Treating the depressions with superficial brain stimulation methods

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 116, Issue , 2013, Pages 399-413

  George, Mark S ^a   Taylor, Joseph J ^b   Short, Baron ^b  

^a RALPH H JOHNSON VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

ECT; Electroconvulsive therapy; TMS; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Vagus nerve stimulation; VNS

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN; DEPRESSION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TMS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VAGUS NERVE; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION; VNS;

ECT; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; TMS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION; VNS;

BRAIN; DEPRESSION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; VAGUS NERVE;

EID: 84885098803     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00033-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (157)

1. Alexander G.E., Delong M.R., Strick P.I. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 1986, 9:357-381.
2. Allan C.L., Herrmann L.L., Ebmeier K.P. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of mood disorders. Neuropsychobiology 2011, 64:163-169.
3. Amassian V.E., Cracco R.Q., Maccabee P.J., et al. Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989, 74:458-462.
4. Amassian V.E., Quirk G.J., Stewart M. A comparison of corticospinal activation by magnetic coil and electrical stimulation of monkey motor cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990, 77:390-401.
5. Amassian V.E., Eberle L., Maccabee P.J., et al. Modelling magnetic coil excitation of human cerebral cortex with a peripheral nerve immersed in a brain-shaped volume conductor: the significance of fiber bending in excitation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992, 85:291-301.
6. Amassian V.E., Maccabee P.J., Cracco R.Q., et al. Measurement of information processing delays in human visual cortex with repetitive magnetic coil stimulation. Brain Res 1993, 605:317-321.
7. Amat J., Paul E., Watkins L.R., et al. Activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex during an uncontrollable stressor reproduces both the immediate and long-term protective effects of behavioral control. Neuroscience 2008, 154:1178-1186.
8. American Psychiatric Association The Practice of ECT: Recommendations for Treatment, Training and Privileging 2001, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, D.C. 2nd edn.
9. Anderson B., Mishory A., Nahas Z., et al. Tolerability and safety of high daily doses of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy young men. J ECT 2006, 22:49-53.
10. Anonymous Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression. Technol Eval Cent Asses Program Exec Summ 2011, 26:1-4.
11. Arana A.B., Borckardt J.J., Ricci R., et al. Focal electrical stimulation as a sham control for rTMS: does it truly mimic the cutaneous sensation and pain of active prefrontal rTMS?. Brain Stimul 2008, 1:44-51.
12. Arul-Anandam A.P., Loo C. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a new tool for the treatment of depression?. J Affect Disord 2009, 117:137-145.
13. Avery D.H., Isenberg K.E., Sampson S.M., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder: clinical response in an open-label extension trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2008, 69:441-451.
14. Baeken C., De Raedt R., Bossuyt A., et al. The impact of HF-rTMS treatment on serotonin(2A) receptors in unipolar melancholic depression. Brain Stimul 2011, 4:104-111.
15. Baratta M.V., Christianson J.P., Gomez D.M., et al. Controllable versus uncontrollable stressors bi-directionally modulate conditioned but not innate fear. Neuroscience 2007, 146:1495-1503.
16. Baratta M.V., Lucero T.R., Amat J., et al. Role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex in mediating behavioral control-induced reduction of later conditioned fear. Learn Mem 2008, 15:84-87.
17. Barker A.T., Jalinous R., Freeston I.L. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet 1985, 1:1106-1107.
18. Beam W., Borckardt J.J., Reeves S.T., et al. An efficient and accurate new method for locating the F3 position for prefrontal TMS applications. Brain Stimul 2009, 2:50-54.
19. Ben-Menachem E., Manon-Espaillat R., Ristanovic R., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1. A controlled study of effect on seizures. First International Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. Epilepsia 1994, 35:616-626.
20. Boggio P.S., Rigonatti S.P., Ribeiro R.B., et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007, 11:249-254.
21. Borckardt J., Walker J., Branham R.K., et al. Development and evaluation of a portable sham TMS system. Brain Stimul 2008, 1:52-59.
