메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 555-562

The how and why of arm swing during human walking

Author keywords

Arm swing; Arms; Gait; Human; Interlimb coordination

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATION; ARM MOVEMENT; BIOMECHANICS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATOR; CEREBRAL PALSY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; ELECTROMYOGRAM; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; GAIT; HOFFMANN REFLEX; HUMAN; LEG MOVEMENT; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR COORDINATION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PASSIVE MOVEMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHOULDER GIRDLE; SPASTICITY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; STEADY STATE; WALKING SPEED; WEIGHT BEARING;

EID: 84884988926     PISSN: 09666362     EISSN: 18792219     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.02.006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (249)

References (111)
  • 3
    • 84885916937 scopus 로고
    • Der gang des Menschen. I theil. [The gait of humans. Part 1]
    • Braune W., Fischer O. Der gang des Menschen. I theil. [The gait of humans. Part 1]. Abh K Sachs Ges Wiss Math-Phys 1895, 21(153).
    • (1895) Abh K Sachs Ges Wiss Math-Phys , vol.21 , Issue.153
    • Braune, W.1    Fischer, O.2
  • 4
    • 0000838798 scopus 로고
    • The function of the arms in walking
    • Elftman H. The function of the arms in walking. Human Biology 1939, 11:529-535.
    • (1939) Human Biology , vol.11 , pp. 529-535
    • Elftman, H.1
  • 6
    • 0014578936 scopus 로고
    • Upper-extremity muscular activity at different cadences and inclines during normal gait
    • Hogue R.E. Upper-extremity muscular activity at different cadences and inclines during normal gait. Physical Therapy 1969, 49:963-972.
    • (1969) Physical Therapy , vol.49 , pp. 963-972
    • Hogue, R.E.1
  • 7
    • 0018177945 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model of arm swing during human locomotion
    • Jackson K.M., Joseph J., Wyard S.J. A mathematical model of arm swing during human locomotion. Journal of Biomechanics 1978, 11:277-289.
    • (1978) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.11 , pp. 277-289
    • Jackson, K.M.1    Joseph, J.2    Wyard, S.J.3
  • 8
    • 16644366176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical mechanism for transitions in phase and frequency of arm and leg swing during walking
    • Kubo M., Wagenaar R.C., Saltzman E., Holt K.G. Biomechanical mechanism for transitions in phase and frequency of arm and leg swing during walking. Biological Cybernetics 2004, 91:91-98.
    • (2004) Biological Cybernetics , vol.91 , pp. 91-98
    • Kubo, M.1    Wagenaar, R.C.2    Saltzman, E.3    Holt, K.G.4
  • 13
    • 56549089035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of aging and arm swing on the metabolic cost of stability in human walking
    • Ortega J.D., Fehlman L.A., Farley C.T. Effects of aging and arm swing on the metabolic cost of stability in human walking. Journal of Biomechanics 2008, 41:3303-3308.
    • (2008) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.41 , pp. 3303-3308
    • Ortega, J.D.1    Fehlman, L.A.2    Farley, C.T.3
  • 15
    • 33845724642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The equations of motion for a standing human reveal three mechanisms for balance
    • Hof A.L. The equations of motion for a standing human reveal three mechanisms for balance. Journal of Biomechanics 2007, 40:451-457.
    • (2007) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.40 , pp. 451-457
    • Hof, A.L.1
  • 16
    • 0037389211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the unperturbed limb and arms in the reactive recovery response to an unexpected slip during locomotion
    • Marigold D.S., Bethune A.J., Patla A.E. Role of the unperturbed limb and arms in the reactive recovery response to an unexpected slip during locomotion. Journal of Neurophysiology 2003, 89:1727-1737.
    • (2003) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.89 , pp. 1727-1737
    • Marigold, D.S.1    Bethune, A.J.2    Patla, A.E.3
  • 17
    • 79951552444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Over rough and smooth: amputee gait on an irregular surface
    • Curtze C., Hof A.L., Postema K., Otten B. Over rough and smooth: amputee gait on an irregular surface. Gait and Posture 2011, 33:292-296.
