Pneumococcal Carriage in Young Children One Year after Introduction of the 13-Valent Conjugate Vaccine in Italy

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  Camilli, Romina ^a   Daprai, Laura ^b   Cavrini, Francesca ^c   Lombardo, Donatella ^c   D'Ambrosio, Fabio ^a   Del Grosso, Maria ^a   Vescio, Maria Fenicia ^a   Landini, Maria Paola ^c   Pascucci, Maria Grazia ^d   Torresani, Erminio ^b   Garlaschi, Maria Laura ^b   Sambri, Vittorio ^c,e   Pantosti, Annalisa ^a  

^a ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^b FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^d Regione Emilia Romagna   (Italy)

^e Unit of Clinical Microbiology   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CEFTRIAXONE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLINDAMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; TETRACYCLINE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CHILD; CROSS REACTION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INFANT; ITALY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEROTYPE; THROAT CULTURE;

CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES; SEROTYPING; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; VACCINES, CONJUGATE;

EID: 84885031704     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076309     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, et al. (2009) Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 374: 893-902. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61204-6. PubMed: 19748398.
2. Simell B, Auranen K, Käyhty H, Goldblatt D, Dagan R, et al. (2012) The fundamental link between pneumococcal carriage and disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 11: 841-855. doi:10.1586/erv.12.53. PubMed: 22913260.
3. Abdullahi O, Karani A, Tigoi CC, Mugo D, Kungu S, et al. (2012) Rates of acquisition and clearance of pneumococcal serotypes in the nasopharynges of children in Kilifi District, Kenya. J Infect Dis 206: 1020-1029. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis447. PubMed: 22829650.
4. Bogaert D, De Groot R, Hermans PW, (2004) Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect Dis 4: 144-154. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00938-7. PubMed: 14998500.
5. Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, et al. (2003) Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 348: 1737-1746. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022823. PubMed: 12724479.
6. Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R, Pilishvili T, Facklam R, et al. (2005) Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA 294: 2043-2051. doi:10.1001/jama.294.16.2043. PubMed: 16249418.
7. Weinberger DM, Malley R, Lipsitch M, (2011) Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination. Lancet 378: 1962-1973. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62225-8. PubMed: 21492929.
8. Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MP, George RC, (2011) Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 760-768. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70090-1. PubMed: 21621466.
9. Sá-Leão R, Nunes S, Brito-Avô A, Frazão N, Simões AS, et al. (2009) Changes in pneumococcal serotypes and antibiotypes carried by vaccinated and unvaccinated day-care centre attendees in Portugal, a country with widespread use of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Clin Microbiol Infect 15: 1002-1007. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02775.x. PubMed: 19392883.
10. Vestrheim DF, Høiby EA, Aaberge IS, Caugant DA, (2010) Impact of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccination program on carriage among children in Norway. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17: 325-334. doi:10.1128/CVI.00435-09. PubMed: 20107006.
11. Flasche S, Van Hoek AJ, Sheasby E, Waight P, Andrews N, et al. (2011) Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on serotype-specific carriage and invasive disease in England: a cross-sectional study. PLOS Med 8: e1001017. PubMed: 21483718.
12. Wroe PC, Lee GM, Finkelstein JA, Pelton SI, Hanage WP, et al. (2012) Pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic resistance in young children before 13-valent conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 31: 249-254. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31824214ac. PubMed: 22173142.
13. Alfonsi V, D'Ancona F, Giambi C, Rota MC (2011) Current immunization policies for pneumococcal, meningococcal C, varicella and rotavirus vaccinations in Italy. Health Policy 103: 176-183.
14. ICONA Working Group (2009) ICONA 2008: national vaccination coverage survey among children and adolescents. Rapporti ISTISAN 09/29 (in Italian). Available: http://www.iss.it/binary/publ/cont/09_29_web.pdf. Accessed 2013 May 31.
15. Weil-Olivier C, van der Linden M, de Schutter I, Dagan R, Mantovani L, (2012) Prevention of pneumococcal diseases in the post-seven valent vaccine era: a European perspective. BMC Infect Dis 12: 207. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-207. PubMed: 22954038.
16. Boccalini S, Azzari C, Resti M, Valleriani C, Cortimiglia M, et al. (2011) Economic and clinical evaluation of a catch-up dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children already immunized with three doses of the 7-valent vaccine in Italy. Vaccine 29: 9521-9528. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.013. PubMed: 22008820.
