Cobalt complexes as artificial hydrogenases for the reductive side of water splitting

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics

Volumn 1827, Issue 8-9, 2013, Pages 958-973

  Eckenhoff, William T ^a   McNamara, William R ^b   Du, Pingwu ^c   Eisenberg, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

^b The College of William and Mary   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA   (China)

Author keywords

Electrocatalysis; Hydrogen production; Photocatalysis; Solar energy; Water reduction; Water splitting

Indexed keywords

BIPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; COBALT COMPLEX; HYDROGEN; HYDROGENASE; LIGAND; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; WATER; COBALT;

BIOLOGY; CATALYST; CHEMICAL REACTION; CHROMATOPHORE; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTRON; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; LIGHT; PH; PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTOLYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; CATALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; ELECTROCATALYSIS; HYDROGEN PRODUCTION; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; SOLAR ENERGY; WATER REDUCTION; WATER SPLITTING;

ELECTROCATALYSIS; HYDROGEN PRODUCTION; PHOTOCATALYSIS; SOLAR ENERGY; WATER REDUCTION; WATER SPLITTING;

CATALYSIS; COBALT; HYDROGENASE; OXIDATION-REDUCTION;

EID: 84884296812     PISSN: 00052728     EISSN: 18792650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.05.003     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. R.E. Blankenship, Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K., 2002
2. D.W. Lawlor, Photosynthesis, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001.
3. R.P.F. Gregory, Biochemistry of Photosynthesis, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1977.
4. S.M. Danks, E.H. Evans, P.A. Whittaker, Photosynthetic Systems: Structure, Function, and Assembly, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1985.
5. M. Calvin, Solar energy by photosynthesis, Science 184 (1974) 375-377.
6. K.N. Ferreira, T.M. Iverson, K. Maghlaoui, J. Barber, S. Iwata, Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center, Science 303 (2004) 1831-1838. (Pubitemid 38374869)
7. M. Haumann, P. Liebisch, C. Müller, M. Barra, M. Grabolle, H. Dau, Photosynthetic O2 formation tracked by time-resolved X-ray experiments, Science 310 (2005) 1019-1021. (Pubitemid 41611914)
8. J. Barber, Crystal structure of the oxygen-evolving complex of Photosystem II, Inorg. Chem. 47 (2008) 1700-1710.
9. M. Grätzel, Photoelectrochemical cells, Nature 414 (2001) 338-344. (Pubitemid 33097816)
10. M. Grätzel, Solar energy conversion by dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells, Inorg. Chem. 44 (2005) 6841-6851. (Pubitemid 41475956)
11. N.S. Lewis, D.G. Nocera, Solar energy conversion, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 15729-15735.
12. A.J. Esswein, D.G. Nocera, Hydrogen production by molecular photocatalysis, Chem. Rev. 107 (2007) 4022-4047. (Pubitemid 350041741)
13. R.D. Britt, In Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1996.
14. H.B. Gray, Powering the planet with solar fuel, Nature Chem. 1 (2009) 7.
15. J.L. Dempsey, B.S. Brunschwig, J.R. Winkler, H.B. Gray, Hydrogen evolution catalyzed by cobaloximes, Acc. Chem. Res. 42 (2009) 1995-2004.
16. W.T. Eckenhoff, R.S. Eisenberg, Molecular systems for light driven hydrogen production, Dalton Trans. 41 (2012) 13004-13021.
17. P. Du, R. Eisenberg, Catalysts made of earth-abundant elements (Co, Ni, Fe) for water splitting: recent progress and future challenges, Energy Environ. Sci. 5 (2012) 6012-6021.
18. W. Hieber, Hydrogen metal carbonyls: formation of hydrogen cobalt carbonyl, Co(CO)4H, Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem. 40 (1934) 158-159.
19. M. Iguchi, A study on the contact oxidation-reduction effect of metal complexes. Hydrogen adsorption of cobalt-thiane complexes, J. Chem. Soc. Jap. 63 (1942) 634.
20. J. Kwiatek, I.L. Mador, J.K. Seyler, Catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds by Pentacyanocobaltate(II), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84 (1962) 304-305.
