메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 81, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 3472-3478

SdiA aids enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli carriage by cattle fed a forage or grain diet

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PROTEIN; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; N ACYLHOMOSERINE LACTONE; SDIA PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84884264517     PISSN: 00199567     EISSN: 10985522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00702-13     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (61)
  • 2
    • 0020508377 scopus 로고
    • Attaching and effacing activities of rabbit and human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in pig and rabbit intestines.
    • Moon HW, Whipp SC, Argenzio RA, Levine MM, Giannella RA. 1983. Attaching and effacing activities of rabbit and human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in pig and rabbit intestines. Infect. Immun. 41:1340-1351.
    • (1983) Infect. Immun. , vol.41 , pp. 1340-1351
    • Moon, H.W.1    Whipp, S.C.2    Argenzio, R.A.3    Levine, M.M.4    Giannella, R.A.5
  • 3
    • 0023066936 scopus 로고
    • Role of plasmid-encoded adherence factors in adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells.
    • Knutton S, Baldini MM, Kaper JB, McNeish AS. 1987. Role of plasmid-encoded adherence factors in adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. Infect. Immun. 55:78-85.
    • (1987) Infect. Immun. , vol.55 , pp. 78-85
    • Knutton, S.1    Baldini, M.M.2    Kaper, J.B.3    McNeish, A.S.4
  • 7
    • 0032998631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Per regulon of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: identification of a regulatory cascade and a novel transcriptional activator, the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded regulator (Ler).
    • Mellies JL, Elliott SJ, Sperandio V, Donnenberg MS, Kaper JB. 1999. The Per regulon of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: identification of a regulatory cascade and a novel transcriptional activator, the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded regulator (Ler). Mol. Microbiol. 33:296-306.
    • (1999) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.33 , pp. 296-306
    • Mellies, J.L.1    Elliott, S.J.2    Sperandio, V.3    Donnenberg, M.S.4    Kaper, J.B.5
  • 9
    • 0029099975 scopus 로고
    • Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contains a putative type III secretion system necessary for the export of proteins involved in attaching and effacing lesion formation.
    • Jarvis KG, Giron JA, Jerse AE, McDaniel TK, Donnenberg MS, Kaper JB. 1995. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contains a putative type III secretion system necessary for the export of proteins involved in attaching and effacing lesion formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92:7996-8000.
    • (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.92 , pp. 7996-8000
    • Jarvis, K.G.1    Giron, J.A.2    Jerse, A.E.3    McDaniel, T.K.4    Donnenberg, M.S.5    Kaper, J.B.6
  • 10
    • 0025047435 scopus 로고
    • A genetic locus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli necessary for the production of attaching and effacing lesions on tissue culture cells.
    • Jerse AE, Yu J, Tall BD, Kaper JB. 1990. A genetic locus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli necessary for the production of attaching and effacing lesions on tissue culture cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87:7839-7843.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.87 , pp. 7839-7843
    • Jerse, A.E.1    Yu, J.2    Tall, B.D.3    Kaper, J.B.4
  • 11
    • 0030701868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) transfers its receptor for intimate adherence into mammalian cells
    • Kenny B, DeVinney R, Stein M, Reinscheid DJ, Frey EA, Finlay BB. 1997. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) transfers its receptor for intimate adherence into mammalian cells. Cell 91:511-520.
    • (1997) Cell , vol.91 , pp. 511-520
    • Kenny, B.1    DeVinney, R.2    Stein, M.3    Reinscheid, D.J.4    Frey, E.A.5    Finlay, B.B.6
  • 12
    • 0031711022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel proline-rich protein, EspF, is secreted from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli via the type III export pathway.
    • McNamara BP, Donnenberg MS. 1998. A novel proline-rich protein, EspF, is secreted from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli via the type III export pathway. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 166:71-78.
    • (1998) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , vol.166 , pp. 71-78
    • McNamara, B.P.1    Donnenberg, M.S.2
  • 13
    • 0034518855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) effector protein to host mitochondria.
    • Kenny B, Jepson M. 2000. Targeting of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) effector protein to host mitochondria. Cell Microbiol. 2:579-590.