22. Brasil-Neto J.P., Valls-Sole J., Pascual-Leone A., et al. Rapid modulation of human cortical motor outputs following ischaemic nerve block. Brain 1993, 116:511-525.
23. Burt T., Lisanby S.H., Sackeim H.A. Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002, 5:73-103.
24. Cerletti U. Old and new information about electroshock. Am J Psychiatry 1950, 107:87-94.
25. Christianson J.P., Benison A.M., Jennings J., et al. The sensory insular cortex mediates the stress-buffering effects of safety signals but not behavioral control. J Neurosci 2008, 28:13703-13711.
26. Christianson J.P., Paul E.D., Irani M., et al. The role of prior stressor controllability and the dorsal raphe nucleus in sucrose preference and social exploration. Behav Brain Res 2008, 193:87-93.
27. Christianson J.P., Thompson B.M., Watkins L.R., et al. Medial prefrontal cortical activation modulates the impact of controllable and uncontrollable stressor exposure on a social exploration test of anxiety in the rat. Stress 2009, 12:445-450.
28. Covington H.E., Vialou V., Nestler E.J. From synapse to nucleus: novel targets for treating depression. Neuropharmacology 2010, 58:683-693.
29. Cracco R.Q., Amassian V.E., Maccabee P.J. Physiological basis of the motor effects of cortical stimulation. I. Transcranial electrical stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 1987, 4:221-222.
30. Cycowicz Y.M., Luber B., Spellman T., et al. Differential neurophysiological effects of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) and electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in non-human primates. Clin EEG Neurosci 2008, 39:144-149.
31. Cycowicz Y.M., Luber B., Spellman T., et al. Neurophysiological characterization of high-dose magnetic seizure therapy: comparisons with electroconvulsive shock and cognitive outcomes. J ECT 2009, 25:157-164.
32. D'Elia G., Ottosson J., Strömgren L. Present practice of electroconvulsive therapy in Scandinavia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983, 40:577-581.
33. Dew R.E., Kramer S.I., McCall W.V. Adequacy of antidepressant treatment by psychiatric residents: the antidepressant treatment history form as a possible assessment tool. Acad Psychiatry 2005, 29:283-288.
34. Epstein C.M., Evatt M.L., Funk A., et al. An open study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2007, 118:2189-2194.
35. Fekadu A., Wooderson S.C., Markopoulo K., et al. What happens to patients with treatment-resistant depression? A systematic review of medium to long term outcome studies. J Affect Disord 2009, 116:4-11.
36. Ferrie C.D., Patel A. Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2009, 13:493-504.
37. Figiel G.S., Epstein C., McDonald W.M., et al. The use of rapid rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in refractory depressed patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998, 10:20-25.
38. Fink M. Convulsive Therapy: Theory and Practice 1979, Raven Press, New York.
39. Fitzgerald P.B., Hoy K., McQueen S., et al. A randomized trial of rTMS targeted with MRI based neuro-navigation in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:1255-1262.
40. Fraser M. ECT: A Clinical Guide 1982, John Wiley, Chichester.
41. Fregni F., Gimenes R., Valle A.C., et al. A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:3988-3998.
42. Fregni F., Marcolin M.A., Myczkowski M., et al. Predictors of antidepressant response in clinical trials of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006, 9:641-654.
43. Geddes L. Optimal stimulus duration for extracranial cortical stimulation. Neurosurgery 1987, 20:94-99.
44. George M.S. An introduction to the emerging neuroanatomy of depression. Psychiatr Ann 1994, 24:635-636.
45. George M.S. Why would you ever want to?: Toward understanding the antidepressant effect of prefrontal rTMS. Hum Psychopharmacol 1998, 15:307-313.
46. George M.S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression. Expert Rev Neurother 2010, 10:1761-1772.
47. George M.S., Ketter T.A., Post R.M. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression. Depression 1994, 2:59-72.
