Bacterial cellulose towards functional medical materials

Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 185-196

  Costa, Ligia Maria Manzine ^a   de Olyveira, Gabriel Molina ^a   Basmaji, Pierre ^b   Filho, Lauro Xavier ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ABC   (Brazil)

^b Innovatec's Biotechnology Research and Development   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Animal medicine; Bacterial cellulose; Bionanocomposites; Human medicine; Medical applications

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884416429     PISSN: 21579083     EISSN: 21579091     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2012.1044     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. P. Ross, R. Mayer, and M. Benziman, Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 55, 35 (1991).
2. S. Bielecki, A. Krystynowicz, M. Turkiewicz, and H. Kalinowska, Bacterial Cellulose, In: Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry, A. Steinbüchel, S. K. Rhee (eds.), Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany (2005), pp. 31-85.
3. W. J. Orts, J. Shey, S. H. Imam, G. M. Glenn, M. E. Guttman, and J. F. Revol, Application of cellulose microfibrils in polymer nanocomposites. J. Polym. Environ. 13, 301 (2005).
4. D. Klemm, D. Schumann, U. Udhardt, and S. Marsch, Bacterial synthesized cellulose-artificial blood vessels for microsurgery. Prog. Polym. Sci. 26, 1561 (2001).
5. P. Gatenholm and D. Klemm, Bacterial nanocellulose as a renewable material for biomedical applications. MRS bulletin. 35, 208 (2010).
6. W. K. Czaja, D. J. Young, and M. Kawecki, The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules 8, 1 (2007).
7. B. Gupta, C. Plummer, and I. Bisson, Plasma-induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) films: Characterization and human smooth muscle cell growth on grafted films. Biomaterials 23, 863 (2002).
8. P. Hamerli, T. Weigel, and T. Groth, Surface properties of and cell adhesion onto allylamineplasma-coated polyethylenterephtalat membranes. Biomaterials 24, 3989 (2003).
9. S. E. D'Souza, M. H. Ginsberg, and E. F. Plow, Arginyl-glycylaspartic acid (RGD): A cell adhesion motif. Trends Biochem. Sci. 16, 246 (1991).
10. M. Gabriel, G. P. Van Nieuw Amerongen, V. W. Van Hinsbergh, A. V. Amerongen, and A. Zentner, Direct grafting of RGDmotif-containing peptide on the surface of polycaprolactone films. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 17, 567 (2006).
11. M. Iguchi, S. Yamanaka, and A. Budhiono, Review Bacterial cellulose-a masterpiece of nature's arts. J. Mater. Sci. 35, 261 (2000).
12. M. Matsuoka, T. Tsuchida, K. Matsushita, K. Adachio, and F. Yoshinga, A synthetic medium for bacterial cellulose productionby acetobacter xylinum subsp. sucrofermentans. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60, 575 (1996).
13. K. V. Ramana, A. Tomar, and L. Singh, Effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources on cellulose synthesis by acetobacter xylinum. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16, 245 (2000).
14. S. Masaoka, T. Ohe, and N. Sakota, Production of cellulose from glucose by acetobacter xylinum. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 75, 18 (1993).
15. A. Sani and Y. Dahman, Improvements in the production of bacterial synthesized biocellulose nanofibres using different culture methods. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 85, 151 (2010).
16. D. Cienchanska, Multifunctional bacterial cellulose/chitosan composite materials for medical applications. Fibres Text East Eur. 12, 69 (2004).
17. M. Seifert, S. Hesse, V. Kabrelian, and D. Klemm, Controlling the water content of never dried and reswollen bacterial cellulose by the addition of water soluble polymers to the culture medium. J. Polym. Sci. A 1, 463 (2004).
18. A. Bodin, H. Bäckdahl, H. Fink, L. Gustafsson, B. Risberg, and P. Gatenholm, Influence of cultivation conditions on mechanical and morphological properties of bacterial cellulose tubes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 425 (2007).