    • (2011) Gait and Posture , vol.33 , pp. 292-296
    • Curtze, C.1    Hof, A.L.2    Postema, K.3    Otten, B.4
  • 18
    • 0008356787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in arm posture during the early acquisition of walking
    • Ledebt A. Changes in arm posture during the early acquisition of walking. Infant Behavior & Development 2000, 23:79-89.
    • (2000) Infant Behavior & Development , vol.23 , pp. 79-89
    • Ledebt, A.1
  • 19
    • 33751181899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical analysis of the 'high guard' position of arms during walking in toddlers
    • Kubo M., Ulrich B. A biomechanical analysis of the 'high guard' position of arms during walking in toddlers. Infant Behavior & Development 2006, 29:509-517.
    • (2006) Infant Behavior & Development , vol.29 , pp. 509-517
    • Kubo, M.1    Ulrich, B.2
  • 21
    • 44149115588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coordination of leg swing, thorax rotations, and pelvis rotations during gait: the organisation of total body angular momentum
    • Bruijn S.M., Meijer O.G., van Dieën J.H., Kingma I., Lamoth C.J. Coordination of leg swing, thorax rotations, and pelvis rotations during gait: the organisation of total body angular momentum. Gait and Posture 2008, 27:455-462.
    • (2008) Gait and Posture , vol.27 , pp. 455-462
    • Bruijn, S.M.1    Meijer, O.G.2    van Dieën, J.H.3    Kingma, I.4    Lamoth, C.J.5
  • 24
    • 42749088687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of natural arm swing motion in human bipedal walking
    • Park J. Synthesis of natural arm swing motion in human bipedal walking. Journal of Biomechanics 2008, 41:1417-1426.
    • (2008) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.41 , pp. 1417-1426
    • Park, J.1
  • 26
    • 0035132524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free vertical moments and transverse forces in human walking and their role in relation to arm-swing
    • Li Y., Wang W., Crompton R.H., Gunther M.M. Free vertical moments and transverse forces in human walking and their role in relation to arm-swing. Journal of Experimental Biology 2001, 204:47-58.
    • (2001) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.204 , pp. 47-58
    • Li, Y.1    Wang, W.2    Crompton, R.H.3    Gunther, M.M.4
  • 27
    • 48149114488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of suppressing arm swing on kinematics, kinetics, and energetics of human walking
    • Umberger B.R. Effects of suppressing arm swing on kinematics, kinetics, and energetics of human walking. Journal of Biomechanics 2008, 41:2575-2580.
    • (2008) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.41 , pp. 2575-2580
    • Umberger, B.R.1
  • 30
    • 0002241998 scopus 로고
    • Whole body movement: coordination of arms and legs in walking and running
    • Springer-Verlag, New York, J. Winter, S.L.Y. Woo (Eds.)
    • Hinrichs R.N. Whole body movement: coordination of arms and legs in walking and running. Multiple systems: biomechanics and movement organization 1990, 694-705. Springer-Verlag, New York. J. Winter, S.L.Y. Woo (Eds.).
    • (1990) Multiple systems: biomechanics and movement organization , pp. 694-705
    • Hinrichs, R.N.1
  • 31
    • 77951764547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticospinal contribution to arm muscle activity during human walking
    • Barthelemy D., Nielsen J.B. Corticospinal contribution to arm muscle activity during human walking. Journal of Physiology 2010, 588:967-979.
    • (2010) Journal of Physiology , vol.588 , pp. 967-979
    • Barthelemy, D.1    Nielsen, J.B.2
  • 33
    • 16844367580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How close to a pendulum is human upper limb movement during walking?
    • Gutnik B., Mackie H., Hudson G., Standen C. How close to a pendulum is human upper limb movement during walking?. Homo 2005, 56:35-49.
    • (2005) Homo , vol.56 , pp. 35-49
    • Gutnik, B.1    Mackie, H.2    Hudson, G.3    Standen, C.4
  • 34
    • 79961028467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quadrupedal coordination of bipedal gait: implications for movement disorders
    • Dietz V. Quadrupedal coordination of bipedal gait: implications for movement disorders. Journal of Neurology 2011, 258:1406-1412.
