New pieces of the trichinella puzzle

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 43, Issue 12-13, 2013, Pages 983-997

  Pozio, Edoardo ^a   Zarlenga, Dante S ^b  

^a ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^b AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biology; Epidemiology; Genomics; Phylogeny; Proteomics; Taxonomy; Trichinella

Indexed keywords

LARGE SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL RNA; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; PROTEOME; RIBOSOME DNA;

BIOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENOMICS; GENOTYPE; IDENTIFICATION METHOD; PARASITE; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION GENETICS; PROTEOMICS; TAXONOMY;

ANAEROBIC METABOLISM; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CLADISTICS; CLIMATE CHANGE; DNA SEQUENCE; EPIDEMIC; FOOD INTAKE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC CONSERVATION; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC SIMILARITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOMICS; GENOTYPE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; HUMIDITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; LARVA; MICROSATELLITE MARKER; MOLECULAR CLONING; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NONHUMAN; PARASITE SURVIVAL; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PARASITE VIRULENCE; PATHOGENICITY; PHYLOGENETIC TREE; POPULATION GENETICS; PREVALENCE; PROTEOMICS; RAW FOOD; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; SURVIVAL; TAENIASIS; TAXONOMIC RANK; TRANSCRIPTOMICS; TRICHINELLA; TRICHINELLA BRITOVI; TRICHINELLA MURRELLI; TRICHINELLA NATIVA; TRICHINELLA NELSONI; TRICHINELLA PAPUAE; TRICHINELLA PATAGONIENSIS; TRICHINELLA PSEUDOSPIRALIS; TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS; TRICHINELLA ZIMBABWENSIS; TRICHINOSIS;

TRICHINELLA;

BIOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENOMICS; PHYLOGENY; PROTEOMICS; TAXONOMY; TRICHINELLA;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TRICHINELLA; TRICHINELLOSIS; WORLD HEALTH; ZOONOSES;

EID: 84884699319     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: 18790135     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.05.010     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Airas N., Saari S., Mikkonen T., Virtala A.M., Pellikka J., Oksanen A., Isomursu M., Kilpelä S.S., Lim C.W., Sukura A. Sylvatic Trichinella spp. infection in Finland. J. Parasitol. 2010, 96:67-76.
2. Akkoc N., Kuruuzum Z., Akar S., Yuce A., Onen F., Yapar N., Ozgenc O., Turk M., Ozdemir D., Avci M., Guruz Y., Oral A.M., Pozio E. A large scale outbreak of trichinellosis due to Trichinella britovi in Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health 2009, 56:65-70.
3. Ancelle T. History of trichinellosis outbreaks linked to horse meat consumption 1975-1998. Euro Surveill. 1998, 3:86-89.
4. Ancelle T., De Bruyne A.E., Dupouy-Camet J. Outbreak of trichinellosis due to consumption of bear meat from Canada, France, September 2005. Euro Surveill. 2005, 10:EO51013.3.
5. Andrassy I. Evolution as a Basis for the Systematization of Nematodes 1976, Pitman Publishing Ltd, London.
6. Andrews J.R., Bandi C., Pozio E., Gomez Morales M.A., Ainsworth R., Abernethy D. Identification of Trichinella pseudospiralis from a human case using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1995, 53:185-188.
7. Anonymous Summary of the discussion. Proceedings of the 1st International Congress of Parasitology, Rome, September 21-26 1964, 697. Tamburini Editore, Milan. A. Corradetti (Ed.).
8. Anonymous Outbreak of trichinellosis in French hunters who ate Canadian black bear meat. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 2006, 32:109-112.
9. Bandi C., La Rosa G., Bardin M.G., Damiani G., Comincini S., Tasciotti L., Pozio E. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints of the eight taxa of Trichinella and their comparison with allozyme analysis. Parasitology 1995, 110:401-407.
10. Beck R., Beck A., Kusak J., Mihaljević Z., Lucinger S., Zivicnjak T., Huber D., Gudan A., Marinculić A. Trichinellosis in wolves from Croatia. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:308-311.
11. Beck R., Beck A., Lucinger S., Florijancić T., Bosković I., Marinculić A. Trichinella pseudospiralis in pig from Croatia. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:304-307.
12. Blaga R., Durand B., Antoniu S., Gherman C., Cretu C.M., Cozma V., Boireau P.A. Dramatic increase in the incidence of human trichinellosis in Romania over the past 25years: impact of political changes and regional food habits. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76:983-986.
13. Blaga R., Gherman C., Cozma V., Zocevic A., Pozio E., Boireau P. Trichinella species circulating among wild and domestic animals in Romania. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:218-221.