48. George M.S., Ketter T.A., Post R.M. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression. Depression 1994, 2:59-72.
49. George M.S., Wassermann E.M., Williams W.A., et al. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. Neuroreport 1995, 6:1853-1856.
50. George M.S., Wassermann E.M., Williams W.A., et al. Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996, 8:172-180.
51. George M.S., Wassermann E.M., Kimbrell T.A., et al. Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Psychiatry 1997, 154:1752-1756.
52. George M.S., Nahas Z., Molloy M., et al. A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 48:962-970.
53. George M.S., Sackeim H.A., Rush A.J., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation: a new tool for brain research and therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 47:287-295.
54. George M.S., Rush A.J., Marangell L.B., et al. A one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 58:364-373.
55. George M.S., Lisanby S.H., Avery D., et al. Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010, 67:507-516.
56. Gershon A.A., Dannon P.N., Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:835-845.
57. Grisaru N., Yarovslavsky U., Abarbanel J., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression and schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1994, 4:287-288.
58. Hadley D., Anderson B.S., Borckardt J.J., et al. Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of high doses of adjunctive daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in a clinical setting. J ECT 2011, 27:18-25.
59. Handforth A., Degiorgio C.M., Schachter S.C., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for partial-onset seizures: a randomized active-control trial. Neurology 1998, 51:48-55.
60. Hayes K.J. The current path in ECS. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1950, 63:102-109.
61. Heikman P., Kalska H., Katila H., et al. Right unilateral and bifrontal electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depression: a preliminary study. J ECT 2002, 18:26-30.
62. Henry T.R., Bakay R.A., Votaw J.R., et al. Brain blood flow alterations induced by therapeutic vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy: I Acute effects at high and low levels of stimulation. Epilepsia 1998, 39:983-990.
63. Herbsman T., Avery D., Ramsey D., et al. More lateral and anterior prefrontal coil location is associated with better repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation antidepressant response. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 66:509-515.
64. Herwig U., Padberg F., Unger J., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in therapy studies: examination of the reliability of "standard" coil positioning by neuronavigation. Biol Psychiatry 2001, 50:58-61.
65. Herwig U., Fallgatter A.J., Hoppner J., et al. Antidepressant effects of augmentative transcranial magnetic stimulation: randomised multicentre trial. Br J Psychiatry 2007, 191:441-448.
66. Higgins E.S., George M.S. Brain Stimulation Therapies for Clinicians 2009, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
67. Hoflich G., Kasper S., Hufnagel A., et al. Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of drug-resistant major depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 1993, 8:361-365.
68. Holtzheimer P.E., McDonald W.M., Mufti M., et al. Accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety 2010, 27:960-963.
69. Janicak P.G., Davis J.M., Gibbons R.D., et al. Efficacy of ECT: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 1985, 142:287-302.
70. Joo J.H., Solano F.X., Mulsant B.H., et al. Predictors of adequacy of depression management in the primary care setting. Psychiatr Serv 2005, 56:1524-1528.
71. Jorge R.E., Robinson R.G., Tateno A., et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment of poststroke depression: a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 55:398-405.
72. Jorge R.E., Moser D.J., Action L., et al. Treatment of vascular depression using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:268-276.
73. Kalinowsky L.B., Hoch P.H. Somatic Treatments in Psychiatry 1961, Grune & Stratton, New York.
74. Kalu U.G., Sexton C.E., Loo C.K., et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of major depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2012, 42:1791-1800.
75. Kellner C.H., Knapp R.G., Petrides G., et al. Continuation electroconvulsive therapy vs pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in major depression: a multisite study from the Consortium for Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy (CORE). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 63:1337-1344.
76. Kimbrell T.A., Little J.T., Dunn R.T., et al. Frequency dependence of antidepressant response to left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a function of baseline cerebral glucose metabolism. Biol Psychiatry 1999, 46:1603-1613.
77. Kolbinger H.M., Hoflich G., Hufnagel A., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of major depression - a pilot study. Hum Psychopharmacol 1995, 10:305-310.