    • (2011) Journal of Neurology , vol.258 , pp. 1406-1412
    • Dietz, V.1
  • 35
    • 0036752509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do human bipeds use quadrupedal coordination?
    • Dietz V. Do human bipeds use quadrupedal coordination?. Trends in Neurosciences 2002, 25:462-467.
    • (2002) Trends in Neurosciences , vol.25 , pp. 462-467
    • Dietz, V.1
  • 36
    • 0036782177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proprioception and locomotor disorders
    • Dietz V. Proprioception and locomotor disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2002, 3:781-790.
    • (2002) Nature Reviews Neuroscience , vol.3 , pp. 781-790
    • Dietz, V.1
  • 37
    • 0035783885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal coordination of arm and leg movements during human locomotion
    • Dietz V., Fouad K., Bastiaanse C.M. Neuronal coordination of arm and leg movements during human locomotion. European Journal of Neuroscience 2001, 14:1906-1914.
    • (2001) European Journal of Neuroscience , vol.14 , pp. 1906-1914
    • Dietz, V.1    Fouad, K.2    Bastiaanse, C.M.3
  • 38
    • 33750627987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obstacle clearance and prevention from falling in the bipedally walking Japanese monkey Macaca fuscata
    • Mori F., Nakajima K., Tachibana A., Mori S. Obstacle clearance and prevention from falling in the bipedally walking Japanese monkey Macaca fuscata. Age and Ageing 2006, 35(Suppl (2)):ii19-ii23.
    • (2006) Age and Ageing , vol.35 , Issue.2 SUPPL
    • Mori, F.1    Nakajima, K.2    Tachibana, A.3    Mori, S.4
  • 39
    • 0035238298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipedal locomotion by the normally quadrupedal Japanese monkey. M. fuscata: strategies for obstacle clearance and recovery from stumbling
    • Mori F., Tachibana A., Takasu C., Nakajima K., Mori S. Bipedal locomotion by the normally quadrupedal Japanese monkey. M. fuscata: strategies for obstacle clearance and recovery from stumbling. Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Bulgarica 2001, 26:147-150.
    • (2001) Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Bulgarica , vol.26 , pp. 147-150
    • Mori, F.1    Tachibana, A.2    Takasu, C.3    Nakajima, K.4    Mori, S.5
  • 43
    • 0035175376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arm to leg coordination in humans during walking, creeping and swimming activities
    • Wannier T., Bastiaanse C., Colombo G., Dietz V. Arm to leg coordination in humans during walking, creeping and swimming activities. Experimental Brain Research 2001, 141:375-379.
    • (2001) Experimental Brain Research , vol.141 , pp. 375-379
    • Wannier, T.1    Bastiaanse, C.2    Colombo, G.3    Dietz, V.4
  • 45
    • 0036361002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptations in arm movements for added mass to wrist or ankle during walking
    • Donker S.F., Mulder T., Nienhuis B., Duysens J. Adaptations in arm movements for added mass to wrist or ankle during walking. Experimental Brain Research 2002, 146:26-31.
    • (2002) Experimental Brain Research , vol.146 , pp. 26-31
    • Donker, S.F.1    Mulder, T.2    Nienhuis, B.3    Duysens, J.4
  • 46
    • 0016593636 scopus 로고
    • Coordination of movements of the hindlimbs and forelimbs in different forms of locomotion in normal and decerebrate cats
    • Miller S., Van Der Burg J., Van Der Meche F. Coordination of movements of the hindlimbs and forelimbs in different forms of locomotion in normal and decerebrate cats. Brain Research 1975, 91:217-237.
    • (1975) Brain Research , vol.91 , pp. 217-237
    • Miller, S.1    Van Der Burg, J.2    Van Der Meche, F.3
  • 47
    • 0015910464 scopus 로고
    • Influence of L-DOPA on transmission in long ascending propriospinal pathways in the cat
    • Bergmans J., Miller S., Reitsma D.J. Influence of L-DOPA on transmission in long ascending propriospinal pathways in the cat. Brain Research 1973, 62:155-167.