19. W. Tang, S. Jia, Y. Jia, and H. Yang, The influence of fermentation conditions and post-treatment methods on porosity of bacterial cellulose membrane. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26, 125 (2010).
20. H. Bäckdahl, M. Esquerra, D. Delbro, B. Risberg, and P. Gatenholm, Engineering microporosity in bacterial cellulose scaffolds. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2, 320 (2008).
21. J. C. Grande, F. G. Torres, C. M. Gomez, O. P. Troncoso, J. Canet-Ferrer, and J. Martínez-Pastor, Development of selfassembled bacterial cellulose-starch nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 29, 1098 (2009).
22. A. Teixeira, G. A. Abrams, and P. J. Bertics, Epithelial contact guidance on well-defined micro and nanostructured substrates. J. Cell Sci. 116, 1881 (2003).
23. A. I. Teixeira, P. F. Nealey, and C. J. Murphy, Responses of human keratocytes to micro-and nanostructured substrates. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 71, 369 (2004).
24. A. M. Rajnicek and C. D. M. Craig, Guidance of CNS growth cones by substratum grooves and ridges: Effects of inhibitors of the cytoskeleton, calcium channels and signal transduction pathways. J. Cell. Sci. 110, 2915 (1997).
25. V. J. Chen, L. A. Smith, and P. X. Ma, Bone regeneration on computer-designed nano-fibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials 27, 3973 (2006).
26. K. H. Kim, L. Jeong, and H. Park, Biological efficacy of silk fibroin nanofiber membranes for guided bone regeneration. J. Biotechnol. 120, 327 (2005).
27. E. K. F. Yim, R. M. Reano, and S. W. Pang, Nanopattern-induced changes in morphology and motility of smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 26, 5405 (2005).
28. D. A. Harrington, E. Y. Cheng, and M. O. Guler, Branched peptideamphiphiles as self-assembling coatings for tissue engineering scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 78, 157 (2006).
29. S. Kalia, A. Dusfrene, B. M. Cherian, B. S. Katih, L. Avérous, and J. Njuguna, Cellulose based bio and nanocomposites-a review. International Journal of Polymer Science 1, 1 (2011).
30. M. Szymañska-Chargot, J. Cybulska, and A. Zdunek, Sensing the structural differences in cellulose from apple and bacterial cell wall materials by raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. Sensors 11, 5543 (2011).
31. Y. Okahisa, A. Yoshida, I. S. Miyaguch, and H. Yano, Optically transparent wood-cellulose nanocompositeas a base substrate for flexible organic light-emitting diode displays. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69, 1958 (2009).
32. M. Nogi and H. Yano, Transparent nanocomposites based on cellulose produced by bacteria offer potential innovation in the electronics device industry. Adv. Mater. 20, 1849 (2008).
33. S. Schrecker and P. Gostomski, Determining the water holding capacity of microbial cellulose. Biotechnol. Lett. 27, 1435 (2005).
34. W. J. Orts, J. Shey, S. H. Imam, G. M. Glenn, M. E. Guttman, and J. F. Revol, Application of cellulose microfibrils in polymer nanocomposites. J. Polym. Environ. 13, 301 (2005).
35. J. P. Borges, M. H. Godinho, A. F. Martins, A. C. Trindade, and M. N. Belgacem, Cellulose based-composite films. Mech. Compos. Mater. Struct. 37, 257 (2001).
36. K. Kottke-Marchant, J. M. Anderson, Y. Umemura, and R. E. Marchant, Effect of albumin coating on the in vitro blood compatibility of dacron arterial prostheses. Biomaterials 10, 147 (1989).
37. A. S. Hoffman, G. Schmer, C. Harris, and W. G. kraft, Covalent binding of biomolecules to radiation grafted hydrogels on inert polymer surfaces. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs. 18, 10 (1972).
38. C. D. Ebert, E. S. Lee, and S. W. Kim, The antiplatelet activity of immobilized prostacyclin. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 16, 629 (1982).