    • (2000) Cell Microbiol. , vol.2 , pp. 579-590
    • Kenny, B.1    Jepson, M.2
  • 14
    • 0035024818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EspG, a novel type III system-secreted protein from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with similarities to VirA of Shigella flexneri.
    • Elliott SJ, Krejany EO, Mellies JL, Robins-Browne RM, Sasakawa C, Kaper JB. 2001. EspG, a novel type III system-secreted protein from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with similarities to VirA of Shigella flexneri. Infect. Immun. 69:4027-4033.
    • (2001) Infect. Immun. , vol.69 , pp. 4027-4033
    • Elliott, S.J.1    Krejany, E.O.2    Mellies, J.L.3    Robins-Browne, R.M.4    Sasakawa, C.5    Kaper, J.B.6
  • 15
    • 0037238121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EspH, a new cytoskeleton-modulating effector of enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
    • Tu X, Nisan I, Yona C, Hanski E, Rosenshine I. 2003. EspH, a new cytoskeleton-modulating effector of enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 47:595-606.
    • (2003) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.47 , pp. 595-606
    • Tu, X.1    Nisan, I.2    Yona, C.3    Hanski, E.4    Rosenshine, I.5
  • 16
    • 21544471807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SepZ/EspZ is secreted and translocated into HeLa cells by the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III secretion system.
    • Kanack KJ, Crawford JA, Tatsuno I, Karmali MA, Kaper JB. 2005. SepZ/EspZ is secreted and translocated into HeLa cells by the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III secretion system. Infect. Immun. 73:4327-4337.
    • (2005) Infect. Immun. , vol.73 , pp. 4327-4337
    • Kanack, K.J.1    Crawford, J.A.2    Tatsuno, I.3    Karmali, M.A.4    Kaper, J.B.5
  • 18
    • 4344656777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EspFU is a translocated EHEC effector that interacts with Tir and N-WASP and promotes Nckindependent actin assembly.
    • Campellone KG, Robbins D, Leong JM. 2004. EspFU is a translocated EHEC effector that interacts with Tir and N-WASP and promotes Nckindependent actin assembly. Dev. Cell 7:217-228.
    • (2004) Dev. Cell , vol.7 , pp. 217-228
    • Campellone, K.G.1    Robbins, D.2    Leong, J.M.3
  • 20
    • 11144231319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of espI among clinical enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates.
    • Mundy R, Jenkins C, Yu J, Smith H, Frankel G. 2004. Distribution of espI among clinical enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. J. Med. Microbiol. 53:1145-1149.
    • (2004) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.53 , pp. 1145-1149
    • Mundy, R.1    Jenkins, C.2    Yu, J.3    Smith, H.4    Frankel, G.5
  • 22
    • 20444375066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operon structure and gene expression of the espJ-tccP locus of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7.
    • Garmendia J, Frankel G. 2005. Operon structure and gene expression of the espJ-tccP locus of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 247:137-145.
    • (2005) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , vol.247 , pp. 137-145
    • Garmendia, J.1    Frankel, G.2
  • 23
    • 21544465048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III effectors EspG and EspG2 disrupt the microtubule network of intestinal epithelial cells.
    • Shaw RK, Smollett K, Cleary J, Garmendia J, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Frankel G, Knutton S. 2005. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III effectors EspG and EspG2 disrupt the microtubule network of intestinal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 73:4385-4390.
    • (2005) Infect. Immun. , vol.73 , pp. 4385-4390
    • Shaw, R.K.1    Smollett, K.2    Cleary, J.3    Garmendia, J.4    Straatman-Iwanowska, A.5    Frankel, G.6    Knutton, S.7
  • 24
    • 0037371268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphoid follicle-dense mucosa at the terminal rectum is the principal site of colonization of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the bovine host.
    • Naylor SW, Low JC, Besser TE, Mahajan A, Gunn GJ, Pearce MC, McKendrick IJ, Smith DG, Gally DL. 2003. Lymphoid follicle-dense mucosa at the terminal rectum is the principal site of colonization of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the bovine host. Infect. Immun. 71:1505-1512.