14. Blaxter M.L., De Ley P., Garey J.R., Liu L.X., Scheldeman P., Vierstraete A., Vanfleteren J.R., Mackey L.Y., Dorris M., Frisse L.M., Vida J.T., Thomas W.K. A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature 1998, 392:71-75.
15. Britov V.A. Trichinellosis in Kamchatka. Wiad. Parazytol. 1997, 43:287-288.
16. Britov V.A., Boev S.N. Taxonomic rank of various strains of Trichinella and their circulation in nature. Vestnik Akademii Nauk KSSR 1972, 28:27-32.
17. Burke R., Masuoka P., Murrell K.D. Swine Trichinella infection and geographic information system tools. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14:1109-1111.
18. Campbell W.C. Modes of transmission. Trichinella and Trichinosis 1983, 425-444. Plenum Press, London, United Kingdom. W.C. Campbell (Ed.).
19. Trichinellosis 1994, ISS Press, Rome. W.C. Campbell, E. Pozio, F. Bruschi (Eds.).
20. Chmurzyńska, E., Rózycki, M., Bilska-Zajac, E., Nöckler, K., Mayer-Scholl, A., Pozio, E., Cencek, T., Karamon, J., in press. Trichinella nativa in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of Germany and Poland: possible different origins. Vet. Parasitol.
21. Cuttell L., Cookson B., Jackson L.A., Gray C., Traub R.J. First report of a Trichinella papuae infection in a wild pig (Sus scrofa) from an Australian island in the Torres Strait region. Vet. Parasitol. 2012, 185:343-345.
22. Dame J.B., Blouin M.S., Courtney C.H. Genetic structure of populations of Ostertagia ostertagi. Vet. Parasitol. 1993, 46:55-62.
23. Davidson R.K., Gjerde B., Vikøren T., Lillehaug A., Handeland K. Prevalence of Trichinella larvae and extra-intestinal nematodes in Norwegian red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Vet. Parasitol. 2006, 136:307-316.
24. Dea-Ayuela M.A., Bolás-Fernández F. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for the identification of species-specific Trichinella antigens. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 132:43-49.
25. Despommier D.D. How does Trichinella spiralis make itself at home?. Parasitol. Today 1998, 14:318-323.
26. Dick T.A. Species, and infraspecific variation. Trichinella and Trichinosis 1983, 31-73. Plenum Press, New York and London. W.C. Campbell (Ed.).
27. Dick T.A., Pozio E. Trichinella spp. and trichinellosis. Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals 2001, 380-396. Iowa State University Press, Ames. second ed. W.M. Samuel, M.J. Pybus, A.A. Kocan (Eds.).
28. Dubinsky P., Stefancikova A., Kincekova J., Ondriska F., Reiterova K., Medvedova M. Trichinellosis in the Slovak Republic. Parasite 2001, 8(S2):100-102.
29. Dunams-Morel D.B., Reichard M.V., Torretti L., Zarlenga D.S., Rosenthal B.M. Discernible but limited introgression has occurred where Trichinella nativa and the T6 genotype occur in sympatry. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2012, 12:530-538.
30. Dupouy-Camet J. Trichinellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Vet. Parasitol. 2000, 93:191-200.
31. Dupouy-Camet J., Allegretti S., Truong T.P. Enquete sur l'incidence de la trichinellose en France (1994-1995). Bull. Epidemiol. Hebd. 1998, 28:122-123.
32. Dworkin M.S., Gamble H.R., Zarlenga D.S., Tennican P.O. Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with eating cougar jerky. J. Infect. Dis. 1996, 174:663-666.
33. Eisenman A., Einat R. A family outbreak of trichinosis acquired in Israel. Harefuah 1992, 122:702-704. (In Hebrew).
34. Fonseca-Salamanca F., Nogal-Ruiz J.J., García-Sánchez R.N., Bolas-Fernandez F., Jiménez S., Alamo R., Gárate T., Martínez-Fernandez A.R. Prevalence of Trichinella spp. in North Spain wild fauna and new variety of Trichinella britovi identification. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:222-224.
35. Forbes L.B. The occurrence and ecology of Trichinella in marine mammals. Vet. Parasitol. 2000, 93:321-334.
36. Frey C.F., Schuppers M.E., Müller N., Ryser-Degiorgis M.P., Gottstein B. Assessment of the prevalence of Trichinella spp. in red foxes and Eurasian lynxes from Switzerland. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:295-299.
37. Fu B.Q., Liu M.Y., Yao C.Y., Li W.H., Li Y.G., Wang Y.H., Wu X.P., Zhang D.L., Cai X.P., Blaga R., Boireau P. Species identification of Trichinella isolates from China. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:214-217.
38. Gajadhar A.A., Forbes L.B. A 10-year wildlife survey of 15 species of Canadian carnivores identifies new hosts or geographic locations for Trichinella genotypes T2, T4, T5, and T6. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 168:78-83.