39. J. Andersson, J. Sanchez, K. N. Ekdahi, G. Elgue, B. Nilsson, and R. Larsson, Optimal heparin surface concentration and antithrombin binding capacity as evaluated with human non-anticoagulated blood in vitro. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 67, 458 (2003).
40. J. Riesenfeld, P. Olsson, J. Sanchez, and T. E. Mollnes, Surface modification with functionally active heparin. Med. Device Technol. 6, 24 (1995).
41. P. Clark, Cell behavior on micropatterned surfaces. Biosens. Bioelectron. 9, 657 (1994).
42. P. Basmaji, G. M. Olyveira, and L. M. M. Costa, Nanoskin for Medical application, Proceeding of Nanotechnology Bio Sensors, Instruments, Medical, Environment and Energy, Boston-USA, June (2011).
43. P. Basmaji, G. M. Olyveira, L. M. M. Costa, and L. X. Filho, Bacterial nanocellulose for medicine regenerative. J. Nanotech. Eng. Med. 2, 034001 (2011).
44. F. P. Reinholt, K. Hultenby, A. Oldberg, and D. Heinegard, Osteopontin-a possible anchor of osteoclasts to bone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87, 4473 (1990).
45. N. E. Waters, Some mechanical and physical properties of teeth. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 34, 99 (1980).
46. A. S. Narayanan and R. C. Page, Connective tissue of the periodontium: A summary of current work. Collagen Rel. Res. 3, 33 (1983).
47. A. J. Fosang and T. E. Hardingham, Matrix proteoglycans, In: Extracellular Matrix, W. D. Comper (edr.), Harwood Academic, Amsterdam (1996), pp. 200-229.
48. S. Pitaru, N. Savion, H. Hekmati, S. Olson, and S. A. Narayanan, Molecular and cellular interactions of a cementum attachment protein with periodontal cells and cementum matrix components. J. Periodontal. Res. 28, 560 (1993).
49. R. L. MacNeil, J. Berry, J. D'Errico, C. Strayhorn, and M. J. Somerman, Localization and expression of osteopontin inmineralized and nonmineralized tissues of the periodontum, In: Osteopontin: Role in Cell Signalling and Adhesion, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York-USA, December (1995).
50. S. Johansson, Non-collagenous matrix proteins, In: Extracellular Matrix, W. D. Comper (ed.), Harwood Academic, Amsterdam (1996), pp. 68-94.
51. M. van der Rest, and R. Garrone, Collagen as multidomain proteins. Biochemistry 72, 473 (1990).
52. A. Stockmann, S. Hes, P. Declerck, R. Timpl, and K. T. Preissner, Multimeric vitronectin, Identification and characterization of conformation-dependent self-association of the adhesive proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22874 (1993).
53. A. B. Novaes Jr., and A. B. Novaes, Bone formation over a TiAl6V4 (IMZ) implant placed into an extraction socket in association with membrane therapy (Gengiflex). Clinical Oral Implants Research 4, 106 (1993).
54. L. A. Salata, G. T. Craig, and I. M. Brook, In vivo evaluation of a new membrane (gengifl ex) for guided bone regeneration (GBR). J. Dent. Res. 74, 825 (1995).
55. C. Dahlin, A. Linde, J. Gottlow, and S. Nyman, Healing of bone defects by guided tissue regeneration. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 81, 672, (1988).
56. N. L. Macedo, F. S. Matuda, L. G. S. Macedo, A. S. F. Monteiro, M. C. Valera, and Y.R. Carvalho, Evaluation of two membranes in guided bone tissue regeneration: Histological study in rabbits. Braz. J. Oral Sci. 3, 395 (2004).
57. E. C. Silva, Hidroxiapatita sintética em alvéolo dentário após exodontia em Felis catus: estudo clínico, radiológico e histomorfométrico [dissertation], Viçosa Federal University, Brazil-MG (2009).