21. B.R. James, In Homogenous Hydrogenation, John Wiley &Sons, New York, 1973.
22. G.N. Schrauzer, R.J. Holland, Hydridocobaloximes, J. Am. Chem. Soc 93 (1971) 1505-1506.
23. P. Connolly, J.H. Espenson, Cobalt-catalyzed evolution of molecular hydrogen, Inorg. Chem. 25 (1986) 2684-2688.
24. V. Artero, M. Chavarot-Kerlidou, M. Fontecave, Splitting water with cobalt, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 (2011) 7238-7266.
25. V. Fourmond, P.A. Jacques, M. Fontecave, V. Artero, H2 evolution and molecular electrocatalysts: determination of overpotentials and effect of homoconjugation, Inorg. Chem. 49 (2010) 10338-10347.
26. G.A.N. Felton, R.S. Glass, D.L. Lichtenberger, D.H. Evans, Iron-only hydrogenase mimics. Thermodynamic aspects of the use of electrochemistry to evaluate catalytic efficiency for hydrogen generation, Inorg. Chem. 45 (2006) 9181-9184.
27. B.J. Fisher, R. Eisenberg, Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by using macrocycles of nickel and cobalt, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (1980) 7361-7363.
28. C.V. Krishnan, N. Sutin, Homogeneous catalysis of the photoreduction of water by visible light. 2. Mediation by a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)- cobalt(II) bipyridine system, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103 (1981) 2141-2142.
29. V. Houlding, T. Geiger, U. Kölle, M. Grätzel, Electrochemical and photochemical investigations of two novel electron relays for hydrogen generation from water, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1982) 681-683.
30. J.M. Lehn, R. Ziessel, Photochemical generation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reduction of carbon dioxide and water under visible light irradiation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79 (1982) 701-704.
31. R.M. Kellett, T.G. Spiro, Cobalt(I) porphyrin catalysts of hydrogen production from water, Inorg. Chem. 24 (1985) 2373-2377.
32. U. Kölle, S. Ohst, Electrochemical reduction of protonated cyclopentadienylcobalt phosphine complexes, Inorg. Chem. 25 (1986) 2689-2694.
33. X. Hu, B.M. Cossairt, B.S. Brunschwig, N.S. Lewis, J.C. Peters, Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution by cobalt difluoroboryl-diglyoximate complexes, Chem. Commun. (2005) 4723-4725. (Pubitemid 41475766)
34. X. Hu, B.S. Brunschwig, J.C. Peters, Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution at low overpotentials by cobalt macrocyclic glyoxime and tetraimine complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (2007) 8988-8998. (Pubitemid 47171844)
35. M. Razavet, V. Artero, M. Fontecave, Proton electroreduction catalyzed by cobaloximes: functional models for hydrogenases, Inorg. Chem. 44 (2005) 4786-4795. (Pubitemid 41020900)
36. C. Baffert, V. Artero, M. Fontecave, Cobaloximes as functional models for hydrogenases. 2. Proton electroreduction catalyzed by difluoroborylbis(dimethylglyoximato) cobalt(II) complexes in organic media, Inorg. Chem. 46 (2007) 1817-1824.
37. A. Fihri, V. Artero, M. Razavet, C. Baffert, W. Leibl, M. Fontecave, Cobaloximebased photocatalytic devices for hydrogen production, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (2008) 564-567. (Pubitemid 351412343)
38. A. Fihri, V. Artero, A. Pereira, M. Fontecave, Efficient H2-producing photocatalytic systems based on cyclometalated iridium- and tricarbonylrhenium- diimine photosensitizers and cobaloxime catalysts, Dalton Trans. (2008) 5567-5569.
39. P. Zhang, P.A. Jacques, M. Chavarot-Kerlidou, M. Wang, L. Sun, M. Fontecave, V. Artero, Phosphine coordination to a cobalt diimine-dioxime catalyst increases stability during light-driven H2 production, Inorg. Chem. 51 (2012) 2115-2120.
40. B.D. Stubbert, J.C. Peters, H.B. Gray, Rapid water reduction to H2 catalyzed by a cobalt bis(iminopyridine) complex, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 18070-18073.