    • (1973) Brain Research , vol.62 , pp. 155-167
    • Bergmans, J.1    Miller, S.2    Reitsma, D.J.3
  • 48
    • 0019967120 scopus 로고
    • Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat - in-phase stepping and gait transitions
    • English A.W., Lennard P.R. Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat - in-phase stepping and gait transitions. Brain Research 1982, 245:353-364.
    • (1982) Brain Research , vol.245 , pp. 353-364
    • English, A.W.1    Lennard, P.R.2
  • 49
    • 33744901157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor circuits in the mammalian spinal cord
    • Kiehn O. Locomotor circuits in the mammalian spinal cord. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2006, 29:279-306.
    • (2006) Annual Review of Neuroscience , vol.29 , pp. 279-306
    • Kiehn, O.1
  • 50
    • 3242742032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of arm and leg movement during human locomotion
    • Zehr E.P., Duysens J. Regulation of arm and leg movement during human locomotion. Neuroscientist 2004, 10:347-361.
    • (2004) Neuroscientist , vol.10 , pp. 347-361
    • Zehr, E.P.1    Duysens, J.2
  • 52
    • 0034047405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cholinergic neurons activated during locomotion: localization and electrophysiological characterization
    • Huang A., Noga B.R., Carr P.A., Fedirchuk B., Jordan L.M. Spinal cholinergic neurons activated during locomotion: localization and electrophysiological characterization. Journal of Neurophysiology 2000, 83:3537-3547.
    • (2000) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.83 , pp. 3537-3547
    • Huang, A.1    Noga, B.R.2    Carr, P.A.3    Fedirchuk, B.4    Jordan, L.M.5
  • 54
    • 33750342195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-enlargement pathways in the ventrolateral funiculus of the adult rat spinal cord
    • Reed W.R., Shum-Siu A., Onifer S.M., Magnuson D.S.K. Inter-enlargement pathways in the ventrolateral funiculus of the adult rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 2006, 142:1195-1207.
    • (2006) Neuroscience , vol.142 , pp. 1195-1207
    • Reed, W.R.1    Shum-Siu, A.2    Onifer, S.M.3    Magnuson, D.S.K.4
  • 55
    • 33644854747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic and serotonergic excitation of ascending commissural neurons in the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord of the neonatal mouse
    • Carlin K.P., Dai Y., Jordan L.M. Cholinergic and serotonergic excitation of ascending commissural neurons in the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord of the neonatal mouse. Journal of Neurophysiology 2006, 95:1278-1284.
    • (2006) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.95 , pp. 1278-1284
    • Carlin, K.P.1    Dai, Y.2    Jordan, L.M.3
  • 57
    • 21344465418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propriospinal circuitry underlying interlimb coordination in mammalian quadrupedal locomotion
    • Juvin L., Simmers J., Morin D. Propriospinal circuitry underlying interlimb coordination in mammalian quadrupedal locomotion. Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 25:6025-6035.
    • (2005) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.25 , pp. 6025-6035
    • Juvin, L.1    Simmers, J.2    Morin, D.3
  • 58
    • 34547852386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor rhythmogenesis in the isolated rat spinal cord: a phase-coupled set of symmetrical flexion-extension oscillators
    • Juvin L., Simmers J., Morin D. Locomotor rhythmogenesis in the isolated rat spinal cord: a phase-coupled set of symmetrical flexion-extension oscillators. Journal of Physiology - London 2007, 583:115-128.
    • (2007) Journal of Physiology - London , vol.583 , pp. 115-128
    • Juvin, L.1    Simmers, J.2    Morin, D.3
  • 59
    • 84856021916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervicolumbar coordination in mammalian quadrupedal locomotion: role of spinal thoracic circuitry and limb sensory inputs
    • Juvin L., Le Gal J.P., Simmers J., Morin D. Cervicolumbar coordination in mammalian quadrupedal locomotion: role of spinal thoracic circuitry and limb sensory inputs. Journal of Neuroscience 2012, 32:953-965.