    • (2003) Infect. Immun. , vol.71 , pp. 1505-1512
    • Naylor, S.W.1    Low, J.C.2    Besser, T.E.3    Mahajan, A.4    Gunn, G.J.5    Pearce, M.C.6    McKendrick, I.J.7    Smith, D.G.8    Gally, D.L.9
  • 25
    • 33746582735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence factors in colonization at the bovine terminal rectal mucosa.
    • Sheng H, Lim JY, Knecht HJ, Li J, Hovde CJ. 2006. Role of Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence factors in colonization at the bovine terminal rectal mucosa. Infect. Immun. 74:4685-4693.
    • (2006) Infect. Immun. , vol.74 , pp. 4685-4693
    • Sheng, H.1    Lim, J.Y.2    Knecht, H.J.3    Li, J.4    Hovde, C.J.5
  • 26
    • 4143061675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid resistance systems required for survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the bovine gastrointestinal tract and in apple cider are different.
    • Price SB, Wright JC, DeGraves FJ, Castanie-Cornet MP, Foster JW. 2004. Acid resistance systems required for survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the bovine gastrointestinal tract and in apple cider are different. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:4792-4799.
    • (2004) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.70 , pp. 4792-4799
    • Price, S.B.1    Wright, J.C.2    DeGraves, F.J.3    Castanie-Cornet, M.P.4    Foster, J.W.5
  • 28
    • 9144262494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of Escherichia coli O157: H7 genes influencing colonization of the bovine gastrointestinal tract using signature-tagged mutagenesis.
    • Dziva F, van Diemen PM, Stevens MP, Smith AJ, Wallis TS. 2004. Identification of Escherichia coli O157: H7 genes influencing colonization of the bovine gastrointestinal tract using signature-tagged mutagenesis. Microbiology 150:3631-3645.
    • (2004) Microbiology , vol.150 , pp. 3631-3645
    • Dziva, F.1    van Diemen, P.M.2    Stevens, M.P.3    Smith, A.J.4    Wallis, T.S.5
  • 30
    • 0014868746 scopus 로고
    • Cellular control of the synthesis and activity of the bacterial luminescent system.
    • Nealson KH, Platt T, Hastings JW. 1970. Cellular control of the synthesis and activity of the bacterial luminescent system. J. Bacteriol. 104:313-322.
    • (1970) J. Bacteriol. , vol.104 , pp. 313-322
    • Nealson, K.H.1    Platt, T.2    Hastings, J.W.3
  • 31
    • 0020724032 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial bioluminescence: isolation and genetic analysis of functions from Vibrio fischeri.
    • Engebrecht J, Nealson K, Silverman M. 1983. Bacterial bioluminescence: isolation and genetic analysis of functions from Vibrio fischeri. Cell 32:773-781.
    • (1983) Cell , vol.32 , pp. 773-781
    • Engebrecht, J.1    Nealson, K.2    Silverman, M.3
  • 32
    • 0009294561 scopus 로고
    • Identification of genes and gene products necessary for bacterial bioluminescence.
    • Engebrecht J, Silverman M. 1984. Identification of genes and gene products necessary for bacterial bioluminescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81:4154-4158.
    • (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.81 , pp. 4154-4158
    • Engebrecht, J.1    Silverman, M.2
  • 33
    • 0034254922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria: a signaling mechanism involved in associations with higher organisms.
    • Parsek MR, Greenberg EP. 2000. Acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria: a signaling mechanism involved in associations with higher organisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:8789-8793.
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.97 , pp. 8789-8793
    • Parsek, M.R.1    Greenberg, E.P.2
  • 35
    • 0033862847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships.
    • de Kievit TR, Iglewski BH. 2000. Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships. Infect. Immun. 68:4839-4849.
    • (2000) Infect. Immun. , vol.68 , pp. 4839-4849
    • de Kievit, T.R.1    Iglewski, B.H.2
  • 37
    • 0028817150 scopus 로고
    • The octopine-type Ti plasmid pTiA6 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains a gene homologous to the chromosomal virulence gene acvB.
