Assessment of Fracture Risk

Osteoporosis, Two-Volume Set

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 923-957

  Nguyen, Nguyen Dinh ^a   Nguyen, Tuan V ^a  

^a GARVAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883992680     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370544-0.50038-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (232)

1. Center J.R., Nguyen T.V., Schneider D., Sambrook P.N., Eisman J.A. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: An observational study. Lancet 1999, 353:878-882.
2. Browner W.S., Pressman A.R., Nevitt M.C., Cummings S.R. Mortality following fractures in older women. The study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156:1521-1525.
3. Hasserius R., Karlsson M.K., Jonsson B., Redlund-Johnell I., Johnell O. Long-term morbidity and mortality after a clinically diagnosed vertebral fracture in the elderly-A 12- and 22-year follow-up of 257 patients. Calcif Tissue Int 2005, 76:235-242.
4. Pande I., Scott D.L., O'Neill T.W., Pritchard C., Woolf A.D., Davis M.J. Quality of life, morbidity, and mortality after low trauma hip fracture in men. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006, 65:87-92.
5. Lindsay R. The burden of osteoporosis: Cost. Am J Med. 1995, 98:9S-11S.
6. Wiktorowicz M.E., Goeree R., Papaioannou A., Adachi J.D., Papadimitropoulos E. Economic implications of hip fracture: Health service use, institutional care and cost in Canada. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:271-278.
7. The Burden of Brittle Bones: Costing Osteoporosis in Australia 2001, Access Economics Pty Ltd, Access Economics Pty Ltd, Canberra, ACT.
8. Cauley J.A., Thompson D.E., Ensrud K.C., Scott J.C., Black D. Risk of mortality following clinical fractures. Osteoporos Int 2000, 11:556-561.
9. Cooper C., Atkinson E.J., Jacobsen S.J., O'Fallon W.M., Melton L. Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol 1993, 137:1001-1005.
10. Pongchaiyakul C., Nguyen N.D., Jones G., Center J.R., Eisman J.A., Nguyen T.V. A symptomatic vertebral deformity as a major risk factor for subsequent fractures and mortality: A long-term prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:1349-1355.
11. Keene G.S., Parker M.J., Pryor G.A. Mortality and morbidity after hip fractures. BMJ 1993, 307:1248-1250.
12. Goeree R., O'Brien B., Pettit D., Cuddy L., Ferraz M., Adachi J. An assessment of the burden of illness due to osteoporosis in Canada. J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can 1996, 18:15-24.
13. Randell A.G., Nguyen T.V., Bhalerao N., Silverman S.L., Sambrook P.N., Eisman J.A. Deterioration in quality of life following hip fracture: A prospective study. Osteoporos Int 2000, 11:460-466.
14. Adachi J.D., Loannidis G., Berger C., Joseph L., Papaioannou A., Pickard L., Papadimitropoulos E.A., Hopman W., Poliquin S., Prior J.C., Hanley D.A., Olszynski W.P., Anastassiades T., Brown J.P., Murray T., Jackson S.A., Tenenhouse A. The influence of osteoporotic fractures on health-related quality of life in community-dwelling men and women across Canada. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:903-908.
15. Phillips S., Fox N., Jacobs J., Wright W.E. The direct medical costs of osteoporosis for American women aged 45 and older, 1986. Bone 1988, 9:271-279.
16. Cummings S.R., Rubin S.M., Black D. The future of hip fractures in the United States. Numbers, costs, and potential effects of postmenopausal estrogen. Clin Orthop 1990, 163-166.
17. Chrischilles E., Shireman T., Wallace R. Costs and health effects of osteoporotic fractures. Bone 1994, 15:377-386.
18. Hanley D.A., Josse R.G. Prevention and management of osteoporosis: Consensus statements from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 1. Introduction. CMJA 1996, 155:921-923.
19. Sanders K.M., Nicholson G.C., Ugoni A.M., Pasco J.A., Seeman E., Kotowicz M.A. Health burden of hip and other fractures in Australia beyond 2000. Projections based on the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Med J Aust 1999, 170:467-470.
20. Nguyen T.V., Center J.R., Eisman J.A. Osteoporosis: Underrated, underdiagnosed and undertreated. Med J Aust 2004, 180:S18-S22.
21. Raisz L.G. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: Concepts, conflicts, and prospects. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:3318-3325.