17. Marchisio P, Esposito S, Schito GC, Marchese A, Cavagna R, et al. (2002) Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children: implications for the use of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 479-484. doi:10.3201/eid0805.010235. PubMed: 11996682.
18. Petrosillo N, Pantosti A, Bordi E, Spanó A, Del Grosso M, et al. (2002) Prevalence, determinants, and molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates colonizing the nasopharynx of healthy children in Rome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21: 181-188. doi:10.1007/s10096-001-0689-6. PubMed: 11957019.
19. Ansaldi F, de Florentiis D, Canepa P, Zancolli M, Martini M, et al. (2012) Carriage of Streptoccoccus pneumoniae 7 years after implementation of vaccination program in a population with very high and long-lasting coverage, Italy. Vaccine 30: 2288-2294. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.067. PubMed: 22306795.
20. O'Brien KL, Nohynek H, (2003) Report from a WHO Working Group: standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22: e1-11. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000059560.81687.f6. PubMed: 12586987.
21. Beall BW, Gertz RE, Hulkower RL, Whitney CG, Moore MR, et al. (2011) Shifting genetic structure of invasive serotype 19A pneumococci in the United States. J Infect Dis 203: 1360-1368. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir052. PubMed: 21398395.
22. Moschioni M, Lo Sapio M, Crisafulli G, Torricelli G, Guidotti S, et al. (2013) Sequence analysis of 96 genomic regions identifies distinct evolutionary lineages within CC156, the largest Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal complex in the MLST database. PLOS ONE 8: e61003. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061003. PubMed: 23593373.
23. Tocheva AS, Jefferies JM, Rubery H, Bennett J, Afimeke G, et al. (2011) Declining serotype coverage of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines relating to the carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in young children. Vaccine 29: 4400-4404. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.004. PubMed: 21504773.
24. Brugger SD, Hathaway LJ, Mühlemann K, (2009) Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae strain cocolonization in the nasopharynx. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1750-1756. doi:10.1128/JCM.01877-08. PubMed: 19386843.
25. Valente C, Hinds J, Pinto F, Brugger SD, Gould K, et al. (2012) Decrease in pneumococcal co-colonization following vaccination with the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. PLOS ONE 7: e30235. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030235. PubMed: 22253924.
26. Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Farley MM, Harrison LH, McGeer A, et al. (2000) Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med 342: 681-689. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003093421002. PubMed: 10706897.
27. Greenberg D, Givon-Lavi N, Broides A, Blancovich I, Peled N, et al. (2006) The contribution of smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae carriage in children and their mothers. Clin Infect Dis 42: 897-903. doi:10.1086/500935. PubMed: 16511750.
28. Cardozo DM, Nascimento-Carvalho CM, Andrade AL, Silvany-Neto AM, Daltro CH, et al. (2008) Prevalence and risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among adolescents. J Med Microbiol 57: 185-189. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47470-0. PubMed: 18201984.
29. Dunais B, Bruno-Bazureault P, Carsenti-Dellamonica H, Touboul P, Pradier C, (2011) A decade-long surveillance of nasopharyngeal colonisation with Streptococcus pneumoniae among children attending day-care centres in south-eastern France: 1999-2008. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30: 837-843. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1154-9. PubMed: 21611871.
30. Grivea IN, Tsantouli AG, Michoula AN, Syrogiannopoulos GA, (2011) Dynamics of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage with high heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage in Central Greece. Vaccine 29: 8882-8887. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.074. PubMed: 21963873.
31. Sharma D, Baughman W, Holst A, Thomas S, Jackson D, et al. (2013) Pneumococcal carriage and invasive disease in children before introduction of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine: comparison with the era before 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32: e45-e53. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31827842c9. PubMed: 23080290.
32. Rodrigues F, Nunes S, Sá-Leão R, Gonçalves G, Lemos L, et al. (2009) Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in children attending day-care centers in the central region of Portugal, in the era of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Microb Drug Resist 15: 269-277. doi:10.1089/mdr.2009.0043. PubMed: 19857133.