    • Kalogeraki VS, Winans SC. 1995. The octopine-type Ti plasmid pTiA6 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains a gene homologous to the chromosomal virulence gene acvB. J. Bacteriol. 177:892-897.
    • (1995) J. Bacteriol. , vol.177 , pp. 892-897
    • Kalogeraki, V.S.1    Winans, S.C.2
  • 38
    • 0030063337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of Escherichia coli strains belonging to enteropathogenic E. coli serogroups isolated in Italy from children with diarrhea
    • Giammanco A, Maggio M, Giammanco G, Morelli R, Minelli F, Scheutz F, Caprioli A. 1996. Characteristics of Escherichia coli strains belonging to enteropathogenic E. coli serogroups isolated in Italy from children with diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:689-694.
    • (1996) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.34 , pp. 689-694
    • Giammanco, A.1    Maggio, M.2    Giammanco, G.3    Morelli, R.4    Minelli, F.5    Scheutz, F.6    Caprioli, A.7
  • 40
    • 0034810591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SdiA of Salmonella enterica is a LuxR homolog that detects mixed microbial communities.
    • Michael B, Smith JN, Swift S, Heffron F, Ahmer BM. 2001. SdiA of Salmonella enterica is a LuxR homolog that detects mixed microbial communities. J. Bacteriol. 183:5733-5742.
    • (2001) J. Bacteriol. , vol.183 , pp. 5733-5742
    • Michael, B.1    Smith, J.N.2    Swift, S.3    Heffron, F.4    Ahmer, B.M.5
  • 42
    • 77449083774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salmonella SdiA recognizes N-acyl homoserine lactone signals from Pectobacterium carotovorum in vitro, but not in a bacterial soft rot.
    • Noel JT, Joy J, Smith JN, Fatica M, Schneider KR, Ahmer BM, Teplitski M. 2010. Salmonella SdiA recognizes N-acyl homoserine lactone signals from Pectobacterium carotovorum in vitro, but not in a bacterial soft rot. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 23:273-282.
    • (2010) Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. , vol.23 , pp. 273-282
    • Noel, J.T.1    Joy, J.2    Smith, J.N.3    Fatica, M.4    Schneider, K.R.5    Ahmer, B.M.6    Teplitski, M.7
  • 44
    • 0036000388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of quorum sensing in the rumen ecosystem: detection ofN-acyl homoserine lactone autoinducers in ruminal contents.
    • Erickson DL, Nsereko VL, Morgavi DP, Selinger LB, Rode LM, Beauchemin KA. 2002. Evidence of quorum sensing in the rumen ecosystem: detection ofN-acyl homoserine lactone autoinducers in ruminal contents. Can. J. Microbiol. 48:374-378.
    • (2002) Can. J. Microbiol. , vol.48 , pp. 374-378
    • Erickson, D.L.1    Nsereko, V.L.2    Morgavi, D.P.3    Selinger, L.B.4    Rode, L.M.5    Beauchemin, K.A.6
  • 45
    • 79959855078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting a human gut microbiota's response to diet in gnotobiotic mice.
    • Faith JJ, McNulty NP, Rey FE, Gordon JI. 2011. Predicting a human gut microbiota's response to diet in gnotobiotic mice. Science 333:101-104.
    • (2011) Science , vol.333 , pp. 101-104
    • Faith, J.J.1    McNulty, N.P.2    Rey, F.E.3    Gordon, J.I.4
  • 47
    • 33749238211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoinducer 3 and epinephrine signaling in the kinetics of locus of enterocyte effacement gene expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.
    • Walters M, Sperandio V. 2006. Autoinducer 3 and epinephrine signaling in the kinetics of locus of enterocyte effacement gene expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 74:5445-5455.
    • (2006) Infect. Immun. , vol.74 , pp. 5445-5455
    • Walters, M.1    Sperandio, V.2
  • 49
    • 0030061698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conserved cis-acting promoter elements are required for density-dependent transcription of Agrobacterium tumefaciens conjugal transfer genes.