22. Cooper C., Shah S., Hand D.J., Adams J., Compston J., Davie M., Woolf A. Screening for vertebral osteoporosis using individual risk factors. The Multicentre Vertebral Fracture Study Group. Osteoporos Int 1991, 2:48-53.
23. Cooper C. Bone mass, muscle function and fracture of the proximal femur. Br J Hosp Med 1989, 42:277-280.
24. Cumming R.G., Klineberg R.J. Epidemiological study of the relation between arthritis of the hip and hip fractures. Ann Rheum Dis 1993, 52:707-710.
25. Cummings S.R., Kelsey J.L., Nevitt M.C., O'Dowd K.J. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiol Rev 1985, 7:178-208.
26. Nguyen T., Sambrook P., Kelly P., Jones G., Lord S., Freund J., Eisman J. Prediction of osteoporotic fractures by postural instability and bone density. BMJ 1993, 307:1111-1115.
27. Seeley D.G., Kelsey J., Jergas M., Nevitt M.C. Predictors of ankle and foot fractures in older women. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:1347-1355.
28. Nguyen T.V., Center J.R., Sambrook P.N., Eisman J.A. Risk factors for proximal humerus, forearm, and wrist fractures in elderly men and women: The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 153:587-595.
29. Kanis J.A., Oden A., Johnell O., Jonsson B., de Laet C., Dawson A. The burden of osteoporotic fractures: A method for setting intervention thresholds. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:417-427.
30. Seeley D.G., Browner W.S., Nevitt M.C., Genant H.K., Scott J.C., Cummings S.R. Which fractures are associated with low appendicular bone mass in elderly women? The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:837-842.
31. Stone K.L., Seeley D.G., Lui L.Y., Cauley J.A., Ensrud K., Browner W.S., Nevitt M.C., Cummings S.R. BMD at multiple sites and risk of fracture of multiple types: Long-term results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18:1947-1954.
32. Kannus P., Parkkari J., Niemi S., Palvanen M. Epidemiology of osteoporotic ankle fractures in elderly persons in Finland. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125:975-978.
33. Bengner U., Johnell O., Redlund-Johnell I. Epidemiology of ankle fracture 1950 and 1980. Increasing incidence in elderly women. Acta Orthop Scand 1986, 57:35-37.
34. Daly P.J., Fitzgerald R.H., Melton L.J., Ilstrup D.M. Epidemiology of ankle fractures in Rochester, Minnesota. Acta Orthop Scand. 1987, 58:539-544.
35. Jones G., Nguyen T., Sambrook P.N., Kelly P.J., Gilbert C., Eisman J.A. Symptomatic fracture incidence in elderly men and women: The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study (DOES). Osteoporos Int 1994, 4:277-282.
36. Obrant K.J., Bengner U., Johnell O., Nilsson B.E., Sernbo I. Increasing age-adjusted risk of fragility fractures: A sign of increasing osteoporosis in successive generations?. Calcif Tissue Int 1989, 44:157-167.
37. Melton 3rd L.J., Crowson C.S., O'Fallon W.M. Fracture incidence in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Comparison of urban with rural rates and changes in urban rates over time. Osteoporos Int 1999, 9:29-37.
38. Compston J.E., Cooper C., Kanis J.A. Bone densitometry in clinical practice. BMJ 1995, 310:1507-1510.
39. Kanis J.A., Devogelaer J.P., Gennari C. Practical guide for the use of bone mineral measurements in the assessment of treatment of osteoporosis: A position paper of the European foundation for osteoporosis and bone disease. The Scientific Advisory Board and the Board of National Societies. Osteoporos Int 1996, 6:256-261.
40. LeBoff M.S., Bermas B., Ginsburg E., Gharib S., Fairchild D.G., Johnson P.A., Solomon C.G. Osteoporosis. Guide to Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment 2001, Brigham and Womeńs Hospital, Boston, MA.
41. Melton 3rd L.J., Atkinson E.J., O'Connor M.K., O'Fallon W.M., Riggs B.L. Fracture prediction by BMD in men versus women. J Bone Miner Res 1997, 12(Suppl 1):S362.
42. Nguyen T.V., Eisman J.A., Kelly P.J., Sambrook P.N. Risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in elderly men. Am J Epidemiol 1996, 144:255-263.
