2002. The ethnicity and public recreation participation model. Leisure Sciences, 24: 123 - 142. doi: 10.1080/01490400252900112
    • (2002) Leisure Sciences , vol.24 , pp. 123-142
    • Gomez, E.1
  • 16
  • 19
    • 0002210816 scopus 로고
    • Who are the consumers of public park and recreation services? An analysis of the users and non-users of three municipal leisure service organizations
    • Howard, D. R. and Crompton, J. L. 1984. Who are the consumers of public park and recreation services? An analysis of the users and non-users of three municipal leisure service organizations. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 2 (3): 33 - 48.
    • (1984) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 33-48
    • Howard, D.R.1    Crompton, J.L.2
  • 20
    • 0034840315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing competing models of the leisure constraint negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting
    • doi: 10.1080/014904001316896846
    • Hubbard, J. and Mannell, R. C. 2001. Testing competing models of the leisure constraint negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leisure Sciences, 23: 145 - 163. doi: 10.1080/014904001316896846
    • (2001) Leisure Sciences , vol.23 , pp. 145-163
    • Hubbard, J.1    Mannell, R.C.2
  • 21
    • 33745383476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefits and constraints associated with the use of an urban park reported by a sample of elderly in Hong Kong
    • doi: 10.1080/02614360500409810
    • Hung, K. and Crompton, J. L. 2006. Benefits and constraints associated with the use of an urban park reported by a sample of elderly in Hong Kong. Leisure Studies, 25 (3): 291 - 311. doi: 10.1080/02614360500409810
    • (2006) Leisure Studies , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 291-311
    • Hung, K.1    Crompton, J.L.2
  • 23
    • 0021031928 scopus 로고
    • Activity-specific barriers to recreation participation
    • doi: 10.1080/01490408309513021
    • Jackson, E. L. 1983. Activity-specific barriers to recreation participation. Leisure Sciences, 6: 47 - 60. doi: 10.1080/01490408309513021
    • (1983) Leisure Sciences , vol.6 , pp. 47-60
    • Jackson, E.L.1
  • 24
    • 0024156562 scopus 로고
    • Leisure constraints: A survey of past research
    • doi: 10.1080/01490408809512190
    • Jackson, E. L. 1988. Leisure constraints: A survey of past research. Leisure Sciences, 10: 203 - 215. doi: 10.1080/01490408809512190
    • (1988) Leisure Sciences , vol.10 , pp. 203-215
    • Jackson, E.L.1
  • 25
    • 0000339753 scopus 로고
    • Recognizing patterns of leisure constraints: Results from alternative analyses
    • Jackson, E. L. 1993. Recognizing patterns of leisure constraints: Results from alternative analyses. Journal of Leisure Research, 25 (2): 129 - 149.
    • (1993) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-149
    • Jackson, E.L.1
  • 26
    • 0029531025 scopus 로고
    • Gender based analysis of leisure constraints
    • doi: 10.1080/01490409509513241
    • Jackson, E. L. and Henderson, K. A. 1995. Gender based analysis of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 17: 31 - 51. doi: 10.1080/01490409509513241
    • (1995) Leisure Sciences , vol.17 , pp. 31-51
    • Jackson, E.L.1    Henderson, K.A.2
  • 27
    • 84937335677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outdoor recreation constraints: An examination of race, gender and rural dwelling
    • Johnson, C. Y., Bowker, J. M. and Cordell, H. K. 2001. Outdoor recreation constraints: An examination of race, gender and rural dwelling. Southern Rural Sociology, 17: 111 - 133.
    • (2001) Southern Rural Sociology , vol.17 , pp. 111-133
    • Johnson, C.Y.1    Bowker, J.M.2    Cordell, H.K.3
  • 29
    • 68149143280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with non-visitation by area to Congaree National Park, South Carolina
    • Lawton, L. J. and Weaver, D. B. 2008. Factors associated with non-visitation by area to Congaree National Park, South Carolina. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26 (4): 66 - 82.
