Targeted therapy for NSCLC with driver mutations

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

Volumn 13, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 1401-1412

  Minuti, Gabriele ^a   D'Incecco, Armida ^a   Cappuzzo, Federico ^a  

^a Livorno Hospital   (Italy)

Author keywords

ALK; BRAF; DDR2; FGFR1; HER2; KRAS; MET; NSCLC; PI3KCA; RET; ROS1

Indexed keywords

AFATINIB; ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AP 26113; AZD 4547; B RAF KINASE; BGJ 398; BUPARLISIB; CABOZANTINIB; CH 5424802; CRIZOTINIB; DABRAFENIB; DACOMITINIB; DOCETAXEL; DOVITINIB; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; GANETESPIB; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90; K RAS PROTEIN; LAPATINIB; LDK 378; MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 4; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 1; PEMETREXED; PICTILISIB; PONATINIB; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN RET; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SCATTER FACTOR RECEPTOR; SELUMETINIB; TIVANTINIB; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR; TRASTUZUMAB; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XL 147;

AVIAN SARCOMA VIRUS; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHROMOSOME 2; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FUSION GENE; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE FUSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LUNG PARENCHYMA; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; ONCOGENE; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); POINT MUTATION; PROTO ONCOGENE; REVIEW; SMOKING HABIT; SOMATIC MUTATION; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UPREGULATION;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; ONCOGENES;