58. G. M. Olyveira, D. P. Valido, L. M. M. Costa, P. B. P. Gois, L. X. Filho, and P. Basmaji, First otoliths/collagen/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites as a potential scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. J. Biomater. Nanobiotech. 2, 239 (2011).
59. M. Aslan, G. Simsek, and E. Dayl, Guided bone regeneration (GBR) on healing bone defects: A histological study in rabbits. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 2, 114 (2004).
60. R. S. Carvalho, D. Nelson, H. Keldernan, and R. Wise, Guided bone regeneration to repair an osseous defect. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 123, 455 (2003).
61. L. S. Iamaguti, C. V. S. Brandão, C. H. Pellizzon, J. J. T. Ranzani, and B. W. Minto, Análise histológica e morfométrica do uso de membrana biossintética de celulose em trocleoplastia experimental de cães. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 28, 195 (2008).
62. J. Wippermann, D. Schumann, D. Klemm, H. Kosmehl, S. Salehi-Gelani, and T. Wahlers, Preliminary results of small arterial substitute performed with a new cylindrical biomaterial composed of bacterial cellulose. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 37, 592, (2009).
63. L. R. Mello, L. T. Feltrin, P. T. L. F. Neto, and A. R. Abreu, Duraplastia com celulose biossintética-estudo experimental. Arq. Bras. Neurocirurg. 15, 14 (1996).
64. L. R. Mello, Y. Feltrin, R. Selbach, G. Macedo Jr., C. Spautz, and L. J. Haas, Uso da cellulose liofilizada em lesões de nervos periféricos com perda de substância. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 59, 2B (2001).
65. L. A. Salata, P. V. Hatton, A. J. Devlin, G. T. Craig, and I. M. Brook, In vitro and in vivo evaluation of E-PTFE and alkalicellulose membranes for guided bone regeneration. Clin. Oral Implants 12, 62 (2001).
66. D. Sanderberg, C. Dahlin, and A. Linde, Bone regeneration by the osteopromotion technique using bioabsorbable membranes: An experimental study in rats. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 51, 1106 (1993).
67. L. S. Iamaguti, C. V. S. Brandão, C. H. Pellizzon, J. J. T. Ranzani, and B. W. Minto, Análise histológica e morfométrica do uso de membrana biossintética de celulose em trocleoplastia experimental de cães. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 28, 195, (2008).
68. D. A. Schummann, J. Wippermann, D. O. Klemm, F. Kramer, D. Koth, H. Kosmehl, T. Wahlers, and S. Salehi-Gelani, Artificial vascular implants from bacterial cellulose: Preliminary results of small arterial substitutes. Cellulose 16, 877 (2009).
69. M. Esguerra, H. Fink, M. W. Laschke, A. Jeppsson, D. Delbro, P. Gatenholm, M. D. Menger, and B. Risberg, Intravital fluorescent microscopicevaluation of bacterial cellulose as scaffold for vascular grafts. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 39, 140, (2009).
70. S. C. Falcão, J. E. Neto, and A. R. B. Coelho, Incorporation by host tissue of two biomaterials used as repair of defects produced in abdominal wall of rats. Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira 23, 78 (2008).
71. M. C. O. C. Coelho, P. G. Carrazoni, V. L. C. Monteiro, F. A. D. Melo, and R. A. Mota, F. T. Filho, Biopolímero produzido a partir da cana-de-açúcar para cicatrização cutânea. Acta Cir. Bras. 17, 11 (2002).
72. V. F. Queiroz, R. A. B. Silvado, M. J. Simões, and S. Goldenberg, Aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos da reação tecidual a película celulósica introduzida no plano muscular da parede abdominal. Acta Cir Bras. 4, 144, (1989).
73. S. R. B. Marques, E. M. Lins, J. L. A. Aguiar, M. C. S. Albuquerque, R. O. Rossiter, L. T. Montenegro, and R. V. Vieira, A new vascular substitute: Femoral artery angioplasty in dogs using sugarcane biopolymer membrane patch-hemodynamic and histopathologic evaluation. J. Vasc. Bras. 6, 309 (2007).