    • (2012) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.32 , pp. 953-965
    • Juvin, L.1    Le Gal, J.P.2    Simmers, J.3    Morin, D.4
  • 60
    • 0025200254 scopus 로고
    • Interlimb Coordination during fictive locomotion in the thalamic cat
    • Orsal D., Cabelguen J.M., Perret C. Interlimb Coordination during fictive locomotion in the thalamic cat. Experimental Brain Research 1990, 82:536-546.
    • (1990) Experimental Brain Research , vol.82 , pp. 536-546
    • Orsal, D.1    Cabelguen, J.M.2    Perret, C.3
  • 61
    • 33751538270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Load signals assist the generation of movement-dependent reflex reversal in the femur-tibia joint of stick insects
    • Akay T., Buschges A. Load signals assist the generation of movement-dependent reflex reversal in the femur-tibia joint of stick insects. Journal of Neurophysiology 2006, 96:3532-3537.
    • (2006) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.96 , pp. 3532-3537
    • Akay, T.1    Buschges, A.2
  • 62
    • 0031976869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural control of locomotion; Part 1. The central pattern generator from cats to humans
    • Duysens J., van de Crommert H.W.A.A. Neural control of locomotion; Part 1. The central pattern generator from cats to humans. Gait and Posture 1998, 7:131-141.
    • (1998) Gait and Posture , vol.7 , pp. 131-141
    • Duysens, J.1    van de Crommert, H.W.A.A.2
  • 63
    • 0030481332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and descending propriospinal nerve fibres in man
    • Nathan P.W., Smith M., Deacon P. Vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and descending propriospinal nerve fibres in man. Brain 1996, 119:1809-1833.
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 1809-1833
    • Nathan, P.W.1    Smith, M.2    Deacon, P.3
  • 67
    • 4644228951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural coupling between upper and lower limbs during recumbent stepping
    • Huang H.J., Ferris D.P. Neural coupling between upper and lower limbs during recumbent stepping. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004, 97:1299-1308.
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Physiology , vol.97 , pp. 1299-1308
    • Huang, H.J.1    Ferris, D.P.2
  • 68
    • 69349093379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper and lower limb muscle activation is bidirectionally and ipsilaterally coupled
    • Huang H.J., Ferris D.P. Upper and lower limb muscle activation is bidirectionally and ipsilaterally coupled. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2009, 41:1778-1789.
    • (2009) Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , vol.41 , pp. 1778-1789
    • Huang, H.J.1    Ferris, D.P.2
  • 69
    • 57049175133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shaping appropriate locomotive motor output through interlimb neural pathway within spinal cord in humans
    • Kawashima N., Nozaki D., Abe M.O., Nakazawa K. Shaping appropriate locomotive motor output through interlimb neural pathway within spinal cord in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology 2008, 99:2946-2955.
    • (2008) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.99 , pp. 2946-2955
    • Kawashima, N.1    Nozaki, D.2    Abe, M.O.3    Nakazawa, K.4
  • 71
    • 0031253621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in gait resulting from deliberate changes of arm-swing amplitude and phase
    • Eke-Okoro S.T., Gregoric M., Larsson L.E. Alterations in gait resulting from deliberate changes of arm-swing amplitude and phase. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 1997, 12:516-521.
    • (1997) Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) , vol.12 , pp. 516-521
    • Eke-Okoro, S.T.1    Gregoric, M.2    Larsson, L.E.3
  • 72
  • 74
    • 33644836240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arm function after stroke: from physiology to recovery
    • Krakauer J.W. Arm function after stroke: from physiology to recovery. Seminars in Neurology 2005, 25:384-395.
    • (2005) Seminars in Neurology , vol.25 , pp. 384-395
    • Krakauer, J.W.1
  • 75
    • 0024190431 scopus 로고
    • Hemiplegic Cerebral-Palsy. Aetiology and outcome
    • Uvebrant P. Hemiplegic Cerebral-Palsy. Aetiology and outcome. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1988, 1-100.