EID: 84884277881     PISSN: 14712598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.827657     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59:225-49
2. Levy MA, Lovly CM and Pao W. Translating genomic information into clinical medicine: Lung cancer as a paradigm. Genome Res 2012;22:2101-8
3. Weinstein IB. Cancer. Addiction to oncogenes-the achilles heal of cancer. Science 2002;297:63-4
4. Paez JG, Jänne PA, Lee JC, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: Correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 2004;304:1497-500
5. Cappuzzo F, Hirsch FR, Rossi E, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:643-55
6. Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 2009;361:947-57
7. Maemondo M, Inoue A, Kobayashi K, et al. Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2380-8
8. Zhou C, Wu YL, Chen G, et al. Erlotinib versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (OPTIMAL, CTONG-0802): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:735-42
9. Rosell R, Carcereny E, Gervais R, et al. Erlotinib versus standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for European patients with advanced EGFR mutations-positive non-small cell lung cancer (EURTAC) a multicenter, open-label, randomized phase 3 trial. Results of the European Erlotinib Versus Chemotherapy (EURTAC) phase III randomized trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:239-46
10. Yang JC, Schuler MH, Yamamoto M, et al. LUX-Lung 3: A Randomized, open-label, phase III study of afatinib versus pemetrexed and cisplatin as first-line treatment for pantients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung harboring EGFR-activating mutations. ASCO Annual Meeting, Oral Abstract Session, Lung Cancer - Non-small Cell Metastatic. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(Suppl):abstract LBA7500
11. Govindan R, Ding L, Griffith M, et al. Genomic landscape non-small cell lung cancer in smokers and never-smokers. Cell 2012;150:1121-34
12. Sequist LV, Heist RS, Shaw AT, et al. Implementing multiplex genotyping of non-small-cell lung cancers into routine clinical practice. Ann Oncol 2011;22:2616-24
13. Kris MG, Johnson BE, Kwiatkowski DJ, et al. Identification of driver mutations in tumor specimens from 1,000 patients with lung adenocarcinoma: The NCÍs Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium (LCMC). J Clin Oncol 2011;29(Suppl):abstract CRA7506
14. Barlesi F, Blons H, Beau-Faller M, et al. Biomarkers (BM) France: Results of routine EGFR, HER2, KRAS, BRAF, PI3KCA mutations detection and EML4-ALK gene fusion assessment on the first 10,000 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts). ASCO meeting 2013. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(Suppl):abstract 8000
15. Doebele RC, Vaishnavi A, Capelletti M, et al. NTRK1 gene fusions as a novel oncogene target in lung cancer. ASCO meeting 2013. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(Suppl):abstract 8023
16. Wang R, Hu H. Pan Y et l. RET fusions define unique molecular and clinicopathologic subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:4352-9
17. Davies K, Le A, Theodoro M, et al. Identifying and targeting ROS1 gene fusions in non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:4570-9
18. Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, et al. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Science 1994;263:1281-4
19. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, et al. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 2007;448:561-6
20. Chiarle R, Gong J, Guasparri I, et al. NPM-ALK transgenic mice spontaneously develop T-cell lymphomas and plasma cell tumors. Blood 2003;101:1919-27
21. Solmon B, Varella-Garcia M, et Camidge DR. ALK gene rearrangements, a new therapeutic target in molecularly defined subset of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009;4:1450-4
22. Rodig SJ, Mino-Kenudson M, Dacic S, et al. Unique clinicopathologic features characterize ALK- rearranged lung adenocarcinoma in western population. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:5216-23
23. Camidge DR, Bang YJ, Kwak EL, et al. Activity and safety of crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: Updated results from Phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:1011-19
24. Shaw AT, Kim DW, Nakagawa K, et al. Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2013;368:2385-94
25. Doebele RC, Aisner DL, Le AT, et al. Analysis of resistance mechanisms to ALK kinase inhibitors in ALK+ NSCLC patients. ASCO meeting 2012. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(Suppl):abstract 7504
26. Shaw AT, Mehra R, Kim DW, et al. Clinical activity of the ALK inhibitor LDK378 in advanced, ALK-positive NSCLC. ASCO meeting 2013. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(Suppl):abstract 8010
27. Sang J, Acquaviva J, Friedland JC, et al. Targeted inhibition of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 overcomes ALK inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Discov 2013;3:430-43
28. Camidge DR, Bazhenova L, Salgia R, et al. First-in-human dose-finding study of the ALK/EGFR inhibitor AP26113 in patients with advanced malignancies: Updated results. ASCO meeting 2013. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(Suppl):abstract 8031
29. Seto T, Kiura K, Nishio M, et al. CH5424802 (RO5424802) for patients with ALK-rearranged advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (AF-001JP study): A single-arm, open-label, phase 1-2 study. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:590-8
30. Matsushime H, Wang LH, Shibuya M. Human c-ros-1 gene homologous to the v-ros sequence of UR2 sarcoma virus encodes for a transmembrane receptor like molecule. Mol Cell Biol 1986;6:3000-4
31. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, et al. Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 2007;131:1190-203
32. Takeuchi K, Soda M, Togashi Y, et al. RET, ROS1 and ALK fusions in lung cancer. Nat Med 2012;18:378-81
33. Bergethon K, Shaw AT, Ou SH, et al. ROS1 rearrangements define a unique molecular class of lung cancers. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:863-70
34. Yashuda H, de Figueiredo-Pontes LL, Kobayashi S, et al. Preclinical rationale for use of the clinically available miltitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib in ROS1-translocted lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:1086-90