74. P. N. Mendes, S. C. Rahal, O. C. M. Pereira-Junior, V. E. Fabris, S. L. R. Lenharo, J. F. Lima-Neto, and F. C. Landim-Alvarenga, In vivo and in vitro evaluation of an Acetobacter xylinum synthesized microbial cellulose membrane intended for guided tissue repair. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 51, 12 (2009).
75. F. C. Souza, H. Olival-Costa, L. Silva, P. A. Pontes, and C. L. Lancellotti, Bacterial cellulose as laryngeal medialization material: An experimental study. Journal of Voice 25, 765 (2010).
76. M. A. Meyers, P. Y. Chen, A. Y. M. Lin, and Y. Seki, Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties. Prog. Mater. Sci. 53, 1 (2008).
77. R. Chandra, R. Rustgi, Biodegradable polymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 23, 1273 (1998).
78. D. N. Cremonini, J. J. T. Ranzani, M. L. R. S. Cunha, F. G. Tonin, C. V. S. Brandão, Y. Messadeq, Liberação intraocular de ofloxacina associada a lente de contato biossintética em ceratite bacteriana experimental em cães. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 62, 791, (2010).
79. C. C. M. You, O. R. Gider, B. Gosh, S. P. Kim, I. Erdogan, B. Krovi, S. A. Bunz, and V. M. Rotello, Detection and identification of proteins using Nanoparticle? Fluorescent polymer 'chemical nose' sensors. Nature Nanotech. 2, 318 (2007).
80. G. Han P. Ghosh, and V. M. Rotello, Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nanomedical 2, 113 (2007).
81. K. Onizawa, K. Aoshiba, M. Kajita, Y. Miyamoto, and A. Nagai, Platinum nanoparticle antioxidants inhibit pulmonary inflammation in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, 340 (2009).
82. M. Hong, W. Linlin, L. Tiam, and J. Zhu, Controlled Assembly of Au, Ag, and Pt Nanoparticles with Chitosan. Chem. Eur. J. 15, 5935 (2009).
83. B. Reshan and P. Mukherjee, Biological properties of "naked" metal nanoparticles. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 60, 1289 (2008).
84. D. H. Ren, E. Cheng, M. Vargas-Reus, P. Reip, and R. Allaker, Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 33, 587, (2009).
85. L. M. M. Costa, G. M. Olyveira, P. Basmaji, M. Ferreira, and F. N. Crespilho, Active serum from natural rubber latex/silver nanoparticles/ bacterial cellulose system used for tissue regeneration. 7th International Symposium on Natural Polymers and Composites, Gramado-Brazil, September (2010).
86. L. M. M. Costa, G. M. Olyveira, P. Basmaji, M. Ferreira, and F. N. Crespilho, Active serum from natural rubber latex/platinum nanoparticles/bacterial cellulose system used for tissue regeneration. 7th International Symposium on Natural Polymers and Composites, Gramado-Brazil, September (2010).
87. S. Sandhya, S. A. Dkhar, and A. Surendiran, Emerging trends of nanomedicine-anoverview. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 23, 263 (2009).
88. D. K. Chang, C. Y. Chiu, S. Y. Kuo, W. C. Lin, A. Lo, Y. P. Wang, P. C. Li, and H. C. Wu, Antiangiogenic targeting liposomes increase therapeutic efficaty for solid tumors. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, 12905, (2009).
89. C. Shi, Y. Zhu, W. H. Cerwinka, H. E. Zhau, F. F. Marshall, J. W. Simons, S. Nie, L. W. K. Chung, Quantunm dots: Emerging applications in urologic oncology. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 26, 26 (2008).
90. L. M. M. Costa, G. M. Olyveira, P. Basmaji, and L. X. Filho, Nanopores structure in electrospun bacterial cellulose. J. Biomater. Nanobiotech. 3, 92 (2012).
91. S. H. Barbanti, C. A. C. Zavaglia, and E. A. R. Duek, Polímeros bioreabsorvíveis na engenharia de tecidos. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia 15, 13 (2005).