    • (2008) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 66-82
    • Lawton, L.J.1    Weaver, D.B.2
  • 30
    • 4344714939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural inequalities in outdoor recreation participation: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective
    • Lee, J. H., Scott, D. and Floyd, M. F. 2001. Structural inequalities in outdoor recreation participation: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 33 (4): 427 - 449.
    • (2001) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 427-449
    • Lee, J.H.1    Scott, D.2    Floyd, M.F.3
  • 31
    • 85009645064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addressing declining metropolitan park use: A case study of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    • doi: 10.1080/ 13606710802551239
    • McDonald, S. M. and Price, G. G. 2009. Addressing declining metropolitan park use: A case study of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Managing Leisure, 14: 28 - 37. doi: 10.1080/ 13606710802551239
    • (2009) Managing Leisure , vol.14 , pp. 28-37
    • McDonald, S.M.1    Price, G.G.2
  • 32
    • 13444265214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change and stability in park visitation, constraints revisited
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400590912088
    • Mowen, A. J., Payne, L. L. and Scott, D. 2005. Change and stability in park visitation, constraints revisited. Leisure Sciences, 27: 191 - 204. doi: 10.1080/01490400590912088
    • (2005) Leisure Sciences , vol.27 , pp. 191-204
    • Mowen, A.J.1    Payne, L.L.2    Scott, D.3
  • 33
    • 0036078670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of park preferences and behaviors among urban residents: The role of residential location, race and age
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400252900149
    • Payne, L. L., Mowen, A. J. and Orsega-Smith, E. 2002. An examination of park preferences and behaviors among urban residents: The role of residential location, race and age. Leisure Sciences, 24: 181 - 198. doi: 10.1080/01490400252900149
    • (2002) Leisure Sciences , vol.24 , pp. 181-198
    • Payne, L.L.1    Mowen, A.J.2    Orsega-Smith, E.3
  • 34
    • 84995399921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Florida residents' constraints to parks and public lands visitation: An assessment of the validity of an intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural model
    • doi: 10.1080/04419057.2002.9674291
    • Pennington-Gray, L., Thapa, B. and Holland, S. 2002. Florida residents' constraints to parks and public lands visitation: An assessment of the validity of an intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural model. World Leisure Journal, 4: 51 - 60. doi: 10.1080/04419057.2002.9674291
    • (2002) World Leisure Journal , vol.4 , pp. 51-60
    • Pennington-Gray, L.1    Thapa, B.2    Holland, S.3
  • 35
    • 0012828672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The characteristics and activities of older adult visitors to a metropolitan park district
    • Raymore, L. and Scott, D. 1998. The characteristics and activities of older adult visitors to a metropolitan park district. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 16 (4): 1 - 21.
    • (1998) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-21
    • Raymore, L.1    Scott, D.2
  • 36
    • 0019111677 scopus 로고
    • An application of nonparticipation data in recreation research: Testing the opportunity theory
    • Romsa, G. and Hoffman, W. 1980. An application of nonparticipation data in recreation research: Testing the opportunity theory. Journal of Leisure Research, 12: 321 - 328.
    • (1980) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.12 , pp. 321-328
    • Romsa, G.1    Hoffman, W.2
  • 37
    • 0001368897 scopus 로고
    • Combining results of independent studies
    • doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.1.185
    • Rosenthal, R. 1978. Combining results of independent studies. Psychological Bulletin, 85: 185 - 193. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.1.185
    • (1978) Psychological Bulletin , vol.85 , pp. 185-193
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 40
    • 1342287169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tic, toc the game is locked and nobody else can play!
    • Scott, D. 2000. Tic, toc the game is locked and nobody else can play!. Journal of Leisure Research, 32 (1): 133 - 137.
    • (2000) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 133-137
    • Scott, D.1
  • 41
    • 0009066144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors that limit and strategies that might encourage people's use of public parks
    • Scott, D. and Jackson, E. L. 1996. Factors that limit and strategies that might encourage people's use of public parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 14 (1): 1 - 17.