35. Ou SHI, Bang YJ, Camidge DR, et al. Efficacy and safety of crizotinib in patients with advanced ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ASCO meeting 2013. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(Suppl):abstract 8032
36. Phay JE, Shah MH. Targeting RET receptor tyrosine kinase activation in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:5936-41
37. Wells SA, Santoro M. Targeting the RET pathway in thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:7119-23
38. Wang R, Hu H, Pan Y, et al. RET fusions define a unique molecular and clinicopathologic subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:4352-9
39. Kohno T, Ichikawa H, Totoki Y, et al. KIF5B-RET fusion in lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Med 2012;18:375-7
40. Li F, Feng Y, Fang R, et al. Identification of RET gene fusion by exon array analyses in "pannegative" lung cancer from never smokers. Cell Res 2012;22:928-31
41. Wells SA, Robinson BG, Gagel RF, et al. Vandetanib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: A randomized double-blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:134-41
42. Drilon A, Wang L, Hasanovic A, et al. Lung adenocarcinomas response to cabozantinib in patients with RET fusion-positive lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Dicov 2013; doi:10.1158/2159-8290
43. Bottaro DP, Rubin JS, Faletto DL, et al. Identification of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor as the c-met protooncogene product. Science 1991;251:802-4
44. Ichimura E, Maeshima A, Nakajima T, et al. Expression of c-met/HGF receptor in human non small cell lung carcinomas in vitro and in vivo and its prognostic significance. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996;87:1063-9
45. Cappuzzo F, Marchetti A, Skokan M, et al. Increased MET gene copy number negatively affects survival of surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1667-1674
46. Lutterbach B, Zeng Q, Davis LJ, et al. Lung cancer cell lines harboring MET gene amplification are dependent on Met for growth and survival. Cancer Res 2007;67:2081-8
47. Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Mitsudomi T, et al. MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science 2007;316:1039-43
48. Ou SH, Kwak EL, Siwak-Tapp C, et al. Activity of crizotinib (PF02341066), a dual mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, in a non-small cell lung cancer patient with de novo MET amplification. J Thorac Oncol 2011;6:942-6
49. Ma P, Kijima T, Maulik G, et al. c-MET mutational analysis in small cell lung cancer: Novel juxtamembrane domain mutations regulating cytoskeletal functions. Cancer Res 2003;63:6272-81
50. Blumenschein GR Jr., Mills GB, Gonzalez-Angulo AM. Targeting the hepatocyte growth factor-cMET axis in cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3287-96
51. Mok TS, Park K, Geater SL, et al. A randomized phase 2 study with exploratory biomarker analysis of ficlatuzumab a humanized hepatocyte growth factor inhibitory MAB in combination with gefitinib versus gefitinib in Asian patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol 2012;23:abstract 1198P
52. Surati M, Patel P, Peterson A, et al. Role of MetMAb (OA-5D5) in c-MET active lung malignancies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011;11:1655-62
53. Sequist LV, von Pawel J, Garmey EG, et al. Randomized phase II study of erlotinib plus tivantinib versus erlotinib plus placebo in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3307-15
54. Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002;417:949-54
55. Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T, et al. Distinct set of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2135-47
56. Naoki K, Chen TH, Richards WG, et al. Missense mutations of BRAF gene in human lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2002;62:7001-3
57. Wan PT, Garnett MJ, Roe SM, et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF-ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 2004;116:855-67
58. Sasaki H, Kawano O, Endo K, et al. Uncommon V599E BRAF mutations in Japanese patients with lung cancer. J Surg Res 2006;133:203-6
59. Paik PK, Arcila ME, Fara M, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinoma harboring BRAF mutations. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:2046-51
60. Marchetti A, Felicioni L, Malatesta S, et al. Clinical features and outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring BRAF mutations. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3574-9
61. Ji H, Wang Z, Perera SA, et al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS converge on activation of the miogeno-activated protein kinase pathway in lung cancer models. Cancer Res 2007;67:4933-9
62. Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2507-16
63. Gautschi O, Chantal P, Strobel K, et al. A patient with BRAF V600E lung adenocarcinoma responding to vemurafenib. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:e23-4
64. Yang H, Higgins B, Kolinsky K, et al. Antitumor activity of BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in preclinical models of BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2012;72:779-89
65. Planchard D, Mazieres J, Riely GJ, et al. Interim results of phase II study BRF113928 of dabrafenib in BRAF V600E mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. ASCO meeting 2013. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(Suppl):abstract 8009
66. Hirsch FR, Franklin WA, Veve R, et al. Her2/neu expression in malignant lung tumors. Semin Oncol 2002;29:51-8
67. Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shark S, et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med 2001;344:783-92
68. Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): A phase 3, open-label, randomised controller trial. Lancet 2010;376:687-97
69. Cappuzzo F, Varella-Garcia M, Shigematsu H, et al. Increased HER2 gene copy number is associated with response to gefitinib therapy in epidermal growth factor receptor-positive non-small-cell lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:5007-18
70. Liu L, Shao X, Gao W, et al. The role of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 as a prognostic factor in lung cancer: A meta-analysis of published data. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:1922-32
71. Cappuzzo F, Cho YG, Sacconi A, et al. p95HER2 truncated form in resected non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:520-7
72. Stephens P, Hunter C, Bignell G, et al. Lung cancer: Intragenic ERBB2 kinase mutations tumours. Nature 2004;431:525-6