41. J.P. Bigi, T.E. Hanna, W.H. Harman, A. Chang, C.J. Chang, Electrocatalytic reduction of protons to hydrogen by a water-compatible cobalt polypyridyl platform, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 958-960.
42. H.I. Karunadasa, C.J. Chang, J.R. Long, A molecular molybdenum-oxo catalyst for generating hydrogen from water, Nature 464 (2010) 1329-1333.
43. Y. Sun, J.P. Bigi, N.A. Piro, M.L. Tang, J.R. Long, C.J. Chang, Molecular cobalt pentapyridine catalysts for generating hydrogen from water, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 9212-9215.
44. A.D. Wilson, R.H. Newell, M.J. McNevin, J.T. Muckerman, M. Rakowski DuBois, D.L. DuBois, Hydrogen oxidation and production using nickel-based molecular catalysts with positioned proton relays, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 358-366. (Pubitemid 43100886)
45. A.D. Wilson, R.K. Shoemaker, A. Miedaner, J.T. Muckerman, D.L. DuBois, M.R. DuBois, Nature of hydrogen interactions with Ni(II) complexes containing cyclic phosphine ligands with pendant nitrogen bases, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 (2007) 6951-6956. (Pubitemid 47185990)
46. G.M. Jacobsen, J.Y. Yang, B. Twamley, A.D. Wilson, R.M. Bullock, M.R. DuBois, Hydrogen production using cobalt-based molecular catalysts containing a proton relay in the second coordination sphere, Energy Environ. Sci. 1 (2008) 167-174.
47. U.J. Kilgore, M.P. Stewart, M.L. Helm, W.G. Dougherty, W.S. Kassel, M.R. DuBois, D.L. DuBois, R.M. Bullock, Studies of a series of Ni(PR 2NPh 2)2(CH3CN)2+ complexes as electrocatalysts for H2 production: substituent variation at the phosphorus atom of the P2N2 ligand, Inorg. Chem. 50 (2011) 10908-10918.
48. U.J. Kilgore, J.A.S. Roberts, D.H. Pool, A.M. Appel,M.P. Stewart,M. Rakowski DuBois, W.G. Dougherty,W.S. Kassel, R.M. Bullock, D.L. DuBois, Ni(PPh2NC6H4X 2)22+ complexes as electrocatalysts for H2 production: effect of substituents, acids, and water on catalytic rates, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 5861-5872.
49. M.L. Helm, M.P. Stewart, R.M. Bullock, M.R. DuBois, D.L. DuBois, A synthetic nickel electrocatalyst with a turnover frequency above 100,000 s-1 for H2 production, Science 333 (2011) 863-866.
50. C.H. Lee, D.K. Dogutan, D.G. Nocera, Hydrogen generation by hangman metalloporphyrins, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 8775-8777.
51. M.M. Roubelakis, D.K. Bediako, D.K. Dogutan, D.G. Nocera, Proton-coupled electron transfer kinetics for the hydrogen evolution reaction of hangman porphyrins, Energy Environ. Sci. Advance Article (2012).
52. T.H. Chao, J.H. Espenson,Mechanismof hydrogen evolution from hydridocobaloxime, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100 (1978) 129-133.
53. A.M. Tait, M.Z. Hoffman, E. Hayon, The reactivity of cobalt(I) complexes containing unsaturated macrocyclic ligands in aqueous solution, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (1976) 86-93.
54. J.T. Muckerman, E. Fujita, Theoretical studies of the mechanism of catalytic hydrogen production by a cobaloxime, Chem. Commun. 47 (2011) 12456-12458.
55. P.A. Jacques, V. Artero, J. Pécaut, M. Fontecave, Cobalt and nickel diimine- dioxime complexes as molecular electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution with low overvoltages, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106 (2009) 20627-20632.
56. A. Bhattacharjee, M. Chavarot-Kerlidou, E.S. Andreiadis, M. Fontecave, M.J. Field, V. Artero, Combined experimental-theoretical characterization of the hydrido-cobaloxime HCo(dmgH)2(PnBu3), Inorg. Chem. 51 (2012) 7087-7093.
57. J.L. Dempsey, J.R. Winkler, H.B. Gray, Kinetics of electron transfer reactions of H- 2-evolving cobalt diglyoxime catalysts, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 1060-1065.
58. J.L. Dempsey, J.R. Winkler, H.B. Gray, Mechanism of H2 evolution from a photogenerated hydridocobaloxime, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 16774-16776.
59. B.H. Solis, S. Hammes-Schiffer, Theoretical analysis ofmechanistic pathways for hydrogen evolution catalyzed by cobaloximes, Inorg. Chem. 50 (2011) 11252-11262.