    • (1996) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-17
    • Scott, D.1    Jackson, E.L.2
  • 42
    • 83655182431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alleviating park visitation constraints through agency facilitation strategies
    • Scott, D. and Mowen, A. J. 2010. Alleviating park visitation constraints through agency facilitation strategies. Journal of Leisure Research, 42 (4): 535 - 550.
    • (2010) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 535-550
    • Scott, D.1    Mowen, A.J.2
  • 43
    • 0002218227 scopus 로고
    • Perceived constraints to park usage among individuals with low incomes
    • Scott, D. and Munson, W. 1994. Perceived constraints to park usage among individuals with low incomes. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 12: 52 - 69.
    • (1994) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.12 , pp. 52-69
    • Scott, D.1    Munson, W.2
  • 44
    • 0002353528 scopus 로고
    • Recreation non-participation and barriers to participation: Consideration for the management of recreation delivery systems
    • Searle, M. S. and Jackson, E. L. 1985. Recreation non-participation and barriers to participation: Consideration for the management of recreation delivery systems. Park and Recreation Administration, 3 (2): 23 - 36.
    • (1985) Park and Recreation Administration , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 23-36
    • Searle, M.S.1    Jackson, E.L.2
  • 45
    • 2342539677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the relationship between race and leisure activities and constraints: Exploring an alternative framework
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400490432109
    • Shinew, K. J., Floyd, M. F. and Parry, D. 2004. Understanding the relationship between race and leisure activities and constraints: Exploring an alternative framework. Leisure Sciences, 26: 181 - 199. doi: 10.1080/01490400490432109
    • (2004) Leisure Sciences , vol.26 , pp. 181-199
    • Shinew, K.J.1    Floyd, M.F.2    Parry, D.3
  • 46
    • 34247636118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraints to outdoor recreation: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400701257948
    • Shores, K. A., Scott, D. and Floyd, M. F. 2007. Constraints to outdoor recreation: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective. Leisure Sciences, 29: 227 - 246. doi: 10.1080/01490400701257948
    • (2007) Leisure Sciences , vol.29 , pp. 227-246
    • Shores, K.A.1    Scott, D.2    Floyd, M.F.3
  • 47
    • 79956101523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American and Canadian national park agency responses to declining visitation
    • Shultis, J. and More, T. 2011. American and Canadian national park agency responses to declining visitation. Journal of Leisure Research, 43 (1): 110 - 132.
    • (2011) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 110-132
    • Shultis, J.1    More, T.2
  • 48
    • 46249097403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do age and age matter in the constraint negotiation of physically active leisure?
    • Son, J. S., Kerstetter, D. L. and Mowen, A. J. 2008. Do age and age matter in the constraint negotiation of physically active leisure?. Journal of Leisure Research, 40 (2): 267 - 289.
    • (2008) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 267-289
    • Son, J.S.1    Kerstetter, D.L.2    Mowen, A.J.3
  • 50
    • 84993907214 scopus 로고
    • Meta-regression analysis: A quantitative method of literature surveys
    • Stanley, T. D. and Jarrell, S. B. 1989. Meta-regression analysis: A quantitative method of literature surveys. Journal of Economic Surveys, 3: 161 - 170.
    • (1989) Journal of Economic Surveys , vol.3 , pp. 161-170
    • Stanley, T.D.1    Jarrell, S.B.2
  • 51
    • 84863269675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visitor constraints to physical activity in park and recreation areas: Differences by race and ethnicity
    • Stanis, S. A. W., Schneider, I. E., Chavez, D. J. and Shinew, K. J. 2009. Visitor constraints to physical activity in park and recreation areas: Differences by race and ethnicity. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 27 (3): 78 - 95.