43. Keen R.W., Hart D.J., Arden N.K., Doyle D.V., Spector T.D. Family history of appendicular fracture and risk of osteoporosis: A population-based study. Osteoporos Int 1999, 10:161-166.
44. Hu R., Mustard C.A., Burns C. Epidemiology of incident spinal fracture in a complete population. Spine 1996, 21:492-499.
45. Sanders K.M., Pasco J.A., Ugoni A.M., Nicholson G.C., Seeman E., Martin T.J., Skoric B., Panahi S., Kotowicz M.A. The exclusion of high trauma fractures may underestimate the prevalence of bone fragility fractures in the community: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:1337-1342.
46. Kraemer H.C., Kazdin A.E., Offord D.R., Kessler R.C., Jensen P.S., Kupfer D.J. Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54:337-343.
47. Sanders K.M., Seeman E., Ugoni A.M., Pasco J.A., Martin T.J., Skoric B., Nicholson G.C., Kotowicz M.A. Age- and gender-specific rate of fractures in Australia: A population-based study. Osteoporos Int 1999, 10:240-247.
48. Knowelden J., Buhr A.J., Dunbar O. Incidence of fractures in persons over 35 years of age. A report to the M. R. C. Working Party on Fractures in the Elderly. Br J Prev Soc Med 1964, 18:130-141.
49. Garraway W.M., Stauffer R.N., Kurland L.T., O'Fallon W.M. Limb fractures in a defined population. I. Frequency and distribution. Mayo Clin Proc 1979, 54:701-707.
50. Donaldson L.J., Cook A., Thomson R.G. Incidence of fractures in a geographically defined population. J Epidemiol Community Health 1990, 44:241-245.
51. Maravic M., Le Bihan C., Landais P., Fardellone P. Incidence and cost of osteoporotic fractures in France during 2001. A methodological approach by the national hospital database. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:1475-1480.
52. Johnell O., Melton L.J., Nilsson J.A Are annual fluctuations in hip fracture incidence dependent upon the underlying mortality rate?. Osteoporos Int 1998, 8:192-195.
53. Cooley H.M., Jones G. Symptomatic fracture incidence in southern Tasmania: Does living in the country reduce your fracture risk?. Osteoporos Int 2002, 13:317-322.
54. Sanders K.M., Nicholson G.C., Ugoni A.M., Seeman E., Pasco J.A., Kotowicz M.A. Fracture rates lower in rural than urban communities: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002, 56:466-470.
55. Bacon W.E., Maggi S., Looker A., Harris T., Nair C.R., Giaconi J., Honkanen R., Ho S.C., Peffers K.A., Torring O., Gass R., Gonzalez N. International comparison of hip fracture rates in 1988-89. Osteoporos Int 1996, 6:69-75.
56. Elffors L., Gullberg B., Allander E., Johnell O., Kanis J.A. Methodology of MEDOS multicentre study of hip fracture incidence: Validity and relevance considerations. Bone 1993, 14(Suppl 1):S45-S549.
57. Chevalley T., Herrmann F.R., Delmi M., Stern R., Hoffmeyer P., Rapin C.H., Rizzoli R. Evaluation of the age-adjusted incidence of hip fractures between urban and rural areas: The difference is not related to the prevalence of institutions for the elderly. Osteoporos Int 2002, 13:113-118.
58. Zebaze R.M., Seeman E. Epidemiology of hip and wrist fractures in Cameroon, Africa. Osteoporos Int 2003, 14:301-305.
59. Chang K.P., Center J.R., Nguyen T.V., Eisman J.A. Incidence of hip and other osteoporotic fractures in elderly men and women: Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:532-536.
60. Cooley H., Jones G. A population-based study of fracture incidence in southern Tasmania: Lifetime fracture risk and evidence for geographic variations within the same country. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:124-130.
61. Vasan R.S., Beiser A., Seshadri S., Larson M.G., Kannel W.B., D́Agostino R.B., Levy D. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 2002, 287:1003-1010.
62. Nguyen N.D., Ahlborg H.G., Centrer J.R., Eisman J.A., Nguyen T.V. Residual lifetime risk of fracture in Women and Men. J Bone Miner Res. 2007, 22:781-788.
63. Lloyd-Jones D.J., Larson M.G., Beiser A., Levy D. Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet 1999, 353:89-92.