60. B.H. Solis, S. Hammes-Schiffer, Substituent effects on cobalt diglyoxime catalysts for hydrogen evolution, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 19036-19039.
61. W.M. Singh, T. Baine, S. Kudo, S. Tian, X.A.N. Ma, H. Zhou, N.J. DeYonker, T.C. Pham, J.C. Bollinger, D.L. Baker, B. Yan, C.E. Webster, X. Zhao, Electrocatalytic and photocatalytic hydrogen production in aqueous solution by a molecular cobalt complex, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (2012) 5941-5944.
62. S.C. Marinescu, J.R. Winkler, H.B. Gray, Molecular mechanisms of cobalt-catalyzed hydrogen evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109 (2012) 15127-15131.
63. J.I. Goldsmith, W.R. Hudson, M.S. Lowry, T.H. Anderson, S. Bernhard, Discovery and high-throughput screening of heteroleptic iridium complexes for photoinduced hydrogen production, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 7502-7510. (Pubitemid 40746036)
64. M.S. Lowry, J.I. Goldsmith, J.D. Slinker, R. Rohl, R.A. Pascal, G.G. Malliaras, S. Bernhard, Single-layer electroluminescent devices and photoinduced hydrogen production froman ionic iridium(III) complex, Chem.Mater. 17 (2005) 5712-5719. (Pubitemid 41692225)
65. J. Hawecker, J.M. Lehn, R. Ziessel, Efficient homogeneous photochemical hydrogen generation and water reduction mediated by cobaloxime or macrocyclic cobalt complexes, Nouv. J. Chim. 7 (1983) 271-277.
66. P. Du, K. Knowles, R. Eisenberg, A homogeneous system for the photogeneration of hydrogen from water based on a platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide chromophore and a molecular cobalt catalyst, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 12576-12577.
67. P. Du, J. Schneider, G. Luo, W.W. Brennessel, R. Eisenberg, Visible light-driven hydrogen production from aqueous protons catalyzed by molecular cobaloxime catalysts, Inorg. Chem. 48 (2009) 4952-4962.
68. X.H. Wang, S. Goeb, Z.Q. Ji, N.A. Pogulaichenko, F.N. Castellano, Homogeneous photocatalytic hydrogen production using pi-conjugated platinum(II) arylacetylide sensitizers, Inorg. Chem. 50 (2011) 705-707.
69. B. Probst, C. Kolano, P. Hamm, R. Alberto, An efficient homogeneous intermolecular rhenium-based photocatalytic system for the production of H2, Inorg. Chem. 48 (2009) 1836-1843.
70. B. Probst, A. Rodenberg, M. Guttentag, P. Hamm, R. Alberto, A highly stable rhenium-cobalt system for photocatalytic H2 production: unraveling the performance-limiting steps, Inorg. Chem. 49 (2010) 6453-6460.
71. B. Probst, M. Guttentag, A. Rodenberg, P. Hamm, R. Alberto, Photocatalytic H2 production from water with rhenium and cobalt complexes, Inorg. Chem. 50 (2011) 3404-3412.
72. M. Guttentag, A. Rodenberg, R. Kopelent, B. Probst, C. Buchwalder, M. Brandstätter, P. Hamm, R. Alberto, Photocatalytic H2 production with a rhenium/cobalt system in water under acidic conditions, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2012 (2012) 59-64.
73. W.P. To, G.S.M. Tong, W. Lu, C. Ma, J. Liu, A.L.F. Chow, C.M. Che, Luminescent organogold(III) complexes with long-lived triplet excited states for lightinduced oxidative C-H bond functionalization and hydrogen production, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (2012) 2654-2657.
74. T. Lazarides, T. McCormick, P. Du, G. Luo, B. Lindley, R. Eisenberg, Making hydrogen from water using a homogeneous system without noble metals, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 9192-9194.
75. P. Zhang, M. Wang, J. Dong, X. Li, F. Wang, L. Wu, L. Sun, Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water by noble-metal-free molecular catalyst systems containing Rose Bengal and the cobaloximes of BFx-bridged oxime ligands, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 15868-15874.
76. T.M. McCormick, B.D. Calitree, A. Orchard, N.D. Kraut, F.V. Bright, M.R. Detty, R. Eisenberg, Reductive side of water splitting in artificial photosynthesis: new homogeneous photosystems of great activity and mechanistic insight, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 15480-15483.
