Thyroid lymphoma: Recent advances in diagnosis and optimal management strategies

Oncologist

Volumn 18, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 994-1003

  Walsh, Siun ^a   Lowery, Aoife J ^a   Evoy, Denis ^a   McDermott, Enda W ^a   Prichard, Ruth S ^a  

^a ST VINCENT S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Lymphoma; Primary thyroid lymphoma; Thyroid; Thyroid malignancy; Thyroid surgery

Indexed keywords

BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN; BEVACIZUMAB; BLEOMYCIN; COMMON ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA ANTIGEN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOKERATIN; DOXORUBICIN; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 4; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; PREDNISONE; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL 6; RITUXIMAB; THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODY; VINCRISTINE; VINDESINE;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ARTICLE; BIOPSY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; ECHOGRAPHY; FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LYMPHOMA; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); THYROID CANCER; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY THYROID LYMPHOMA; THYROID; THYROID MALIGNANCY; THYROID SURGERY;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA; PROGNOSIS; THYROID NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84884585153     PISSN: 10837159     EISSN: 1549490X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0036     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Ansell SM, Grant CS, Habermann TM. Primary thyroid lymphoma. Semin Oncol 1999;26:316-323.
2. Green LD, Mack L, Pasieka JL. Anaplastic thyroid cancer and primary thyroid lymphoma: A review of these rare thyroid malignancies. J Surg Oncol 2006; 94:725-736.
3. Fujita A, Tomita N, Fujita H et al. Features of primary extranodal lymphoma in Kanagawa, a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 nonendemic area in Japan. Med Oncol 2009;26:49-54.
4. Graff-Baker A, Roman SA, Thomas DC et al. Prognosis of primary thyroid lymphoma: Demographic, clinical, and pathologic predictors of survival in 1,408 cases. Surgery 2009;146:1105-1115.
5. Pedersen RK, Pedersen NT. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland: A population based study. Histopathology 1996;28:25-32.
6. Sasai K, Yamabe H, Haga H et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid. A clinical study of twenty-two cases Acta Oncol 1996;35:457-462.
7. Ruggiero FP, Frauenhoffer E, Stack BC Jr. Thyroid lymphoma: A single institution's experience. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;133:888-896.
8. Katna R, Shet T, Sengar M et al. Clinicopathologic study and outcome analysis of thyroid lymphomas: Experience from a tertiary cancer center. Head Neck 2013;35:165-171.
9. Thieblemont C, Mayer A, Dumontet C et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:105-111.
10. Holm LE, Blomgren H, Lowhagen T. Cancer risks in patients with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 1985;312:601-604.
11. Pasieka JL. Hashimoto's disease and thyroid lymphoma: Role of the surgeon. World J Surg 2000; 24:966-970.
12. Watanabe N, Noh JY, Narimatsu H et al. Clinicopathological features of 171 cases of primary thyroid lymphoma: A long-term study involving 24553 patients with Hashimoto's disease. Br J Haematol 2011;153:236-243.
13. Rossi D. Thyroid lymphoma: Beyond antigen stimulation. Leuk Res 2009;33:607-609.
14. Tsang RW, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland: Prognostic factors and treatment outcome. The Princess Margaret Hospital Lymphoma Group Int. J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;27:599-604.
15. Derringer GA, Thompson LD, Frommelt RA et al. Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland: A clinicopathologic study of 108 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:623-639.
16. Ha CS, Shadle KM, Medeiros LJ et al. Localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving the thyroid gland. Cancer 2001;91:629-635.
17. Harrington KJ, Michalaki VJ, Vini L et al. Management of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid: The Royal Marsden Hospital experience. Br J Radiol 2005;78:405-410.
18. Alzouebi M, Goepel JR, Horsman JM et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma: The 40 year experience of a UK lymphoma treatment centre. Int J Oncol 2012; 40:2075-2080.
19. Niitsu N, Okamoto M, Nakamura N et al. Clinicopathologic correlations of stage IE/IIE primary thyroid diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2007;18:1203-1208.
20. Rawal A, Finn WG, Schnitzer B et al. Site-specific morphologic differences in extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131:1673-1678.
21. Vega F, Lin P, Medeiros LJ. Extranodal lymphomas of the head and neck. Ann Diagn Pathol 2005;9: 340-350.
22. Isaacson PG. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Semin Hematol 1999;36:139-147.
23. Suh C, Huh J, Roh JL. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue arising in the extracranial head and neck region: A high rate of dissemination and disease recurrence. Oral Oncol 2008;44:949-955.