39. Gallardo M.T., Mateos L., Artieda J., Wesslen L., Ruiz C., Garcia M.A., Galmes-Truyols A., Martin A., Hernandez-Pezzi G., Andersson Y., Garate T., Christensson D. Outbreak of trichinellosis in Spain and Sweden due to consumption of wild boar meat contaminated with Trichinella britovi. Euro Surveill. 2007, 12:E070315.1.
40. García-Sánchez R.N., Nogal-Ruiz J.J., Manzano-Lorenzo R., Díaz J.M., López G.P., Ruano F.J., Casas A.R., Bascón C.C., Bolás-Fernández F., Martínez-Fernández A.R. Trichinellosis survey in the wild boar from the Toledo mountains in south-western Spain (2007-2008): molecular characterization of Trichinella isolates by ISSR-PCR. J. Helminthol. 2009, 83:117-120.
41. Garkavi B.L. Species of Trichinella isolated from wild animals. Veterinariya 1972, 10:90-91.
42. Gasser R.B., Zhu X.Q., Monti J.R., Dou L., Cai X., Pozio E. PCR-SSCP of rDNA for the identification of Trichinella isolates from mainland China. Mol. Cell. Probes 1998, 12:27-34.
43. Gasser R.B., Hu M., Abs EL-Osta Y.G., Zarlenga D.S., Pozio E. Non-isotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of sequence variability in ribosomal DNA expansion segments within the genus Trichinella (Nematoda: Adenophorea). Electrophoresis 2004, 25:3357-3364.
44. Gómez-Morales M.A., Ludovisi A., Amati M., Blaga R., Zivojinovic M., Ribicich M., Pozio E. A distinctive Western blot pattern to recognize Trichinella infections in humans and pigs. Int. J. Parasitol. 2012, 42:1017-1023.
45. Gould S.E. History. Trichinosis in Man and Animals 1970, 3-18. Thomas C.C. Publisher, Springfield, Illinois. S.E. Gould (Ed.).
46. Haim M., Efrat M., Wilson M., Schantz P.M., Cohen D., Shemer J. An outbreak of Trichinella spiralis infection in southern Lebanon. Epidemiol. Infect. 1997, 119:357-362.
47. Hall R.L., Lindsay A., Hammond C., Montgomery S.P., Wilkins P.P., da Silva A.J., McAuliffe I., de Almeida M., Bishop H., Mathison B., Sun B., Largusa R., Jones J.L. Outbreak of human trichinellosis in Northern California caused by Trichinella murrelli. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2012, 87:297-302.
48. Hefer E., Rishpon S., Volovik I. Trichinosis outbreak among Thai immigrant workers in the Hadera sub-district. Harefuah 2004, 143:656-660. (In Hebrew).
49. Heptner V.G., Naumov N.P. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows, Wolves and Bears) 1998, vol. II, Part 1a. Science Publishers, Inc, USA.
50. Hill D.E., Pierce V., Murrell K.D., Ratliffe N., Rupp B., Fournet V.M., Zarlenga D.S., Rosenthal B.M., Gamble H.R., Kelly K., Dulin M. Cessation of Trichinella spiralis transmission among scavenging mammals after the removal of infected pigs from a poorly managed farm: implications for trichinae transmission in the US. Zoonoses Public Health 2010, 57:e116-e123.
51. Holterman M., van der Wurff A., van den Elsen S., van Megen H., Bongers T., Holovachov O., Bakker J., Helder J. Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2006, 23:1792-1800.
52. Houzé S., Ancelle T., Matra R., Boceno C., Carlier Y., Gajadhar A.A., Dupouy-Camet J. Trichinellosis acquired in Nunavut, Canada in September 2009: meat from grizzly bear suspected. Euro Surveill. 2009, 14.
53. Hurníková Z., Dubinský P. Long-term survey on Trichinella prevalence in wildlife of Slovakia. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:276-280.
54. Hurníková Z., Dubinský P., Mukaratirwa S., Foggin C.M., Kapel C.M.O. Infectivity and temperature tolerance of non-encapsulating Trichinella zimbabwensis in experimentally infected red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Helminthologia 2004, 41:189-192.
55. Intapan P.M., Chotmongkol V., Tantrawatpan C., Sanpool O., Morakote N., Maleewong W. Molecular identification of Trichinella papuae from a Thai patient with imported trichinellosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2011, 84:994-997.
56. Jongwutiwes S., Chantachum N., Kraivichian P., Siriyasatien P., Putaporntip C., Tamburrini A., La Rosa G., Sreesunpasirikul C., Yingyourd P., Pozio E. First outbreak of human trichinellosis caused by Trichinella pseudospiralis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1998, 26:111-115.