77. T.M.McCormick, Z. Han, D.J.Weinberg,W.W. Brennessel, P.L. Holland, R. Eisenberg, Impact of ligand exchange in hydrogen production from cobaloxime-containing photocatalytic systems, Inorg. Chem. 50 (2011) 10660-10666.
78. C.F. Leung, S.M. Ng, C.C. Ko, W.L. Man, J.S. Wu, L.J. Chen, T.C. Lau, A cobalt(II) quaterpyridine complex as visible light-driven catalyst for both water oxidation and reduction, Energy Environ. Sci. (2012) 7903-7907.
79. Y. Sun, J. Sun, J.R. Long, P. Yang, C.J. Chang, Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water using a cobalt pentapyridine complex in combination with molecular and semiconductor nanowire photosensitizers, Chem. Sci. 4 (2013) 118-124.
80. W.R. McNamara, Z. Han, P.J. Alperin, W.W. Brennessel, P.L. Holland, R. Eisenberg, A cobalt-dithiolene complex for the phtotocatalytic and electrocatalytic reduction of protons, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 15368-15371.
81. W.R. McNamara, Z. Han, C.J. Yin, W.W. Brennessel, P.L. Holland, R. Eisenberg, Cobalt-dithiolene complexes for the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reduction of protons in aqueous solutions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109 (2012) 15594-15599.
82. P.J. DeLaive, T.K. Foreman, C. Giannotti, D.G.Whitten, Photoinduced electron transfer reactions of transition-metal complexes with amines. Mechanistic studies of alternate pathways to back electron transfer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (1980) 5627-5631.
83. S.F. Chan, M. Chou, C. Creutz, T. Matsubara, N. Sutin,Mechanismof the formation of dihydrogen from the photoinduced reactions of poly(pyridine) ruthenium(II) and poly(pyridine)rhodium(III) complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103 (1981) 369-379.
84. J.F. Kennedy, C.A. White, F.P. Warner, L.L. Lloyd, Z.S. Rivera, The identification and analysis of the oxidation products of L-ascorbic acid by HPLC, C. J. Micronut. Anal. 5 (1989) 91-109.
85. K. Kalyanasundaram, K. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, Hydrogen evolution from water by visible light, a homogeneous three component test system for redox catalysis, Helv. Chim. Acta 61 (1978) 2720-2730.
86. R. Ziessel, J. Hawecker, J.M. Lehn, Photogeneration of carbon monoxide and of hydrogen via simultaneous photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water by visible-light irradiation of organic solutions containing Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and cobalt(II) species as homogeneous catalysts, Helv. Chim. Acta 69 (1986) 1065-1084.
87. M. Kirch, J.M. Lehn, J.P. Sauvage, Hydrogen generation by visible light irradiation of aqueous solutions of metal complexes. an approach to the photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy, Helv. Chim. Acta 62 (1979) 1345-1383.
88. T. Waters, H.K. Woo, X.B. Wang, L.S. Wang, Probing the intrinsic electronic structure of the bis(dithiolene) anions M(mnt)22- and M(mnt)21- (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; mnt = 1,2-S2C2(CN)2) in the gas phase by photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 4282-4291.
89. C.C. Lu, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt, The monoanionic φ-radical redox state of α-iminoketones in bis(ligand)metal complexes of nickel and cobalt, Inorg. Chem. 46 (2007) 7880-7889.
90. S. Sproules, K. Wieghardt, Dithiolene radicals: sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and Harry's intuition, Coord. Chem. Rev. 255 (2011) 837-860.
91. F.L. Benedito, T. Petrenko, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt, Square planar Bis{3,6-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene-1,2-dithiolato}metal complexes of CrII, CoIII, and RhII: an experimental and density functional theoretical study, Inorg. Chem. 48 (2009) 10913-10925.
92. J.M. Savéant, Elements of Molecular and Biomolecular Electrochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
93. B.H. Solis, S. Hammes-Schiffer, Computational study of anomalous reduction potentials for hydrogen evolution catalyzed by cobalt dithiolene complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 15253-15256.