    • (1988) Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , pp. 1-100
    • Uvebrant, P.1
  • 77
    • 79952439847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Device use, locomotor training and the presence of arm swing during treadmill walking after spinal cord injury
    • Tester N.J., Howland D.R., Day K.V., Suter S.P., Cantrell A., Behrman A.L. Device use, locomotor training and the presence of arm swing during treadmill walking after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2011, 49:451-456.
    • (2011) Spinal Cord , vol.49 , pp. 451-456
    • Tester, N.J.1    Howland, D.R.2    Day, K.V.3    Suter, S.P.4    Cantrell, A.5    Behrman, A.L.6
  • 81
  • 84
    • 74449083881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arm swing magnitude and asymmetry during gait in the early stages of Parkinson's disease
    • Lewek M.D., Poole R., Johnson J., Halawa O., Huang X.M. Arm swing magnitude and asymmetry during gait in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Gait and Posture 2010, 31:256-260.
    • (2010) Gait and Posture , vol.31 , pp. 256-260
    • Lewek, M.D.1    Poole, R.2    Johnson, J.3    Halawa, O.4    Huang, X.M.5
  • 86
    • 84855960842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arm swing asymmetry in Parkinson's disease measured with ultrasound based motion analysis during treadmill gait
    • Roggendorf J., Chen S., Baudrexel S., van de Loo S., Seifried C., Hilker R. Arm swing asymmetry in Parkinson's disease measured with ultrasound based motion analysis during treadmill gait. Gait and Posture 2012, 35:116-120.
    • (2012) Gait and Posture , vol.35 , pp. 116-120
    • Roggendorf, J.1    Chen, S.2    Baudrexel, S.3    van de Loo, S.4    Seifried, C.5    Hilker, R.6
  • 88
    • 0026629996 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of plantigrade gait - is there a neuronal correlate
    • Forssberg H. Evolution of plantigrade gait - is there a neuronal correlate. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1992, 34:920-925.
    • (1992) Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , vol.34 , pp. 920-925
    • Forssberg, H.1
  • 91
    • 18744381287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of the upper limb with botulinum toxin type A in children with spastic type cerebral palsy and acquired brain injury: clinical implications
    • Autti-Ramo I., Larsen A., Taimo A., von Wendt L. Management of the upper limb with botulinum toxin type A in children with spastic type cerebral palsy and acquired brain injury: clinical implications. European Journal of Neurology 2001, 8(Suppl (5)):136-144.
    • (2001) European Journal of Neurology , vol.8 , Issue.5 SUPPL , pp. 136-144
    • Autti-Ramo, I.1    Larsen, A.2    Taimo, A.3    von Wendt, L.4
  • 93
    • 33847217576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arm posturing during walking in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy
    • Riad J., Coleman S., Miller F. Arm posturing during walking in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 2007, 27:137-141.
    • (2007) Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics , vol.27 , pp. 137-141
    • Riad, J.1    Coleman, S.2    Miller, F.3
  • 94
    • 78650619075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arm posture score and arm movement during walking: a comprehensive assessment in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy
    • Riad J., Coleman S., Lundh D., Brostrom E. Arm posture score and arm movement during walking: a comprehensive assessment in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Gait and Posture 2011, 33:48-53.
    • (2011) Gait and Posture , vol.33 , pp. 48-53
    • Riad, J.1    Coleman, S.2    Lundh, D.3    Brostrom, E.4
  • 96
    • 0034021654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resonant frequencies of arms and legs identify different walking patterns
    • Wagenaar R.C., Van Emmerik R.E.A. Resonant frequencies of arms and legs identify different walking patterns. Journal of Biomechanics 2000, 33:853-861.
    • (2000) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.33 , pp. 853-861
    • Wagenaar, R.C.1    Van Emmerik, R.E.A.2
  • 98
    • 84861992035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arm and leg coordination during treadmill walking in individuals with motor incomplete spinal cord injury: a preliminary study
    • Tester N.J., Barbeau H., Howland D.N., Cantrell A., Behrman A.L. Arm and leg coordination during treadmill walking in individuals with motor incomplete spinal cord injury: a preliminary study. Gait and Posture 2012, 36:49-55.