57. Kanai Y., Inoue T., Mano T., Nonaka N., Katakura K., Oku Y. Epizootiological survey of Trichinella spp. infection in carnivores, rodents and insectivores in Hokkaido, Japan. Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 2007, 54:175-182.
58. Khamboonruang C. The present status of trichinellosis in Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1991, 22:312-315.
59. Khumjui C., Choomkasien P., Dekumyoy P., Kusolsuk T., Kongkaew W., Chalamaat M., Jones J.L. Outbreak of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella papuae, Thailand, 2006. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14:1913-1915.
60. Kim C.W. Geographic distribution and prevalence. Trichinella and Trichinosis 1983, 445-500. Plenum Press, New York and London. W.C. Campbell (Ed.).
61. Krivokapich S.J., Molina V., Bergagna H.F., Guarnera E.A. Epidemiological survey of Trichinella infection in domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic animals from Argentina. J. Helminthol. 2006, 80:267-269.
62. Krivokapich S.J., Prous C.L., Gatt G.M., Confalonieri V., Molina V., Matarasso H., Guarnera E. Molecular evidence for a novel encapsulated genotype of Trichinella from Patagonia, Argentina. Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 156:234-240.
63. Krivokapich S.J., Pozio E., Gatti G.M., Prous C.L., Ribicich M., Marucci G., La Rosa G., Confalonieri V. Trichinella patagoniensis n. sp. (Nematoda), a new encapsulated species infecting carnivorous mammals in South America. Int. J. Parasitol. 2012, 42:903-910.
64. Kusolsuk T., Kamonrattanakun S., Wesanonthawech A., Dekumyoy P., Thaenkham U., Yoonuan T., Nuamtanong S., Sa-Nguankiat S., Pubampen S., Maipanich W., Panitchakit J., Marucci G., Pozio E., Waikagul J. The second outbreak of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella papuae in Thailand. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2010, 104:433-437.
65. La Grange L.J., Marucci G., Pozio E. Trichinella zimbabwensis in wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) of South Africa. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 161:88-91.
66. La Grange L.J., Marucci G., Pozio E. Trichinella zimbabwensis in a naturally infected mammal. J. Helminthol. 2010, 84:35-38.
67. La Grange L.J., Govender D., Mukaratirwa S. The occurrence of Trichinella zimbabwensis in naturally infected wild crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from the Kruger National Park, South Africa. J. Helminthol. 2013, 16:1-6.
68. La Rosa G., Pozio E., Rossi P., Murrell K.D. Allozyme analysis of Trichinella isolates from various host species and geographic regions. J. Parasitol. 1992, 78:641-646.
69. La Rosa G., Marucci G., Zarlenga D.S., Pozio E. Trichinella pseudospiralis populations of the Palearctic region and their relationship with populations of the Nearctic and Australian regions. Int. J. Parasitol. 2001, 31:297-305.
70. La Rosa G., Marucci G., Zarlenga D.S., Casulli A., Zarnke R.L., Pozio E. Molecular identification of natural hybrids between Trichinella nativa and Trichinella T6 provides evidence of gene flow and ongoing genetic divergence. Int. J. Parasitol. 2003, 33:209-216.
71. La Rosa G., Marucci G., Pozio E. Biochemical analysis of encapsulated and non-encapsulated species of Trichinella (Nematoda, Trichinellidae) from cold- and warm-blooded animals reveals a high genetic divergence in the genus. Parasitol. Res. 2003, 91:462-466.
72. La Rosa G., Marucci G., Rosenthal B.M., Pozio E. Development of a single larva microsatellite analysis to investigate the population structure of Trichinella spiralis. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2012, 12:369-376.
73. Larrat S., Simard M., Lair S., Bélanger D., Proulx J.F. From science to action and from action to science: the Nunavik Trichinellosis Prevention Program. Int. J. Circumpolar Health 2012, 71:18595.
74. Lichtenfels J.R., Murrell K.D., Pilitt P.A. Comparison of three subspecies of Trichinella spiralis by scanning electron microscopy. J. Parasitol. 1983, 69:1131-1140.
75. Liciardi M., Marucci G., Addis G., Ludovisi A., Gomez Morales M.A., Deiana B., Cabaj W., Pozio E. Trichinella britovi and Trichinella spiralis mixed infection in a horse from Poland. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 161:345-348.
76. Liu M., Boireau P. Trichinellosis in China: epidemiology and control. Trends Parasitol. 2002, 18:553-556.
77. Liu X., Song Y., Lu H., Tang B., Piao X., Hou N., Peng S., Jiang N., Yin J., Liu M., Chen Q. Transcriptome of small regulatory RNAs in the development of the zoonotic parasite Trichinella spiralis. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e26448.
78. Liu X., Song Y., Jiang N., Wang J., Tang B., Lu H., Peng S., Chang Z., Tang Y., Yin J., Liu M., Tan Y., Chen Q. Global gene expression analysis of the zoonotic parasite Trichinella spiralis revealed novel genes in host parasite interaction. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2012, 6:e1794.