94. P. Zhang, M. Wang, C. Li, X. Li, J. Dong, L. Sun, Photochemical H2 production with noble-metal-free molecular devices comprising a porphyrin photosensitizer and a cobaloxime catalyst, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 8806-8808.
95. S. Jasimuddin, T. Yamada, K. Fukuju, J. Otsuki, K. Sakai, Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water in self-assembled supramolecular iridium-cobalt systems, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 8466-8468.
96. K.L. Mulfort, D.M. Tiede, Supramolecular cobaloxime assemblies for H2 photocatalysis an initial solution state structure-function analysis, J. Phys. Chem. B 114 (2010) 14572-14581.
97. M. Grätzel, Artificial photosynthesis: water cleavage into hydrogen and oxygen by visible light, Acc. Chem. Res. 14 (1981) 376-384.
98. E. Borgarello, J. Kiwi, E. Pelizzetti, M. Visca, M. Grätzel, Sustained water cleavage by visible light, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103 (1981) 6324-6329.
99. A.J. Bard, M.A. Fox, Artificial photosynthesis: solar splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen, Acc. Chem. Res. 28 (1995) 141-145.
100. A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, Molecular photovoltaics, Acc. Chem. Res. 33 (2000) 269-277.
101. R. Abe, K. Hara, K. Sayama, K. Domen, H. Arakawa, Steady hydrogen evolution from water on Eosin Y-fixed TiO2 photocatalyst using a silane-coupling reagent under visible light irradiation, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 137 (2000) 63-69.
102. E. Bae,W.Choi, J. Park,H.S. Shin, S.B. Kim, J.S. Lee, Effects of surface anchoring groups (carboxylate vs phosphonate) in ruthenium-complex-sensitized TiO2 on visible light reactivity in aqueous suspensions, J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 14093-14101.
103. J. Zhang, P. Du, J. Schneider, P. Jarosz, R. Eisenberg, Photogeneration of hydrogen from water using an integrated system based on TiO2 and platinum(II) diimine dithiolate sensitizers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (2007) 7726-7727. (Pubitemid 46998150)
104. P. Jarosz, P. Du, J. Schneider, S.H. Lee, D. McCamant, R. Eisenberg, Platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide complexes on platinized TiO2: Toward the photogeneration of H2 in aqueous media, Inorg. Chem. 48 (2009) 9653-9663.
105. F. Lakadamyaliy, E. Reisner, Photocatalytic H2 evolution from neutral water with a molecular cobalt catalyst on a dye-sensitised TiO2 nanoparticle, Chem. Commun. 47 (2011) 1695-1697.
106. J. Huang, K.L. Mulfort, P. Du, L.X. Chen, Photodriven charge separation dynamics in CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dot/cobaloxime hybrid for efficient hydrogen production, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 16472-16475.
107. L.M. Utschig, S.C. Silver, K.L. Mulfort, D.M. Tiede, Nature-driven photochemistry for catalytic solar hydrogen production: a Photosystem I-transition metal catalyst hybrid, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 16334-16337.
108. S.Y. Reece, J.A. Hamel, K. Sung, T.D. Jarvi, A.J. Esswein, J.J.H. Pijpers, D.G. Nocera, Wireless solar water splitting using silicon-based semiconductors and earthabundant catalysts, Science 334 (2011) 645-648.
109. J.J.H. Pijpers, M.T. Winkler, Y. Surendranath, T. Buonassisi, D.G. Nocera, Light-induced water oxidation at silicon electrodes functionalized with a cobalt oxygen-evolving catalyst, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 108 (2011) 10056-10061.
110. E.R. Young, D.G. Nocera, V. Bulovic, Direct formation of a water oxidation catalyst from thin-film cobalt, Energy Environ. Sci. 3 (2010) 1726-1728.
111. D.A. Lutterman, Y. Surendranath, D.G. Nocera, A self-healing oxygen-evolving catalyst, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 3838-3839.
112. M.W. Kanan, Y. Surendranath, D.G. Nocera, Cobalt-phosphate oxygen-evolving compound, Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 (2009) 109-114.
113. M.W. Kanan, D.G. Nocera, In situ formation of an oxygen-evolving catalyst in neutral water containing phosphate and Co2+, Science 321 (2008) 1072-1075.