78. Koo B., Ham S.D., Sood S., et al. Human vagus nerve electrophysiology: a guide to vagus nerve stimulation parameters. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001, 18:429-433.
79. Kopell B.H., Halverson J., Butson C.R., et al. Epidural cortical stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for refractory major depressive disorder. Neurosurgery 2011, 69:1015-1029.
80. Kozel F.A., George M.S. Meta-analysis of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat depression. J Psychiatr Pract 2002, 8:270-275.
81. Kozel F.A., George M.S., Simpson K.N. Decision analysis of the cost-effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of nonpsychotic severe depression. CNS Spectr 2004, 9:476-482.
82. Lam R.W., Chan P., Wilkins-Ho M., et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Can J Psychiatry 2008, 53:621-631.
83. Large C.H., Di Daniel E., Li X., et al. Neural network dysfunction in bipolar depression: clues from the efficacy of lamotrigine. Biochem Soc Trans 2009, 37:1080-1084.
84. Levkovitz Y., Harel E.V., Roth Y., et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex: evaluation of antidepressant and cognitive effects in depressive patients. Brain Stimul 2009, 2:188-200.
85. Levy W.J., Amassian V.E., Schmid U.D., et al. Mapping of motor cortex gyral sites non-invasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and patients. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991, 43:51-75.
86. Li X., Nahas Z., Anderson B., et al. Can left prefrontal rTMS be used as a maintenance treatment for bipolar depression?. Depress Anxiety 2004, 20:98-100.
87. Li X., Nahas Z., Kozel F.A., et al. Acute left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients is associated with immediately increased activity in prefrontal cortical as well as subcortical regions. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 55:882-890.
88. Li X., Teneback C.C., Nahas Z., et al. Interleaved transcranial magnetic stimulation/functional MRI confirms that lamotrigine inhibits cortical excitability in healthy young men. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1395-1407.
89. Lisanby S.H., Luber B., Barriolhet L., et al. Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) - acute cognitive effects of MST compared with ECT. J ECT 2001, 17:77.
90. Lisanby S.H., Husain M.M., Rosenquist P.B., et al. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:522-534.
91. Loo C.K., Mitchell P.B. A review of the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment for depression, and current and future strategies to optimize efficacy. J Affect Disord 2005, 88:255-267.
92. Loo C.K., Alonzo A., Martin D., et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2012, 200:52-59.
93. Lopez A.D., Mathers C.D., Ezzati M., et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006, 367:1747-1757.
94. Luber B., Nobler M.S., Moeller J.R., et al. Quantitative EEG during seizures induced by electroconvulsive therapy: relations to treatment modality and clinical features II. Topographic analyses. J ECT 2000, 16:229-243.
95. Maier S. Learned helplessness and animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1984, 8:435-446.
96. Marangell L.B., Rush A.J., George M.S., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for major depressive episodes: one year outcomes. Biol Psychiatry 2002, 51:280-287.
97. Mayberg H.S., Liotti M., Brannan S.K., et al. Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:675-682.
98. McCall W.V., Reboussin D.M., Weiner R.D., et al. Titrated moderately suprathreshold vs fixed high-dose right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy: acute antidepressant and cognitive effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:438-444.
99. McConnell K.A., Nahas Z., Shastri A., et al. The transcranial magnetic stimulation motor threshold depends on the distance from coil to underlying cortex: a replication in healthy adults comparing two methods of assessing the distance to cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2001, 49:454-459.
100. Miller W., Seligman M. Depression and learned helplessness in man. J Abnorm Psychol 1975, 84:228-238.
101. Moscrip T.D., Terrace H.S., Sackeim H.A., et al. Randomized controlled trial of the cognitive side-effects of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) and electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006, 9:1-11.
102. Nahas Z., Teneback C.C., Kozel A., et al. Brain effects of TMS delivered over prefrontal cortex in depressed adults: role of stimulation frequency and coil-cortex distance. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001, 13:459-470.