24. Ott G, Katzenberger T, Greiner A et al. The t(11; 18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation is a frequent and specific aberration in low-grade but not high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT-) type. Cancer Res 1997;57:3944-3948.
25. Kerrigan DP, Irons J, Chen IM. bcl-2 gene rearrangement in salivary gland lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:1133-1138.
26. Hwang YC, Kim TY, Kim WB et al. Clinical characteristics of primary thyroid lymphoma in Koreans. Endocr J 2009;56:399-405.
27. Lam KY, Lo CY, Kwong DL et al. Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. A 30-year clinicopathologic experience and an evaluation of the presence of Epstein-Barr virus. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;112:263-270.
28. Skacel M, Ross CW, Hsi ED. A reassessment of primary thyroid lymphoma: High-grade MALT-type lymphoma as a distinct subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Histopathology 2000;37:10-18.
29. Horsman DE, Gascoyne RD, Coupland RW et al. Comparison of cytogenetic analysis, southern analysis, and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of t(14; 18) in follicular lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;103:472-478.
30. Lai R, Arber DA, Chang KL et al. Frequency of bcl-2 expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A study of 778 cases with comparison of marginal zone lymphoma and monocytoid B-cell hyperplasia. Mod Pathol 1998;11:864-869.
31. Jaffe ES, Banks PM, Nathwani B et al. Recommendations for the reporting of lymphoid neo-plasms: A report from the Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology. Mod Pathol 2004;17:131-135.
32. Rohatiner AZ, Lister TA. The clinical course of follicular lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2005;18:1-10.
33. Bacon CM, Diss TC, Ye H et al. Follicular lymphoma of the thyroid gland. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:22-34.
34. Vailati A, Marena C, Aristia L et al. Primary Hodgkin's disease of the thyroid: Report of a case and a review of the literature. Haematologica 1991; 76:69-71.
35. Wang SA, Rahemtullah A, Faquin WC et al. Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid: A clinicopathologic study of five cases and review of the literature. Mod Pathol 2005;18:1577-1584.
36. Yokoyama J, Ito S, Ohba S et al. Problems of primary T-cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland-a case report. World J Surg Oncol 2012;10:58.
37. Okamoto A, Namura K, Uchiyama H et al. Cytotoxic T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland. Am J Hematol 2005;80:77-78.
38. Shimoyama M, Oyama A, Tajima K et al. Differences in clinicopathological characteristics and major prognostic factors between B-lymphoma and peripheral T-lymphoma excluding adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1993;10:335-342.
39. Graff-Baker A, Sosa JA, Roman SA. Primary thyroid lymphoma: A review of recent developments in diagnosis and histology-driven treatment. Curr Opin Oncol 2010;22:17-22.
40. Yahaya N, Din SW, Ghazali MZ et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma with elevated free thyroxine level. Singapore Med J 2011;52:e173-e176.
41. Gupta N, Nijhawan R, Srinivasan R et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology of primary thyroid lymphoma: A report of ten cases. Cytojournal 2005;2: 21.
42. Sakorafas GH, Kokkoris P, Farley DR. Primary thyroid lymphoma (correction of lympoma): Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Surg Oncol 2010; 19:e124-e129.
43. Fasola G, Fanin R, Gherlinzoni F et al. Serum LDH concentration in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Relationship to histologic type, tumor mass, and presentation features Acta Haematol 1984;72: 231-238.
44. Cooper EH, Bunning R, Illingworth S et al. Serial measurement of beta2 microglobulin, acute phase reactant proteins and the ESR in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Biomedicine 1978;29:154-158.
45. Aiken AH. Imaging of thyroid cancer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2012;33:138-149.
46. Nam M, Shin JH, Han BK et al. Thyroid lymphoma: Correlation of radiologic and pathologic features. J Ultrasound Med 2012;31:589-594.
47. Loevner LA, Kaplan SL, Cunnane ME et al. Cross-sectional imaging of the thyroid gland. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2008;18:445-461, vii.
48. Kim HC, Han MH, Kim KH et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma: CT findings. Eur J Radiol 2003;46:233-239.
49. Takashima S, Nomura N, Noguchi Y et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma: Evaluation with US, CT, and MRI J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995;19:282-288.
50. Treglia G, Del Ciello A, Di Franco D. Recurrent lymphoma in the thyroid gland detected by fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT. Endocrine 2013;43:242-243.