79. Lo Y.C., Hung C.C., Lai C.S., Wu Z., Nagano I., Maeda T., Takahashi Y., Chiu C.H., Shyong Jiang D.D. Human trichinosis after consumption of soft-shelled turtles, Taiwan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009, 15:2056-2058.
80. Lozano Becera J.C., Gurtner De la Fuente V., Pozio E., Bernasconi E. Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland. J. Travel Med. 2012, 19:195-197.
81. Malakauskas A., Paulauskas V., Järvis T., Keidans P., Eddi C., Kapel C.M. Molecular epidemiology of Trichinella spp. in three Baltic countries: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Parasitol. Res. 2007, 100:687-693.
82. Margolis H.S., Middaugh J.P., Burgess R.D. Arctic trichinosis: two Alaskan outbreaks from walrus meat. J. Infect. Dis. 1979, 139:102-105.
83. Marucci G., La Grange L.J., La Rosa G., Pozio E. Trichinella nelsoni and Trichinella T8 mixed infection in a lion (Panthera leo) of the Kruger National Park (South Africa). Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:225-228.
84. Marucci G., Interisano M., La Rosa G., Pozio E. Molecular identification of nematode larvae different from those of the Trichinella genus detected by muscle digestion. Vet. Parasitol. 2013, 194:117-120.
85. Marva E., Markovics A., Gdalevich M., Asor N., Sadik C., Leventhal A. Trichinellosis outbreak. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11:1979-1981.
86. Masuoka P.M., Burke R., Colaccico M., Razuri H., Hill D., Murrell K.D. Predicted geographic ranges for North American sylvatic Trichinella species. J. Parasitol. 2009, 95:829-837.
87. McAuley J.B., Michelson M.K., Schantz P.M. Trichinella infection in travelers. J. Infect. Dis. 1991, 164:1013-1016.
88. Meldal B.H., Debenham N.J., De Ley P., De Ley I.T., Vanfleteren J.R., Vierstraete A.R., Bert W., Borgonie G., Moens T., Tyler P.A., Austen M.C., Blaxter M.L., Rogers A.D., Lambshead P.J. An improved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2007, 42:622-636.
89. Mitreva M., Jasmer D.P. Advances in the sequencing of the genome of the adenophorean nematode Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology 2008, 135:869-880.
90. Mitreva M., Jasmer D.P. Trichinella spiralis: genomic application to control a zoonotic nematode. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets 2010, 10:376-384.
91. Mitreva M., Jasmer D.P., Appleton J., Martin J., Dante M., Wylie T., Clifton S.W., Waterston R.H., McCarter J.P. Gene discovery in the adenophorean nematode Trichinella spiralis: an analysis of transcription from three life cycle stages. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2004, 137:277-291.
92. Mitreva M., Appleton J., McCarter J.P., Jasmer D.P. Expressed sequence tags from life cycle stages of Trichinella spiralis: application to biology and parasite control. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 132:13-17.
93. Mitreva M., Jasmer D.P., Zarlenga D.S., Wang Z., Abubucker S., Martin J., Taylor C.M., Yin Y., Fulton L., Minx P., Yang S.P., Warren W.C., Fulton R.S., Bhonagiri V., Zhang X., Hallsworth-Pepin K., Clifton S.W., McCarter J.P., Appleton J., Mardis E.R., Wilson R.K. The draft genome of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis. Nat. Genet. 2011, 43:228-235.
94. Møller L.N., Petersen E., Kapel C.M., Melbye M., Koch A. Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with consumption of game meat in West Greenland. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 132:131-136.
95. Mowlavi G., Marucci G., Mobedi I., Zahabiioon F., Mirjalali H., Pozio E. Trichinella britovi in a leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iran. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 164:350-352.
96. Mukaratirwa S., Foggin C.M. Infectivity of Trichinella sp. isolated from Crocodylus niloticus to the indigenous Zimbabwean pig (Mukota). Int. J. Parasitol. 1999, 29:1129-1131.
97. Mukaratirwa S., Dzoma B.M., Matenga E., Ruziwa S.D., Sacchi L., Pozio E. Experimental infections of baboons (Papio spp.) and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) with Trichinella zimbabwensis and successful treatment with ivermectin. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 2008, 75:173-180.
98. Mukaratirwa S., La Grange L., Pfukenyi D.M. Trichinella infections in animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Acta Trop. 2013, 125:82-89.
99. Murrell K.D., Pozio E. Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17:2194-2202.
100. Nagano I., Wu Z., Matsuo A., Pozio E., Takahashi Y. Identification of Trichinella isolates by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I gene. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999, 29:1113-1120.