33. Huang SS, Hinrichsen VL, Stevenson AE, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, et al. (2009) Continued impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on carriage in young children. Pediatrics 124: e1-11. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3099. PubMed: 19564254.
34. Cooper D, Yu X, Sidhu M, Nahm MH, Fernsten P, et al. (2011) The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) elicits cross-functional opsonophagocytic killing responses in humans to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6C and 7A. Vaccine 29: 7207-7211. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.056. PubMed: 21689707.
35. Cohen R, Levy C, Bingen E, Koskas M, Nave I, et al. (2012) Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children with acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 31: 297-301. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e318247ef84. PubMed: 22330166.
36. Nunes S, Valente C, Sá-Leão R, de Lencastre H, (2009) Temporal trends and molecular epidemiology of recently described serotype 6C of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 47: 472-474. doi:10.1128/JCM.01984-08. PubMed: 19073873.
37. Hermans PW, Blommaart M, Park IH, Nahm MH, Bogaert D, (2008) Low prevalence of recently discovered pneumococcal serotype 6C isolates among healthy Dutch children in the pre-vaccination era. Vaccine 26: 449-450. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.026. PubMed: 18093702.
38. Campos LC, Carvalho Mda G, Beall BW, Cordeiro SM, Takahashi D, et al. (2009) Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C among invasive and carriage isolates in metropolitan Salvador, Brazil, from 1996 to 2007. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 65: 112-115. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.06.020. PubMed: 19709842.
39. Nahm MH, Lin J, Finkelstein JA, Pelton SI, (2009) Increase in the prevalence of the newly discovered pneumococcal serotype 6C in the nasopharynx after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 199: 320-325. doi:10.1086/596064. PubMed: 19099489.
40. Tocheva AS, Jefferies JM, Christodoulides M, Faust SN, Clarke SC, (2010) Increase in serotype 6C pneumococcal carriage, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 154-155. doi:10.3201/eid1601.090650. PubMed: 20031068.
41. Jacobs MR, Good CE, Bajaksouzian S, Windau AR, (2008) Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 19A, 6C, and 22F and serogroup 15 in Cleveland, Ohio, in relation to introduction of the protein-conjugated pneumococcal vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 47: 1388-1395. doi:10.1086/592972. PubMed: 18959493.
42. Green MC, Mason EO, Kaplan SL, Lamberth LB, Stovall SH, et al. (2011) Increase in prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C at Eight Children's Hospitals in the United States from 1993 to 2009. J Clin Microbiol 49: 2097-2101. doi:10.1128/JCM.02207-10. PubMed: 21450963.
43. Pantosti A, Gherardi G, Conte M, Faella F, Dicuonzo G, et al. (2002) A novel, multiple drug-resistant, serotype 24F strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae that caused meningitis in patients in Naples, Italy. Clin Infect Dis 35: 205-208. doi:10.1086/341250. PubMed: 12087529.
44. Del Grosso M, Camilli R, D'Ambrosio F, Petrucci G, Melchiorre S, et al. (2013) Increase of pneumococcal serotype 19A in Italy is due to expansion of the piliated clone ST416/CC199. J Med Microbiol 62: 1220-1225. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.061242-0. PubMed: 23722433.
45. Ardanuy C, Marimón JM, Calatayud L, Giménez M, Alonso M, et al. (2012) Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in older people in Spain (2007-2009): implications for future vaccination strategies. PLOS ONE 7: e43619. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043619. PubMed: 22928005.
46. Reinert R, Jacobs MR, Kaplan SL, (2010) Pneumococcal disease caused by serotype 19A: review of the literature and implications for future vaccine development. Vaccine 28: 4249-4259. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.020. PubMed: 20416266.
47. Pai R, Moore MR, Pilishvili T, Gertz RE, Whitney CG, et al. (2005) Postvaccine genetic structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A from children in the United States. J Infect Dis 192: 1988-1995. doi:10.1086/498043. PubMed: 16267772.
48. Hicks LA, Harrison LH, Flannery B, Hadler JL, Schaffner W, et al. (2007) Incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998-2004. J Infect Dis 196: 1346-1354. doi:10.1086/521626. PubMed: 17922399.
49. Gherardi G, D'Ambrosio F, Visaggio D, Dicuonzo G, Del Grosso M, et al. (2012) Serotype and clonal evolution of penicillin-nonsusceptible invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in Italy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 4965-4968. doi:10.1128/AAC.00830-12. PubMed: 22751537.
50. European, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2012) Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2011. Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) Stockolm: ECDC.
51. Turner P, Hinds J, Turner C, Jankhot A, Gould K, et al. (2011) Improved detection of nasopharyngeal cocolonization by multiple pneumococcal serotypes by use of latex agglutination or molecular serotyping by microarray. J Clin Microbiol 49: 1784-1789. doi:10.1128/JCM.00157-11. PubMed: 21411589.