    • (2012) Gait and Posture , vol.36 , pp. 49-55
    • Tester, N.J.1    Barbeau, H.2    Howland, D.N.3    Cantrell, A.4    Behrman, A.L.5
  • 99
    • 34247261523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of auditory rhythms and instruction on walking patterns in individuals post stroke
    • Ford M.P., Wagenaar R.C., Newell K.M. The effects of auditory rhythms and instruction on walking patterns in individuals post stroke. Gait and Posture 2007, 26:150-155.
    • (2007) Gait and Posture , vol.26 , pp. 150-155
    • Ford, M.P.1    Wagenaar, R.C.2    Newell, K.M.3
  • 101
    • 58149125354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in Parkinson's disease: neuronal coupling of upper and lower limbs
    • Dietz V., Michel J. Locomotion in Parkinson's disease: neuronal coupling of upper and lower limbs. Brain 2008, 131:3421-3431.
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 3421-3431
    • Dietz, V.1    Michel, J.2
  • 102
    • 0030118738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of movement coordination and tremor during gait in Parkinson's disease
    • Van Emmerik R.E.A., Wagenaar R.C. Dynamics of movement coordination and tremor during gait in Parkinson's disease. Human Movement Science 1996, 15:203-235.
    • (1996) Human Movement Science , vol.15 , pp. 203-235
    • Van Emmerik, R.E.A.1    Wagenaar, R.C.2
  • 105
    • 57649152936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The coordination of upper and lower limb movements during gait in healthy and stroke individuals
    • Stephenson J.L., Lamontagne A., De Serres S.J. The coordination of upper and lower limb movements during gait in healthy and stroke individuals. Gait and Posture 2009, 29:11-16.
    • (2009) Gait and Posture , vol.29 , pp. 11-16
    • Stephenson, J.L.1    Lamontagne, A.2    De Serres, S.J.3
  • 106
    • 0033937128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor training after human spinal cord injury: a series of case studies
    • Behrman A.L., Harkema S.J. Locomotor training after human spinal cord injury: a series of case studies. Physical Therapy 2000, 80:688-700.
    • (2000) Physical Therapy , vol.80 , pp. 688-700
    • Behrman, A.L.1    Harkema, S.J.2
  • 107
    • 26444511228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between botulinum toxin injection into the arm and changes in gait in adults after stroke
    • Hirsch M.A., Westhoff B., Toole T., Haupenthal S., Krauspe R., Hefter H. Association between botulinum toxin injection into the arm and changes in gait in adults after stroke. Movement Disorders 2005, 20:1014-1020.
    • (2005) Movement Disorders , vol.20 , pp. 1014-1020
    • Hirsch, M.A.1    Westhoff, B.2    Toole, T.3    Haupenthal, S.4    Krauspe, R.5    Hefter, H.6
  • 108
    • 41349099453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of botulinum toxin type A treatment of elbow flexor spasticity on hemiparetic gait
    • quiz 311-329
    • Esquenazi A., Mayer N., Garreta R. Influence of botulinum toxin type A treatment of elbow flexor spasticity on hemiparetic gait. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2008, 87:305-310. quiz 311-329.
    • (2008) American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , vol.87 , pp. 305-310
    • Esquenazi, A.1    Mayer, N.2    Garreta, R.3
  • 109
    • 43049133265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhythmic arm cycling suppresses hyperactive soleus H-reflex amplitude after stroke
    • Barzi Y., Zehr E.P. Rhythmic arm cycling suppresses hyperactive soleus H-reflex amplitude after stroke. Clinical Neurophysiology 2008, 119:1443-1452.
    • (2008) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.119 , pp. 1443-1452
    • Barzi, Y.1    Zehr, E.P.2
  • 110
    • 73149090324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of arm movements on the lower limb during gait after a stroke
    • Stephenson J.L., De Serres S.J., Lamontagne A. The effect of arm movements on the lower limb during gait after a stroke. Gait and Posture 2010, 31:109-115.
    • (2010) Gait and Posture , vol.31 , pp. 109-115
    • Stephenson, J.L.1    De Serres, S.J.2    Lamontagne, A.3
  • 111


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.