51. Baba S, Abe K, Isoda T et al. Impact of FDG-PET/CT in the management of lymphoma. Ann Nucl Med 2011;25:701-716.
52. Arabi M, Dvorak R, Smith LB et al. Fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography in primary thyroid lymphoma with coexisting lymphocytic thyroiditis. Thyroid 2011;21:1153-1156.
53. Mehta A, Muthukrishnan A. Stage IE non-Hodgkin's thyroid lymphoma on (18)F-FDG-PET/CT. Hell J Nucl Med 2011;14:186-187.
54. Chander S, Zingas AP, Bloom DA et al. Positron emission tomography in primary thyroid lymphoma. Clin Nucl Med 2004;29:572-573.
55. Cha C, Chen H, Westra WH et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma: Can the diagnosis be made solely by fine-needle aspiration? Ann Surg Oncol 2002;9: 298-302.
56. Morgen EK, Geddie W, Boerner S et al. The role of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of thyroid lymphoma: A retrospective study of nine cases and review of published series. J Clin Pathol 2010;63: 129-133.
57. Dustin SM, Jo VY, Hanley KZ et al. High sensitivity and positive predictive value of fine-needle aspiration for uncommon thyroid malignancies. Diagn Cytopathol 2012;40:416-421.
58. Takano T, Miyauchi A, Matsuzuka F et al. Diagnosis of thyroid malignant lymphoma by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detecting the monoclonality of immunoglobulin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:671-675.
59. Takano T, Miyauchi A, Matsuzuka F et al. Detection of monoclonality of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene in thyroid malignant lymphoma by vectorette polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:720-723.
60. Takano T, Asahi S, Matsuzuka F et al. Aspiration biopsy-nucleic acid diagnosis of thyroid malignant lymphoma by vectorette PCR: Experience of eight cases. Leuk Res 2008;32:151-154.
61. Daneshbod Y, Omidvari S, Daneshbod K et al. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma of thyroid as a masquerader of anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid, diagnosed by FNA: A case report. Cytojournal 2006;3: 23.
62. Ito Y, Yoshida H, Matsuzuka F et al. Cdc25A and cdc25B expression in malignant lymphoma of the thyroid: Correlation with histological subtypes and cell proliferation. Int J Mol Med 2004;13:431-435.
63. Sugawara M, Matsuzuka F, Fukata S et al. Excessive survivin expression in thyroid lymphomas. Hum Pathol 2002;33:524-527.
64. Swart GJ, Wright C, Brundyn K et al. Fine needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometry in the diagnosis of lymphoma. Transfus Apher Sci 2007;37: 71-79.
65. Swart GJ, Wright CA. The utilization of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and flow cytometry (FC) in the diagnosis and classification of non-Hodgkin B-cell and T-cell lymphomas. Transfus Apher Sci 2010;42:199-207.
66. Demharter J, Muller P, Wagner T et al. Percutaneous core-needle biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes in the diagnosis and subclassification of malignant lymphomas. Eur Radiol 2001;11:276-283.
67. Ravinsky E, Morales C. Diagnosis of lymphoma by image-guided needle biopsies: Fine needle aspiration biopsy, core biopsy or both? Acta Cytol 2005; 49:51-57.
68. Novoa E, Gurtler N, Arnoux A et al. Role of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy in the assessment of head and neck lesions: A meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Head Neck 2012;34:1497-1503.
69. Sangalli G, Serio G, Zampatti C et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology of primary lymphoma of the thyroid: A report of 17 cases. Cytopathology 2001; 12:257-263.
70. Matsuzuka F, Miyauchi A, Katayama S et al. Clinical aspects of primary thyroid lymphoma: Diagnosis and treatment based on our experience of 119 cases. Thyroid 1993;3:93-99.
71. Pyke CM, Grant CS, Habermann TM et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid: Is more than biopsy necessary? World J Surg 1992;16:604-609, discussion 609-610.
72. Sippel RS, Gauger PG, Angelos P et al. Palliative thyroidectomy for malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. Ann Surg Oncol 2002;9:907-911.
73. Myatt HM. Acute airway obstruction due to primary thyroid lymphoma. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 1996;117:237-239.
74. Hopkins C, Stearns M, Watkinson AF. Palliative tracheal stenting in invasive papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol 2001;115:935-937.
75. Noppen M, Poppe K, D'Haese J et al. Interventional bronchoscopy for treatment of tracheal obstruction secondary to benign or malignant thyroid disease. Chest 2004;125:723-730.
76. Tsutsui H, Kubota M, Yamada M et al. Airway stenting for the treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis secondary to thyroid cancer. Respirology 2008;13:632-638.