101. Nakamura T., Miura T., Nakaoka T., Nagano I., Takahashi Y., Iwamoto A. A case of trichinellosis with spontaneous remission. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2003, 77:839-843. (In Japanese).
102. Nezri M., Rue J., De Bruyne A., Cohen-Valensi R., Pozio E., Dupouy-Camet J. Premiere observation d'un cas de humain de trichinellose a Trichinella britovi en Algerie apre's consummation de viande de chacal (Canis aureus). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2006, 99:94-95.
103. Nöckler K., Serrano F.J., Boireau P., Kapel C.M., Pozio E. Experimental studies in pigs on Trichinella detection in different diagnostic matrices. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 132:85-90.
104. Nöckler K., Wichmann-Schauer H., Hiller P., Müller A., Bogner K.H. Trichinellosis outbreak in Bavaria caused by cured sausage from Romania, January 2007. Euro Surveill. 2007, 12:EO70823.2.
105. Oivanen L., Kapel C.M., Pozio E., La Rosa G., Mikkonen T., Sukura A. Associations between Trichinella species and host species in Finland. J. Parasitol. 2002, 88:84-88.
106. Olaison L., Ljungstrom I. An outbreak of trichinosis in Lebanon. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1992, 86:658-660.
107. Owen I.L., Reid S.A. Survival of Trichinella papuae muscle larvae in a pig carcass maintained under simulated natural conditions in Papua New Guinea. J. Helminthol. 2007, 81:429-432.
108. Owen I.L., Sims L.D., Wigglesworth M.C., Puana I. Trichinellosis in Papua New Guinea. Aust. Vet. J. 2000, 78:698-701.
109. Ozeretskovskaya N.N., Mikhailova L.G., Sabgaida T.P., Dovgalev A.S. New trends and clinical patterns of human trichinellosis in Russia at the beginning of the XXI century. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 132:167-171.
110. Pannwitz G., Mayer-Scholl A., Balicka-Ramisz A., Nöckler K. Increased prevalence of Trichinella spp., Northeastern Germany, 2008. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010, 16:936-942.
111. Perteguer M.J., Rodríguez E., García-Sánchez R.N., Nogal-Ruiz J.J., Bolas-Fernández F., Martínez-Fernández A.R., Gárate T. Identification of Spanish Trichinella isolates by ISSR-PCR: intra-specific variability of Trichinella britovi. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:206-209.
112. Pozio E. New patterns of Trichinella infections. Vet. Parasitol. 2001, 98:133-148.
113. Pozio E. The broad spectrum of Trichinella hosts: from cold- to warm-blooded animals. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 132:3-11.
114. Pozio E. World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. Vet. Parasitol. 2007, 149:3-21.
115. Pozio E., La Rosa G. Trichinella murrelli n. sp: etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in temperate areas of North America. J. Parasitol. 2000, 86:134-139.
116. Pozio E., La Rosa G. PCR-derived methods for the identification of Trichinella parasites from animal and human samples. Methods Mol. Biol. 2003, 216:299-309.
117. Pozio E., Marucci G. Trichinella-infected pork products: a dangerous gift. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19:338.
118. Pozio E., Murrell K.D. Systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella. Adv. Parasitol. 2006, 63:367-439.
119. Pozio E., Zarlenga D.S. Recent advances on the taxonomy, systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella. Int. J. Parasitol. 2005, 35:1191-1204.
120. Pozio E., La Rosa G., Murrell K.D., Lichtenfels J.R. Taxonomic revision of the genus Trichinella. J. Parasitol. 1992, 78:654-659.
121. Pozio E., De Meneghi D., Roelke-Parker M.E., La Rosa G. Trichinella nelsoni in carnivores from the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania. J. Parasitol. 1997, 83:1195-1198.
122. Pozio E., Serrano F.J., La Rosa G., Reina D., Perez-Martin E., Navarrete I. Evidence of potential gene flow in Trichinella spiralis and in Trichinella britovi in nature. J. Parasitol. 1997, 83:163-166.
123. Pozio E., Miller I., Järvis T., Kapel C.M., La Rosa G. Distribution of sylvatic species of Trichinella in Estonia according to climate zones. J. Parasitol. 1998, 84:193-195.
124. Pozio E., Owen I.L., La Rosa G., Sacchi L., Rossi P., Corona S. Trichinella papuae n.sp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from domestic and sylvatic swine of Papua New Guinea. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999, 29:1825-1839.
125. Pozio E., Kapel C.M., Gamble H.R. Specificity and sensitivity of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis for the identification of single larvae of Trichinella after experimental infection of pigs. Parasitol. Res. 1999, 85:504-506.
126. Pozio E., Foggin C.M., Marucci G., La Rosa G., Sacchi L., Corona S., Rossi P., Mukaratirwa S. Trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe also infecting mammals. Int. J. Parasitol. 2002, 32:1787-1799.