103. Nahas Z., Li X., Kozel F.A., et al. Safety and benefits of distance-adjusted prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients 55-75 years of age: a pilot study. Depress Anxiety 2004, 19:249-256.
104. Nahas Z., Marangell L.B., Husain M.M., et al. Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment of major depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:1097-1104.
105. Nahas Z., Anderson B.S., Borckardt J., et al. Bilateral epidural prefrontal cortical stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010, 67:101-109.
106. Nahas Z., Short B., Burns C., et al. A feasibility study of a new method for electrically producing seizures in man: focal electrically administered seizure therapy (FEAST). Brain Stimul 2013, [Epub ahead of print].
107. National Institutes of Health Consensus conference. Electroconvulsive therapy. JAMA 1985, 254:2103-2108.
108. Nestler E.J., Barrot M., Dileone R.J., et al. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron 2002, 34:13-25.
109. Nobler M.S., Sackeim H.A. Neurobiological correlates of the cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2008, 24:40-45.
110. Nobler M.S., Roose S.P., Prohovnik I., et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders, V.: effects of antidepressant medication in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000, 8:289-296.
111. Nobler M.S., Oquendo M.A., Kegeles L.S., et al. Decreased regional brain metabolism after ECT. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:305-308.
112. O'Reardon J.P., Blumner K.H., Peshek A.D., et al. Long-term maintenance therapy for major depressive disorder with rTMS. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:1524-1528.
113. O'Reardon J.P., Solvason H.B., Janicak P.G., et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 62:1208-1216.
114. Oquendo M.A., Baca-Garcia E., Kartachov A., et al. A computer algorithm for calculating the adequacy of antidepressant treatment in unipolar and bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003, 64:825-833.
115. Ottosson J.-O. Experimental studies of the mode of action of electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1960, 35:1-141.
116. Prudic J., Olfson M., Sackeim H.A. Electro-convulsive therapy practices in the community. Psychol Med 2001, 31:929-934.
117. Prudic J., Olfson M., Marcus S.C., et al. Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 55:301-312.
118. Ranck J.B. Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review. Brain Res 1975, 98:417-440.
119. Rhebergen D., Beekman A.T., Graaf R., et al. The three-year naturalistic course of major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder and double depression. J Affect Disord 2009, 115:450-459.
120. Robsinon R.G., Kubos K.L., Starr L.B., et al. Mood disorders in stroke patients: importance of location of lesion. Brain 1984, 107:81-93.
121. Robinson R.G., Boston J.D., Starkstein S.E., et al. Comparison of mania and depression after brain injury: causal factors. Am J Psychiatry 1988, 145:172-178.
122. Roth Y., Zangen A., Hallett M. A coil design for transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions. J Clin Neurophysiol 2002, 19:361-370.
123. Roth Y., Zangen A., Voller B., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: evidence for efficacy of the H-coil. Clin Neurophysiol 2005, 116:775-779.
124. Rowny S., Benzl K., Lisanby S.H. Translational development strategy for magnetic seizure therapy. Exp Neurol 2009, 219:27-35.
125. Rozeske R.R., Der-Avakian A., Bland S.T., et al. The medial prefrontal cortex regulates the differential expression of morphine-conditioned place preference following a single exposure to controllable or uncontrollable stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:834-843.
126. Rush A.J., George M.S., Sackeim H.A., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depressions: a multicenter study. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 47:276-286.
127. Rush A.J., Marangell L.B., Sackeim H.A., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 58:347-354.
128. Rush A.J., Sackeim H.A., Marangell L.B., et al. Effects of 12 months of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a naturalistic study. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 58:355-363.
129. Rush A.J., Kraemer H.C., Sackeim H.A., et al. Report by the ACNP Task Force on response and remission in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:1841-1853.