    • (2009) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 78-95
    • Stanis, S.A.W.1    Schneider, I.E.2    Chavez, D.J.3    Shinew, K.J.4
  • 52
    • 70449358392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leisure time physical activity of park visitors: Retesting constraint models in adoption and maintenance stages
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400902837886
    • Stanis, S. A. W., Schneider, I. E. and Russell, K. C. 2009. Leisure time physical activity of park visitors: Retesting constraint models in adoption and maintenance stages. Leisure Sciences, 31: 287 - 304. doi: 10.1080/01490400902837886
    • (2009) Leisure Sciences , vol.31 , pp. 287-304
    • Stanis, S.A.W.1    Schneider, I.E.2    Russell, K.C.3
  • 53
    • 0018919232 scopus 로고
    • Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations
    • doi: 10.1080/01490407809512880
    • Washburne, R. F. 1978. Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations. Leisure Sciences, 2 (2): 201 - 210. doi: 10.1080/01490407809512880
    • (1978) Leisure Sciences , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 201-210
    • Washburne, R.F.1
  • 55
    • 0027330544 scopus 로고
    • Influence of ethnicity on recreation and natural environment use patterns: Managing recreation sites for ethnic and racial diversity
    • doi: 10.1007/BF02394667
    • Baas, J. M., Ewert, A. and Chavez, D. J. 1993. Influence of ethnicity on recreation and natural environment use patterns: Managing recreation sites for ethnic and racial diversity. Environmental Management, 17 (4): 523 - 529. doi: 10.1007/BF02394667
    • (1993) Environmental Management , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 523-529
    • Baas, J.M.1    Ewert, A.2    Chavez, D.J.3
  • 56
    • 33847690188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraints to outdoor recreation: Exploring the effects of disabilities on perceptions and participation
    • Burns, R. C. and Graefe, A. R. 2007. Constraints to outdoor recreation: Exploring the effects of disabilities on perceptions and participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 39 (1): 156 - 181.
    • (2007) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 156-181
    • Burns, R.C.1    Graefe, A.R.2
  • 59
    • 0019688635 scopus 로고
    • Race, residence, and leisure style: Some policy implications
    • doi: 10.1080/01490408109512954
    • Edwards, P. K. 1981. Race, residence, and leisure style: Some policy implications. Leisure Sciences, 4: 95 - 112. doi: 10.1080/01490408109512954
    • (1981) Leisure Sciences , vol.4 , pp. 95-112
    • Edwards, P.K.1
  • 60
    • 0036079568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400252900121
    • Gobster, P. H. 2002. Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Leisure Sciences, 24: 143 - 159. doi: 10.1080/01490400252900121
    • (2002) Leisure Sciences , vol.24 , pp. 143-159
    • Gobster, P.H.1
  • 61
    • 23044486719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and ethnic variations in urban park preferences, visitation and perceived benefits
    • Ho, C., Sasidharan, V., Elmendorf, W., Willits, F. K., Graefe, A. and Godbey, G. 2005. Gender and ethnic variations in urban park preferences, visitation and perceived benefits. Journal of Leisure Research, 31 (3): 281 - 306.
    • (2005) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 281-306
    • Ho, C.1    Sasidharan, V.2    Elmendorf, W.3    Willits, F.K.4    Graefe, A.5    Godbey, G.6
  • 62
    • 0029531025 scopus 로고
    • Gender-based analysis of leisure constraints
    • doi: 10.1080/01490409509513241
    • Jackson, E. L. and Henderson, K. A. 1995. Gender-based analysis of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 17: 31 - 51. doi: 10.1080/01490409509513241
    • (1995) Leisure Sciences , vol.17 , pp. 31-51
    • Jackson, E.L.1    Henderson, K.A.2
  • 63
    • 84937335677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outdoor recreation constraints: An examination of race, gender and rural dwelling
    • Johnson, C. Y., Bowker, J. M. and Cordell, H. K. 2001. Outdoor recreation constraints: An examination of race, gender and rural dwelling. Southern Rural Sociology, 17: 111 - 133.
    • (2001) Southern Rural Sociology , vol.17 , pp. 111-133
    • Johnson, C.Y.1    Bowker, J.M.2    Cordell, H.K.3
  • 64
    • 13444265214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change and stability in park visitation constraints revisited
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400590912088
    • Mowen, A. J., Payne, L. L. and Scott, D. 2005. Change and stability in park visitation constraints revisited. Leisure Sciences, 27: 191 - 204. doi: 10.1080/01490400590912088
    • (2005) Leisure Sciences , vol.27 , pp. 191-204
    • Mowen, A.J.1    Payne, L.L.2    Scott, D.3
  • 65
  • 66
    • 0009066144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors that limit and strategies that might encourage people's use of public parks
    • Scott, D. and Jackson, E. L. 1996. Factors that limit and strategies that might encourage people's use of public parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 14 (1): 1 - 17.