77. Lee J, Won JH, Kim HC et al. Emergency dilation by self-expandable tracheal stent for upper airway obstruction in a patient with a giant primary thyroid lymphoma. Thyroid 2009;19:193-195.
78. Laing RW, Hoskin P, Hudson BV et al. The significance of MALT histology in thyroid lymphoma: A review of patients from the BNLI and Royal Marsden Hospital. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1994;6:300-304.
79. Doria R, Jekel JF, Cooper DL. Thyroid lymphoma. The case for combined modality therapy. Cancer 1994;73:200-206.
80. Mian M, Gaidano G, Conconi A et al. High response rate and improvement of long-term survival with combined treatment modalities in patients with poor-risk primary thyroid diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: An International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group and Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi study. Leuk Lymphoma 2011;52:823-832.
81. Onal C, Li YX, Miller RC et al. Treatment results and prognostic factors in primary thyroid lymphoma patients: A rare cancer network study. Ann Oncol 2011;22:156-164.
82. McKelvey EM, Gottlieb JA, Wilson HE et al. Hydroxyldaunomycin (Adriamycin) combination chemotherapy in malignant lymphoma. Cancer 1976; 38:1484-1493.
83. Fisher RI. Treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin' lymphomas. Lessons from the past 10 years. Cancer 1994;74(suppl):2657-2661.
84. Reyes F, Lepage E, Ganem G et al. ACVBP versus CHOP plus radiotherapy for localized aggressive lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1197-1205.
85. Miller TP, Dahlberg S, Cassady JR et al. Chemotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for localized intermediate-and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1998;339:21-26.
86. Horning SJ, Weller E, Kim K et al. Chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy in limited-stage diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study 1484. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:3032-3038.
87. Hiddemann W, Kneba M, Dreyling M et al. Frontline therapy with rituximab added to the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) significantly improves the outcome for patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma compared with therapy with CHOP alone: Results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2005;106:3725-3732.
88. Gao G, Liang X, Jiang J et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of immunochemotherapy with rituximab for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Acta Oncol 2010;49:3-12.
89. Hochster H, Weller E, Gascoyne RD et al. Maintenance rituximab after cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone prolongs progression-free survival in advanced indolent lymphoma: Results of the randomized phase III ECOG1496 Study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1607-1614.
90. Visco C, Tzankov A, Xu-Monette ZY et al. Patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma of germinal center origin with BCL2 translocations have poor outcome, irrespective of MYC status: A report from an International DLBCL rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program Study. Haematologica 2013;98:255-263.
91. Winter JN, Weller EA, Horning SJ et al. Prognostic significance of Bcl-6 protein expression in DL-BCL treated with CHOP or R-CHOP: A prospective correlative study. Blood 2006;107:4207-4213.
92. Mounier N, Briere J, Gisselbrecht C et al. Rituximab plus CHOP (R-CHOP) overcomes bcl-2-associated resistance to chemotherapy in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Blood 2003;101:4279-4284.
93. Dai CW, Zhang GS, Pei MF et al. Thyroid diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) following thyroid medullary cancer: Long-term complete remission with R-CHOP therapy. Ann Hematol 2009;88:701-702.
94. Jonak C, Troch M, Mullauer L et al. Rituximab plus dose-reduced cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine, and prednisolone are effective in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 2010;20:425-427.
95. Karlin L, Coiffier B. Improving survival and preventing recurrence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in younger patients: Current strategies and future directions. Onco Targets Ther 2013;6:289-296.
96. Aggarwal N, Swerdlow SH, Kelly LM et al. Thyroid carcinoma-associated genetic mutations also occur in thyroid lymphomas. Mod Pathol 2012;25: 1203-1211.
97. Stopeck AT, Unger JM, Rimsza LM et al. A phase 2 trial of standard-dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP) and rituximab plus bevacizumab for patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: SWOG 0515. Blood 2012;120:1210-1217.
98. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. N Engl J Med 1993;329:987-994.
99. Rosenwald A, Wright G, Chan WC et al. The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1937-1947.
100. Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 2000;403:503-511.
101. Kramer MH, Hermans J, Parker J et al. Clinical significance of bcl2 and p53 protein expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A population-based study. J Clin Oncol 1996;14: 2131-2138.
102. Hermine O, Haioun C, Lepage E et al. Prognostic significance of bcl-2 protein expression in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) Blood 1996;87:265-272.
103. Offit K, Lo Coco F, Louie DC et al. Rearrangement of the bcl-6 gene as a prognostic marker in diffuse large-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1994;331:74-80.