73. Shigematsu H, Takahashi T, Nomura M, et al. Somatic mutations of the HER2 kinase domain in lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 2005;65:1642-6
74. Arcila ME, Chaft JE, Nafa K, et al. Prevalence, clinicopathologic associations and molecular spectrum of ERBB2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase mutations in lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:4910-19
75. Tomizawa K, Suda K, Onozato R, et al. Prognostic and predictive implications of HER2/ERBB2/neu gene mutations in lung cancers. Lung Cancer 2011;74:139-44
76. Wang SE, Narasanna A, Perez-Torres M, et al. HER2 kinase domain mutation results in constitutive phosphorylation and activation of HER2 and EGFR and resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Cell 2006;10:25-38
77. Cappuzzo F, Bemis L, Varella-Garcia M. HER2 mutation and response to trastuzumab therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2619-21 mutated NSCLC
78. De Greve J, Teugels E, Geers C, et al. Clinical activity of afatinib (BIBW 2992) in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with mutations in the kinase domain of HER2/neu. Lung Cancer 2012;76:123-7
79. Kelly RJ, Carter C, Giaccone G. Personalizing therapy in an epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer using PF-00299804 and trastuzumab. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:e507-10
80. Kris M, Goldberg Z, Janne PA, et al. Dacomitinib (PF-00299804), an irreversible pan-HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), for first line treatment of EGFR-mutant or HER2-mutant oramplified lung cancers. Ann Oncol 2012;23:ix401-2
81. Mazières J, Peters S, Lepage B, et al. Lung cancer that harbors a HER2 mutation: Epidemiologic characteristics and therapeutic perspectives. J Clin Oncol 2013; [Epub ahead of print]
82. Campbell SL, Khosravi-Far R, Rossmann KL, et al. Increasing complexity of RAS signaling. Oncogene 1998;17:1395-413
83. Sequist LV, Heist RS, Shaw AT, et al. Implementing multiplexed genotyping of non-small-cell lung cancers into routine clinical practice. Ann Oncol 2011;22:2616-24
84. Shepherd FA, Domerg C, Hainaut P, et al. Pooled analysis of the prognostic and predictive effects of KRAS mutation status and KRAS mutation subtype in early-stage resected non-small-cell lung cancer in four trials of adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2013; [Epub ahead of print]
85. Camps C, Jantus-Lewintre E, Cabrera A, et al. The identification of KRAS mutations at codon 12 in plasma DNA is not a prognostic factor in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2011;72:365-9
86. Kalikaki A, Koutsopoulos A, Hatzidaki D, et al. Clinical outcome of patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving front-line chemotherapy according to EGFR and K-RAS mutation status. Lung Cancer 2010;69:110-15
87. Pao W, Wang TY, Riely GJ, et al. KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib. PLoS Med 2005;2:0057-61
88. Linardou H, Dahabreh IJ, Kanaloupiti D, et al. Assessment of somatic k-RAS mutations as a mechanism associated with resistance to EGFR-targeted agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncol 2008;9:962-72
89. Cappuzzo F, Ciuleanu T, Stelmakh L, et al. Erlotinib as maintenance treatment in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:521-9
90. Davies BR, Logie A, McKay JS, et al. AZD6244 (ARRY-142886), a potent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 kinases: Mechanism of action in vivo, pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic relationship, and potential for combination in preclinical models. Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6:2209-19
91. Jänne PA, Shaw AT, Pereira JR., et al. Selumetinib plus docetaxel for KRAS-mutant advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:38-47
92. Kan Z, Jaiswal BS, Stinson J, et al. Diverse somatic mutation patterns and pathway alterations in human cancers. Nature 2010;466:869-73
93. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, et al. Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 2007;131:1190-203
94. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers. Nature 2012;489:519-25
95. Tomasson MH, Xiang Z, Walgren R, et al. Somatic mutations and germline sequence variants in the expressed tyrosine kinase genes of patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008;111:4797-808
96. Ford CE, Lau SK, Zhu CQ, et al. Expression and mutation analysis of the discoidin domain receptors 1 and 2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2007;96:808-14
97. Hammerman PS, Sos ML, Ramos AH, et al. Mutations in the DDR2 kinase gene identify a novel therapeutic target in squamous cell lung cancer. Cancer Discov 2011;1:78-89
98. Courtney KD, Corcoran RB, Engelman JA. The PI3K pathway as drug target in human cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1075-83
99. Yamamoto H, Shigematsu H, Nomura M, et al. PIK3CA mutations and copy number gains in human lung cancers. Cancer Res 2008;68:6913-21
100. Kawano O, Sasaki H, Endo K, et al. PIK3CA mutation status in Japanese lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2006;54:209-15
101. Chaft JE, Arcila ME, Paik PK, et al. Coexistence of PIK3CA and other oncogene mutations in lung adenocarcinoma-rationale for comprehensive mutation profiling. Mol Cancer Ther 2012;11:485-91
102. Engelman JA, Chen L, Tan X, et al. Effective use of PI3K and MEK inhibitors to treat mutant Kras G12D and PIK3CA H1047R murine lung cancers. Nat Med 2008;14:1351-6
103. Mason I. Initiation to end point: The multiple roles of fibroblast growth factors in neural development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;8:583-96
104. Haugsten EM, Wiedlocha A, Olsnes S, Wesche J. Roles of fibroblast growth factor receptors in carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2010;8:1439-52
105. Weiss J, Sos ML, Seidel D, et al. Frequent and focal FGFR1 amplification associates with therapeutically tractable FGFR1 dependency in squamous cell lung cancer. Sci Transl Med 2010;2:62ra93
106. Dutt A, Ramos AH, Hammerman PS, et al. Inhibitor-sensitive FGFR1 amplification in human non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2011;6:e20351
107. Kim HR, Kim DJ, Kang DR, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene amplification is associated with poor survival and cigarette smoking dosage in patients with resected squamous cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:731-17
108. Heist RS, Mino-Kenudson M, Sequist LV, et al. FGFR1 amplification in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:1775-80