92. T. V. Kumari, U. Vasudev, and A. Kumar, Cell surface interactions in the study of biocompatibility. Trends in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs 15, 37 (2002).
93. B. M. Gumbiner, Cell adhesion: The molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Cell 84, 345 (1996).
94. C. M. Lo, H. B. Wang, and M. Dembo, Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate. Biophys. J. 79, 144 (2000).
95. I. Martin, A. Muraglia, G. Campanile, R. Cancedda, R. Quarto, Fibroblast growth factor-2 supports ex vivo expansion and maintenance of osteogenic precursors from human bone marrow. Endocrinology 138, 4456 (1997).
96. A. I. Teixeira, P. F. Nealey, and C. J. Murphy, Responses of human keratocytes to micro-and nanostructured substrates. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 71, 369 (2004).
97. A. M. Rajnicek and C. D. M. Craig, Guidance of CNS growth cones by substratum grooves and ridges: Effects of inhibitors of the cytoskeleton, calcium channels and signal transduction pathways. J. Cell. Sci. 110, 2915 (1997).
98. V. J. Chen, L. A. Smith, and P. X. Ma, Bone regeneration on computer-designed nano-fibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials 27, 3973 (2006).
99. K.-H. K. H. Kim, L. L. Jeong, H.-N. H. N. Park, S.-Y. S. Y. Shin, W.-H. W. H. Park, S.-C. S. C. Lee, T.-I. T. Kim, Y.-J. Y. J. Park, Y.-J. Y. J. Seol, Y.-M. Y. M. Lee, Y. Y. Ku, I.-C. I. C. Rhyu, S.-B. S. B. Han, and C.-P. C. P. Chung, Biological efficacy of silk fibroin nanofiber membranes for guided bone regeneration. J. Biotechnol. 120, 327 (2005).
100. E. K. Yim, R. M. Reano, S. W. Pang, A. F. Yee, C. S. Chen, and K. W. Leong, Nanopattern-induced changes in morphology and motility of smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 26, 5405 (2005).
101. D. A. Harrington, E. Y. Cheng, M. O. Guler, L. K. Lee, J. L. Donovan, R. C. Claussen, and S. I. Stupp, Branched peptideamphiphiles as self-assembling coatings for tissue engineering scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 78, 157 (2006).
102. A. Teixeira, G. A. Abrams, P. J. Bertics, C. J. Murphy, P. F. Nealey, Epithelial contact guidance on well-defined micro-and nanostructured substrates. J. Cell. Sci. 116, 1881 (2003).
103. Y. Z. Zhang, J. Venugopal, Z.-M. Huang, C. T. Lim, and S. Ramakrishna, Crosslinking of the electrospun gelatin nanofibers. Polymer 47, 2911 (2006).
104. Z. Ma, W. He, T. Yong, and S. Ramakrishna, Grafting of gelatin on electrospun poly(caprolactone) nanofibers to improve endothelial cell spreading and proliferation and to control cell orientation. Tissue Eng. 11, 1149 (2005).
105. E. Schnell, K. Klinkhammer, S. Balzer, G. Brook, D. Klee, P. Dalton, and J. Mey, Guidance of glial cell migration and axonal growth on electrospun nanofibers of poly-epsilon-caprolactone and a collagen/poly-epsilon-caprolactone blend. Biomaterials 28, 3012 (2007).
106. F. Yang, R. Murugan, S. Wang, and S. Ramakrishna, Electrospinning of nano/micro scale poly(L-lactic acid) aligned fibers and their potential in neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 26, 2603 (2005).
107. D. P. Valido, L. M. M. Costa, G. M. Olyveira, P. B. P. Góis, R. L. A. C. Júnior, L. X. Filho, and P. Basmaji, Novel otoliths/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites as a potential natural product for direct dental pulp capping. J. Biomater. Tissue Eng. 2, 48 (2012).