    • Fuqua C, Winans SC. 1996. Conserved cis-acting promoter elements are required for density-dependent transcription of Agrobacterium tumefaciens conjugal transfer genes. J. Bacteriol. 178:435-440.
    • (1996) J. Bacteriol. , vol.178 , pp. 435-440
    • Fuqua, C.1    Winans, S.C.2
  • 50
    • 0344445413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rectoanal mucosal swab culture is more sensitive than fecal culture and distinguishes Escherichia coli O157:H7-colonized cattle and those transiently shedding the same organism.
    • Rice DH, Sheng HQ, Wynia SA, Hovde CJ. 2003. Rectoanal mucosal swab culture is more sensitive than fecal culture and distinguishes Escherichia coli O157:H7-colonized cattle and those transiently shedding the same organism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:4924-4929.
    • (2003) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.41 , pp. 4924-4929
    • Rice, D.H.1    Sheng, H.Q.2    Wynia, S.A.3    Hovde, C.J.4
  • 51
    • 22144439427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a Shiga toxin-, intimin-, and enterotoxin hemolysin-producing Escherichia coli ONT:H25 strain commonly isolated from healthy cattle.
    • Sheng H, Davis MA, Knecht HJ, Hancock DD, Van Donkersgoed J, Hovde CJ. 2005. Characterization of a Shiga toxin-, intimin-, and enterotoxin hemolysin-producing Escherichia coli ONT:H25 strain commonly isolated from healthy cattle. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:3213-3220.
    • (2005) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.43 , pp. 3213-3220
    • Sheng, H.1    Davis, M.A.2    Knecht, H.J.3    Hancock, D.D.4    Van Donkersgoed, J.5    Hovde, C.J.6
  • 52
    • 78649670032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of bacterial diversity in the rumen and feces of cattle fed different levels of dried distillers grains plus solubles using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing.
    • Callaway TR, Dowd SE, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, Krueger N, Bauer N, KononoffPJ, Nisbet DJ. 2010. Evaluation of bacterial diversity in the rumen and feces of cattle fed different levels of dried distillers grains plus solubles using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing. J. Anim. Sci. 88:3977-3983.
    • (2010) J. Anim. Sci. , vol.88 , pp. 3977-3983
    • Callaway, T.R.1    Dowd, S.E.2    Edrington, T.S.3    Anderson, R.C.4    Krueger, N.5    Bauer, N.6    Kononoff, P.J.7    Nisbet, D.J.8
  • 53
    • 0037258923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet influences the ecology of lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli along the digestive tract of cattle: neural networks and 16S rDNA.
    • Krause DO, Smith WJ, Conlan LL, Gough JM, Williamson MA, Mc-Sweeney CS. 2003. Diet influences the ecology of lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli along the digestive tract of cattle: neural networks and 16S rDNA. Microbiology 149:57-65.
    • (2003) Microbiology , vol.149 , pp. 57-65
    • Krause, D.O.1    Smith, W.J.2    Conlan, L.L.3    Gough, J.M.4    Williamson, M.A.5    Mc-Sweeney, C.S.6
  • 54
    • 25844512649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of finishing diets on Escherichia coli populations and prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli virulence genes in cattle faeces
    • Gilbert RA, Tomkins N, Padmanabha J, Gough JM, Krause DO, Mc-Sweeney CS. 2005. Effect of finishing diets on Escherichia coli populations and prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli virulence genes in cattle faeces. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:885-894.
    • (2005) J. Appl. Microbiol. , vol.99 , pp. 885-894
    • Gilbert, R.A.1    Tomkins, N.2    Padmanabha, J.3    Gough, J.M.4    Krause, D.O.5    Mc-Sweeney, C.S.6
  • 55
    • 0032508705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grain feeding and the dissemination of acid-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle.
    • Diez-Gonzalez F, Callaway TR, Kizoulis MG, Russell JB. 1998. Grain feeding and the dissemination of acid-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle. Science 281:1666-1668.
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 1666-1668
    • Diez-Gonzalez, F.1    Callaway, T.R.2    Kizoulis, M.G.3    Russell, J.B.4
  • 59


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.