    • (1996) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-17
    • Scott, D.1    Jackson, E.L.2
  • 68
    • 0002218227 scopus 로고
    • Perceived constraints to park usage among individuals with low incomes
    • Scott, D. and Munson, W. 1994. Perceived constraints to park usage among individuals with low incomes. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 12 (4): 79 - 96.
    • (1994) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 79-96
    • Scott, D.1    Munson, W.2
  • 69
    • 2342539677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the relationship between race and leisure activities and constraints: Exploring an alternative framework
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400490432109
    • Shinew, K. J., Floyd, M. F. and Parry, D. 2004. Understanding the relationship between race and leisure activities and constraints: Exploring an alternative framework. Leisure Sciences, 26: 181 - 199. doi: 10.1080/01490400490432109
    • (2004) Leisure Sciences , vol.26 , pp. 181-199
    • Shinew, K.J.1    Floyd, M.F.2    Parry, D.3
  • 70
    • 34247636118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraints to outdoor recreation: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective
    • doi: 10.1080/01490400701257948
    • Shores, K. A., Scott, D. and Floyd, M. F. 2007. Constraints to outdoor recreation: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective. Leisure Sciences, 29: 227 - 246. doi: 10.1080/01490400701257948
    • (2007) Leisure Sciences , vol.29 , pp. 227-246
    • Shores, K.A.1    Scott, D.2    Floyd, M.F.3
  • 71
    • 84863269675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visitor constraints to physical activity in park and recreation areas: Differences by race and ethnicity
    • Stanis, S. A. W., Schneider, I. E., Chavez, D. J. and Shinew, K. J. 2009. Visitor constraints to physical activity in park and recreation areas: Differences by race and ethnicity. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 27 (3): 78 - 95.
    • (2009) Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 78-95
    • Stanis, S.A.W.1    Schneider, I.E.2    Chavez, D.J.3    Shinew, K.J.4
  • 72
    • 0035032846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural diversity in use of undeveloped natural areas by Los Angeles county residents
    • doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00058-3
    • Tierney, P. T., Dahl, R. and Chavez, D. 2001. Cultural diversity in use of undeveloped natural areas by Los Angeles county residents. Tourism Management, 22: 271 - 277. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00058-3
    • (2001) Tourism Management , vol.22 , pp. 271-277
    • Tierney, P.T.1    Dahl, R.2    Chavez, D.3
  • 73
    • 34247642029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of leisure constraints perceived by mature and young travelers
    • Wang, Y., Norman, W. C. and McGuire, F. A. 2005. A comparative study of leisure constraints perceived by mature and young travelers. Tourism Review International, 80: 263 - 280.
    • (2005) Tourism Review International , vol.80 , pp. 263-280
    • Wang, Y.1    Norman, W.C.2    McGuire, F.A.3
  • 74
    • 0018919232 scopus 로고
    • Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations
    • doi: 10.1080/01490407809512880
    • Washburne, R. F. 1978. Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations. Leisure Sciences, 2 (2): 201 - 210. doi: 10.1080/01490407809512880
    • (1978) Leisure Sciences , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 201-210
    • Washburne, R.F.1
  • 75
    • 0024525576 scopus 로고
    • Urban region parks and black minorities: Subculture, marginality, and interracial relations in park use in the Detroit metropolitan area
    • doi: 10.1080/01490408909512202
    • West, P. C. 1989. Urban region parks and black minorities: Subculture, marginality, and interracial relations in park use in the Detroit metropolitan area. Leisure Sciences, 11: 11 - 28. doi: 10.1080/01490408909512202
    • (1989) Leisure Sciences , vol.11 , pp. 11-28
    • West, P.C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.