130. Rush A.J., Trivedi M.H., Wisniewski S.R., et al. Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1231-1242.
131. Sackeim H.A. Magnetic stimulation therapy and ECT. Convuls Ther 1994, 10:255-258.
132. Sackeim H.A., Prudic J. Length of the ECT course in bipolar and unipolar depression. J ECT 2005, 21:195-197.
133. Sackeim H.A., Long J., Luber B., et al. Physical properties and quantification of the ECT stimulus: I. Basic principles. Convuls Ther 1994, 10:93-123.
134. Sackeim H.A., Luber B., Katzman G.P., et al. The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on quantitative electroencephalograms. Relationship to clinical outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996, 53:814-824.
135. Sackeim H.A., Luber B., Moeller J.R., et al. Electrophysiological correlates of the adverse cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2000, 16:110-120.
136. Sackeim H.A., Haskett R.F., Mulsant B.H., et al. Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001, 285:1299-1307.
137. Sackeim H.A., Haskett R.F., Mulsant B.H., et al. Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001, 285:1299-1307.
138. Sackeim H.A., Rush A.J., George M.S., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depression: efficacy, side effects, and predictors of outcome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 25:713-728.
139. Sackeim H.A., Prudic J., Fuller R., et al. The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:244-254.
140. Sackeim H.A., Prudic J., Olfson M. Response to Drs Abrams and Kellner: the cognitive effects of ECT in community settings. J ECT 2007, 23:65-67.
141. Sackeim H.A., Prudic J., Nobler M.S., et al. Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimul 2008, 1:71-83.
142. Sackeim H.A., Dillingham E.M., Prudic J., et al. Effect of concomitant pharmacotherapy on electroconvulsive therapy outcomes: short-term efficacy and adverse effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66:729-737.
143. Schlaepfer T.E., Frick C., Zobel A., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for depression: efficacy and safety in a European study. Psychol Med 2008, 38:651-661.
144. Schutter D.J. Antidepressant efficacy of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in double-blind sham-controlled designs: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2009, 39:65-75.
145. Seligman M.E., Beagley G. Learned helplessness in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1975, 88:534-541.
146. Seligman M.E., Rosellini R.A., Kozak M.J. Learned helplessness in the rat: time course, immunization, and reversibility. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1975, 88:542-547.
147. Shahwan A., Bailey C., Maxiner W., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory epilepsy in children: more to VNS than seizure frequency reduction. Epilepsia 2009, 50:1220-1228.
148. Simpson K.N., Welch M.J., Kozel F.A., et al. Cost-effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression: a health economics analysis. Adv Ther 2009, 26:346-368.
149. Speer A.M., Kimbrell T.A., Wassermann E.M., et al. Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on regional brain activity in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 48:1133-1141.
150. Spellman T., McClintock S.M., Terrace H., et al. Differential effects of high-dose magnetic seizure therapy and electroconvulsive shock on cognitive function. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 63:1163-1170.
151. Spellman T., Peterchev A.V., Lisanby S.H. Focal electrically administered seizure therapy: a novel form of ECT illustrates the roles of current directionality, polarity, and electrode configuration in seizure induction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:2002-2010.
152. Ten Doesschate M.C., Koeter M.W., Bockting C.L., et al. Health related quality of life in recurrent depression: a comparison with a general population sample. J Affect Disord 2010, 120:126-132.
153. Tew J.D., Mulsant B.H., Haskett R.F., et al. Relapse during continuation pharmacotherapy after acute response to ECT: a comparison of usual care versus protocolized treatment. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2007, 19:1-4.
154. Trivedi M.H., Rush A.J., Wisniewski S.R., et al. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163:28-40.
155. Ustun T.B., Ayuso-Mateos J.L., Chatterji S., et al. Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. Br J Psychiatry 2004, 184:386-392.
156. Weaver L., Williams R., Rush S. Current density in bilateral and unilateral ECT. Biol Psychiatry 1976, 11:303-312.
157. Yiend J., Paykel E., Merritt R., et al. Long term outcome of primary care depression. J Affect Disord 2009, 118:79-86.