127. Pozio E., Marucci G., Casulli A., Sacchi L., Mukaratirwa S., Foggin C.M., La Rosa G. Trichinella papuae and Trichinella zimbabwensis induce infection in experimentally infected varans, caimans, pythons and turtles. Parasitology 2004, 128:333-342.
128. Pozio E., Owen I.L., Marucci G., La Rosa G. Inappropriate feeding practice favors the transmission of Trichinella papuae from wild pigs to saltwater crocodiles in Papua New Guinea. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 127:245-251.
129. Pozio E., Pagani P., Marucci G., Zarlenga D.S., Hoberg E.P., De Meneghi D., La Rosa G., Rossi L. Trichinella britovi etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in the Republic of Guinea (West Africa) and a re-evaluation of geographical distribution for encapsulated species in Africa. Int. J. Parasitol. 2005, 35:955-960.
130. Pozio E., Foggin C.M., Gelanew T., Marucci G., Hailu A., Rossi P., Gomez Morales M.A. Trichinella zimbabwensis in wild reptiles of Zimbabwe and Mozambique and farmed reptiles of Ethiopia. Vet. Parasitol. 2007, 143:305-310.
131. Pozio E., Hoberg E., La Rosa G., Zarlenga D.S. Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of nematodes belonging to the Trichinella genus. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2009, 9:606-616.
132. Pozio E., Rinaldi L., Marucci G., Musella V., Galati F., Cringoli G., Boireau P., La Rosa G. Hosts and habitats of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi in Europe. Int. J. Parasitol. 2009, 39:71-79.
133. Proulx J.F., MacLean J.D., Gyorkos T.W., Leclair D., Richter A.K., Serhir B., Forbes L., Gajadhar A.A. Novel prevention program for trichinellosis in Inuit communities. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 34:1508-1514.
134. Rafter P., Marucci G., Brangan P., Pozio E. Rediscovery of Trichinella spiralis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Ireland after 30years of oblivion. J. Infect. 2005, 50:61-65.
135. Ranque S., Faugère B., Pozio E., La Rosa G., Tamburrini A., Pellissier J.F., Brouqui P. Trichinella pseudospiralis outbreak in France. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2000, 6:543-547.
136. Rausch R.L. Trichinosis in the Arctic. Trichinosis in Man and Animals 1970, 348-373. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois. S.E. Gould (Ed.).
137. Rausch R.L., George J.C., Brower H.K. Effect of climatic warming on the Pacific walrus, and potential modification of its helminth fauna. J. Parasitol. 2007, 93:1247-1251.
138. Reichard M.V., Torretti L., Snider T.A., Garvon J.M., Marucci G., Pozio E. Trichinella T6 and Trichinella nativa in wolverines (Gulo gulo) from Nunavut, Canada. Parasitol. Res. 2008, 103:657-661.
139. Reichard M.V., Tiernan K.E., Paras K.L., Interisano M., Reiskind M.H., Panciera R.J., Pozio E. Detection of Trichinella murrelli in coyotes (Canis latrans) from Oklahoma and North Texas. Vet. Parasitol. 2011, 182:368-371.
140. Ribicich M., Gamble H.R., Bolpe J., Scialfa E., Krivokapich S., Cardillo N., Betti A., Holzmann M.L., Pasqualetti M., Fariña F., Rosa A. Trichinella infection in wild animals from endemic regions of Argentina. Parasitol. Res. 2010, 107:377-380.
141. Robinson M.W., Connolly B. Proteomic analysis of the excretory-secretory proteins of the Trichinella spiralis L1 larva, a nematode parasite of skeletal muscle. Proteomics 2005, 5:4525-4532.
142. Robinson M.W., Greig R., Beattie K.A., Lamont D.J., Connolly B. Comparative analysis of the excretory-secretory proteome of the muscle larva of Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella spiralis. Int. J. Parasitol. 2007, 37:139-148.
143. Romano F., Motta A., Melino M., Negro M., Gavotto G., Decasteli L., Careddu E., Bianchi C., Bianchi D.M., Pozio E. Investigation on a focus of human trichinellosis revealed by an atypical clinical case after wild-boar (Sus scrofa) pork consumption in northern Italy. Parasite 2011, 18:85-87.
144. Rosenthal B.M., La Rosa G., Zarlenga D., Dunams D., Chunyu Y., Mingyuan L., Pozio E. Human dispersal of Trichinella spiralis in domesticated pigs. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2008, 8:799-805.
145. Schad G.A., Duffy C.H., Leiby D.A., Murrell K.D., Zirkle E.W. Trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem: transmission under natural and experimentally modified on-farm conditions. J. Parasitol. 1987, 73:95-102.
