Immune cells: Plastic players along colorectal cancer progression

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1088-1095

  Di Caro, Giuseppe ^a   Marchesi, Federica ^a,b   Laghi, Luigi ^a   Grizzi, Fabio ^a  

^a HUMANITAS CLINICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adjuvant chemotherapy; Colorectal cancer; Immunity; Inflammation; Prognosis

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ARTICLE; CANCER STAGING; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL TUMOR; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE; PATHOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; IMMUNITY; INFLAMMATION; PROGNOSIS;

COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; LEUKOCYTES; NEOPLASM STAGING; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84884741548     PISSN: 15821838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12117     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012; 62: 10-29.
2. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010; 127: 2893-917.
3. Mejia A, Schulz S, Hyslop T, et al. Molecular staging individualizing cancer management. J Surg Oncol. 2012; 105: 468-74.
4. Chapuis PH, Chan C, Dent OF. Clinicopathological staging of colorectal cancer: evolution and consensus-an Australian perspective. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 26(Suppl. 1): 58-64.
5. Ueno H, Mochizuki H, Akagi Y, et al. Optimal colorectal cancer staging criteria in TNM classification. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30: 1519-26.
6. O'Connell JB, Maggard MA, Ko CY. Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004; 96: 1420-5.
7. Yashiro M, Laghi L, Saito K, et al. Serrated adenomas have a pattern of genetic alterations that distinguishes them from other colorectal polyps. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005; 14: 2253-6.
8. Feinstein AR, Sosin DM, Wells CK. The Will Rogers phenomenon. Stage migration and new diagnostic techniques as a source of misleading statistics for survival in cancer. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312: 1604-8.
9. Nicastri DG, Doucette JT, Godfrey TE, et al. Is occult lymph node disease in colorectal cancer patients clinically significant? A review of the relevant literature. J Mol Diagn. 2007; 9: 563-71.
10. Ratto C, Sofo L, Ippoliti M, et al. Accurate lymph-node detection in colorectal specimens resected for cancer is of prognostic significance. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999; 42: 143-54; discussion 54-8.
11. Clevers H. At the crossroads of inflammation and cancer. Cell. 2004; 118: 671-4.
12. Terzic J, Grivennikov S, Karin E, et al. Inflammation and colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010; 138: 2101-14, e5.
13. Pages F, Berger A, Camus M, et al. Effector memory T cells, early metastasis, and survival in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2654-66.
14. Galon J, Costes A, Sanchez-Cabo F, et al. Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science. 2006; 313: 1960-4.
15. + cells at the invasive margin of deeply invading (pT3-T4) colorectal cancer and risk of post-surgical metastasis: a longitudinal study. Lancet Oncol. 2009; 10: 877-84.
16. Fridman WH, Pages F, Sautes-Fridman C, et al. The immune contexture in human tumours: impact on clinical outcome. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012; 12: 298-306.
17. Mantovani A, Romero P, Palucka AK, et al. Tumour immunity: effector response to tumour and role of the microenvironment. Lancet. 2008; 371: 771-83.
18. Kuper H, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med. 2000; 248: 171-83.
19. Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer. 2006; 118: 3030-44.
20. Aggarwal BB, Vijayalekshmi RV, Sung B. Targeting inflammatory pathways for prevention and therapy of cancer: short-term friend, long-term foe. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15: 425-30.
21. Takahashi H, Ogata H, Nishigaki R, et al. Tobacco smoke promotes lung tumorigenesis by triggering IKKbeta- and JNK1-dependent inflammation. Cancer Cell. 2010; 17: 89-97.
22. Park EJ, Lee JH, Yu GY, et al. Dietary and genetic obesity promote liver inflammation and tumorigenesis by enhancing IL-6 and TNF expression. Cell. 2010; 140: 197-208.
23. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, et al. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature. 2008; 454: 436-44.
24. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011; 144: 646-74.
25. Schottenfeld D, Beebe-Dimmer J. Chronic inflammation: a common and important factor in the pathogenesis of neoplasia. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006; 56: 69-83.
26. Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut. 2001; 48: 526-35.
27. Canavan C, Abrams KR, Mayberry J. Meta-analysis: colorectal and small bowel cancer risk in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 23: 1097-104.
28. Strober W, Fuss IJ, Blumberg RS. The immunology of mucosal models of inflammation. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002; 20: 495-549.
29. Triantafillidis JK, Nasioulas G, Kosmidis PA. Colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prevention strategies. Anticancer Res. 2009; 29: 2727-37.
30. Chan AT, Ogino S, Giovannucci EL, et al. Inflammatory markers are associated with risk of colorectal cancer and chemopreventive response to anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology. 2011; 140: 799-808; quiz e11.
31. Greten FR, Eckmann L, Greten TF, et al. IKKbeta links inflammation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Cell. 2004; 118: 285-96.
32. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010; 140: 883-99.
33. Sakamoto K, Maeda S, Hikiba Y, et al. Constitutive NF-kappaB activation in colorectal carcinoma plays a key role in angiogenesis, promoting tumor growth. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15: 2248-58.
34. Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R. STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009; 9: 798-809.
35. Algra AM, Rothwell PM. Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: 518-27.
36. Flossmann E, Rothwell PM. British Doctors Aspirin T, the UKTIAAT. Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies. Lancet. 2007; 369: 1603-13.
37. Baron JA, Cole BF, Sandler RS, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 891-9.
38. Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Meyerhardt JA, et al. Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA. 2005; 294: 914-23.
39. Thun MJ, Jacobs EJ, Patrono C. The role of aspirin in cancer prevention. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012; 9: 259-67.
40. Chia WK, Ali R, Toh HC. Aspirin as adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer-reinterpreting paradigms. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012; 9: 561-70.
41. Liao X, Lochhead P, Nishihara R, et al. Aspirin use, tumor PIK3CA mutation, and colorectal-cancer survival. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 1596-606.
42. Lievre A, Blons H, Laurent-Puig P. Oncogenic mutations as predictive factors in colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 2010; 29: 3033-43.
43. Old LJ, Boyse EA. Immunology of experimental tumors. Annu Rev Med. 1964; 15: 167-86.
44. Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, et al. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol. 2002; 3: 991-8.
45. Koebel CM, Vermi W, Swann JB, et al. Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state. Nature. 2007; 450: 903-7.
46. Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, et al. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011; 29: 235-71.
47. MacKie RM, Reid R, Junor B. Fatal melanoma transferred in a donated kidney 16 years after melanoma surgery. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 567-8.
48. Mlecnik B, Tosolini M, Kirilovsky A, et al. Histopathologic-based prognostic factors of colorectal cancers are associated with the state of the local immune reaction. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29: 610-8.
49. + T cells infiltrated within cancer cell nests as a prognostic factor in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 3491-4.
50. Nosho K, Baba Y, Tanaka N, et al. Tumour-infiltrating T-cell subsets, molecular changes in colorectal cancer, and prognosis: cohort study and literature review. J Pathol. 2010; 222: 350-66.
51. Ogino S, Nosho K, Irahara N, et al. Lymphocytic reaction to colorectal cancer is associated with longer survival, independent of lymph node count, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15: 6412-20.
52. Pages F, Kirilovsky A, Mlecnik B, et al. In situ cytotoxic and memory T cells predict outcome in patients with early-stage colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 5944-51.
53. + T regulatory cells show strong prognostic significance in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 186-92.
54. Galon J, Pages F, Marincola FM, et al. Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force. J Transl Med. 2012; 10: 205.
55. Cammarota R, Bertolini V, Pennesi G, et al. The tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer: stromal TLR-4 expression as a potential prognostic marker. J Transl Med. 2010; 8: 112.