146. Schellenberg R.S., Tan B.J., Irvine J.D., Stockdale D.R., Gajadhar A.A., Serhir B., Botha J., Armstrong C.A., Woods S.A., Blondeau J.M., McNab T.L. An outbreak of trichinellosis due to consumption of bear meat infected with Trichinella nativa, in 2 northern Saskatchewan communities. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 188:835-843.
147. Schnurenberger P.R., Masterson R.A., Suessenguth H., Basshe Wj. Swine trichinosis. I. Fecal transmission under simulated field conditions. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1964, 25:174-178.
148. Serhir B., MacLean J.D., Healey S., Segal B., Forbes L. Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with arctic walruses in northern Canada, 1999. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 2001, 27:31-36.
149. Sethi B., Butola K.S., Arora B., Kumar Y., Suri V. Human trichinosis in remotes of Uttarakhand, India. Indian J. Med. Sci. 2010, 64:104-110.
150. Shaikenov B. Ecological border of distribution of Trichinella nativa Britov et Boev, 1972 and T. nelsoni Britov et Boev, 1972. Wiad. Parazytol. 1992, 38:85-91.
151. Shaikenov B.S., Boev S.N. Distribution of Trichinella species in the old world. Wiad. Parazytol. 1983, 29:595-608.
152. Shiota T., Arizono N., Yoshioka T., Ishikawa Y., Fujitake J., Fujii H., Tatsuoka Y., Kim Y. Imported trichinellosis with severe myositis-report of a case. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1999, 73:76-82. (In Japanese).
153. Stensvold C.R., Nielsen H.V., Molbak K. A case of trichinellosis in Denmark, imported from Poland, June 2007. Euro Surveill. 2007, 12:E070809.3.
154. Stewart G.L., Kennedy R.R., Larsen E. Infectivity of Trichinella pseudospiralis isolated from carrion. J. Parasitol. 1990, 76:750-751.
155. Stojcevic D., Zivicnjak T., Marinculic A., Marucci G., Andelko G., Brstilo M., Pavo L., Pozio E. The epidemiological investigation of Trichinella infection in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) and domestic pigs in Croatia suggests that rats are not a reservoir at the farm level. J. Parasitol. 2004, 90:666-670.
156. Wang Z.Q., Cui J., Xu B.L. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 2000-2003. Acta Trop. 2006, 97:247-251.
157. Wang Z., Zarlenga D., Martin J., Abubucker S., Mitreva M. Exploring metazoan evolution through dynamic and holistic changes in protein families and domains. BMC Evol. Biol. 2012, 12:138.
158. Wang Z.Q., Li L.Z., Jiang P., Liu L.N., Cui J. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Trichinella isolates from different provinces in mainland China. Parasitol. Res. 2012, 110:753-757.
159. Wang Z.Q., Wang L., Cui J. Proteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis proteins in intestinal epithelial cells after culture with their larvae by shotgun LC-MS/MS approach. J. Proteomics 2012, 75:2375-2383.
160. Webster P., Malakauskas A., Kapel C.M. Infectivity of Trichinella papuae for experimentally infected red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Vet. Parasitol. 2002, 105:215-218.
161. Wu Z., Snabel V., Pozio E., Hurnikova Z., Nareaho A., Nagano I., Takahashi Y. Genetic relationships among Trichinella pseudospiralis isolates from Australian, Nearctic, and Palearctic regions. Parasitol. Res. 2007, 101:1567-1573.
162. Yoshida T.H. Cytogenetics of the Black Rat: Karyotype Evolution and Species Differentiation 1980, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
163. Zarlenga D.S. Molecular aspects of speciation in the genus Trichinella. Trichinellosis 1998, vol. 9:43-46. Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados IPN, D.F. Mexico, Mexico.
164. Zarlenga D.S., Aschenbrenner R.A., Lichtenfels J.R. Variations in microsatellite sequences provide evidence for population differences and multiple ribosomal gene repeats within Trichinella pseudospiralis. J. Parasitol. 1996, 82:534-538.
165. Zarlenga D.S., Chute M.B., Martin A., Kapel C.M. A multiplex PCR for unequivocal differentiation of all encapsulated and nonencapsulated genotypes of Trichinella. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999, 29:1859-1867.
166. Zarlenga D.S., Rosenthal B.M., La Rosa G., Pozio E., Hoberg E.P. Post-Miocene expansion, colonization, and host switching drove speciation among extant nematodes of the archaic genus Trichinella. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:7354-7359.
167. Zarlenga D.S., Rosenthal B., Hoberg E., Mitreva M. Integrating genomics and phylogenetics in understanding the history of Trichinella species. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 159:210-213.
168. Zimmerman W.J., Hubbard E.D., Mathews J. Studies on fecal transmission of Trichinella spiralis. J. Parasitol. 1959, 45:441-445.