56. Grizzi F, Bianchi P, Malesci A, et al. Prognostic value of innate and adaptive immunity in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2013; 19: 174-84.
57. Koch M, Beckhove P, Op den Winkel J, et al. Tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes in colorectal cancer: tumor-selective activation and cytotoxic activity in situ. Ann Surg. 2006; 244: 986-92.
58. Atreya I, Schimanski CC, Becker C, et al. The T-box transcription factor eomesodermin controls CD8 T cell activity and lymph node metastasis in human colorectal cancer. Gut. 2007; 56: 1572-8.
59. Atreya I, Neurath MF. Immune cells in colorectal cancer: prognostic relevance and therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008; 8: 561-72.
60. O'Connor ES, Greenblatt DY, LoConte NK, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer with poor prognostic features. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29: 3381-8.
61. Schrag D, Rifas-Shiman S, Saltz L, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy use for Medicare beneficiaries with stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20: 3999-4005.
62. Golfinopoulos V, Salanti G, Pavlidis N, et al. Survival and disease-progression benefits with treatment regimens for advanced colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2007; 8: 898-911.
63. Lake RA, Robinson B. Immunotherapy and chemotherapy - a practical partnership. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005; 5: 397-405.
64. Correale P, Cusi MG, Del Vecchio MT, et al. Dendritic cell-mediated cross-presentation of antigens derived from colon carcinoma cells exposed to a highly cytotoxic multidrug regimen with gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin, elicits a powerful human antigen-specific CTL response with antitumor activity in vitro. J Immunol. 2005; 175: 820-8.
65. Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, et al. The interaction between HMGB1 and TLR4 dictates the outcome of anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Immunol Rev. 2007; 220: 47-59.
66. Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, et al. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nat Med. 2007; 13: 1050-9.
67. Tesniere A, Schlemmer F, Boige V, et al. Immunogenic death of colon cancer cells treated with oxaliplatin. Oncogene. 2010; 29: 482-91.
68. Zitvogel L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Immune parameters affecting the efficacy of chemotherapeutic regimens. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011; 8: 151-60.
69. Morris M, Platell C, Iacopetta B. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and perforation in colon cancer predict positive response to 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14: 1413-7.
70. Halama N, Michel S, Kloor M, et al. Localization and density of immune cells in the invasive margin of human colorectal cancer liver metastases are prognostic for response to chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2011; 71: 5670-7.
71. Halama N, Michel S, Kloor M, et al. The localization and density of immune cells in primary tumors of human metastatic colorectal cancer shows an association with response to chemotherapy. Cancer Immun. 2009; 9: 1.
72. + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in stage III colorectal cancer with and without microsatellite instability. Hum Pathol. 2004; 35: 808-16.
73. Altman DG, McShane LM, Sauerbrei W, et al. Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2012; 9: e1001216.
74. Fridman WH, Galon J, Pages F, et al. Prognostic and predictive impact of intra- and peritumoral immune infiltrates. Cancer Res. 2011; 71: 5601-5.
75. Malesci A, Laghi L, Bianchi P, et al. Reduced likelihood of metastases in patients with microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007; 13: 3831-9.
76. Sargent DJ, Marsoni S, Monges G, et al. Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28: 3219-26.
77. Sinicrope FA, Foster NR, Thibodeau SN, et al. DNA mismatch repair status and colon cancer recurrence and survival in clinical trials of 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103: 863-75.
78. Gryfe R, Kim H, Hsieh ET, et al. Tumor microsatellite instability and clinical outcome in young patients with colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 69-77.
79. Ogino S, Galon J, Fuchs CS, et al. Cancer immunology-analysis of host and tumor factors for personalized medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011; 8: 711-9.
80. Dahlin AM, Henriksson ML, Van Guelpen B, et al. Colorectal cancer prognosis depends on T-cell infiltration and molecular characteristics of the tumor. Mod Pathol. 2011; 24: 671-82.