64. Stat bite: Lifetime risk of being diagnosed with cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003, 95:1745.
65. Narayan K.M., Boyle J.P., Thompson T.J., Sorensen S.W., Williamson D.F. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA 2003, 290:1884-1890.
66. Feuer E.J., Wun L.M., Boring C.C., Flanders W.D., Timmel M.J., Tong T. The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993, 85:892-897.
67. Gullberg B., Johnell O., Kanis J.A. World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 1997, 7:407-413.
68. Gullberg B., Duppe H., Nilsson B., Redlund-Johnell I., Sernbo I., Obrant K., Johnell O. Incidence of hip fractures in Malmo, Sweden (1950-1991). Bone 1993, 14(Suppl 1):S23-S29.
69. Falch J.A., Kaastad T.S., Bohler G., Espeland J., Sundsvold O.J. Secular increase and geographical differences in hip fracture incidence in Norway. Bone 1993, 14:643-645.
70. Finsen V., Johnsen L.G., Trano G., Hansen B., Sneve K.S. Hip fracture incidence in central Norway: A followup study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004, 419:173-178.
71. Castro da Rocha F.A., Ribeiro A.R. Low incidence of hip fractures in an equatorial area. Osteoporos Int. 2003, 14:496-499.
72. Adebajo A.O., Cooper C., Evans J.G. Fractures of the hip and distal forearm in West Africa and the United Kingdom. Age Ageing 1991, 20:435-438.
73. Lau E.M., Lee J.K., Suriwongpaisal P., Saw S.M., Das De S., Khir A., Sambrook P. The incidence of hip fracture in four Asian countries: The Asian Osteoporosis Study (AOS). Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:239-243.
74. Phadungkiat S., Chariyalertsak S., Rajatanavin R., Chiengthong K., Suriyawongpaisal P., Woratanarat P. Incidence of hip fracture in Chiang Mai. J Med Assoc Thai 2002, 85:565-571.
75. Yan L., Zhou B., Prentice A., Wang X., Golden M.H. Epidemiological study of hip fracture in Shenyang, Peoplés Republic of China. Bone 1999, 24:151-155.
76. Baron J.A., Karagas M., Barrett J., Kniffin W., Malenka D., Mayor M., Keller R.B. Basic epidemiology of fractures of the upper and lower limb among Americans over 65 years of age. Epidemiology 1996, 7:612-618.
77. Melton L. Epidemiology of hip fractures: Implications of the exponential increase with age. Bone 1996, 18:121S-125S.
78. Zingmond D.S., Melton 3rd L.J., Silverman S.L. Increasing hip fracture incidence in California Hispanics, 1983 to 2000. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:603-610.
79. Koh L.K., Saw S.M., Lee J.J., Leong K.H., Lee J. Hip fracture incidence rates in Singapore 1991-1998. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:311-318.
80. Kaastad T.S., Meyer H.E., Falch J.A. Incidence of hip fracture in Oslo, Norway: Differences within the city. Bone 1998, 22:175-178.
81. Opotowsky A.R., Su B.W., Bilezikian J.P. Height and lower extremity length as predictors of hip fracture: Results of the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18:1674-1681.
82. Meyer H.E., Tverdal A., Falch J.A. Risk factors for hip fracture in middle-aged Norwegian women and men. Am J Epidemiol 1993, 137:1203-1211.
83. Tavani A., Negri E., La Vecchia C. Coffee intake and risk of hip fracture in women in northern Italy. Prev Med 1995, 24:396-400.
84. Grisso J.A., Kelsey J.L., O'Brien L.A., Miles C.G., Sidney S., Maislin G., LaPann K., Moritz D., Peters B. Risk factors for hip fracture in men. Hip Fracture Study Group. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 145:786-793.
85. Fujiwara S., Kasagi F., Yamada M., Kodama K. Risk factors for hip fracture in a Japanese cohort. J Bone Miner Res 1997, 12:998-1004.
86. Schwartz A.V., Kelsey J.L., Sidney S., Grisso J.A. Characteristics of falls and risk of hip fracture in elderly men. Osteoporos Int 1998, 8:240-246.
87. McGrother C.W., Donaldson M.M., Clayton D., Abrams K.R., Clarke M. Evaluation of a hip fracture risk score for assessing elderly women: The Melton Osteoporotic Fracture (MOF) study. Osteoporos Int 2002, 13:89-96.
88. Walter L.C., Lui L.Y., Eng C., Covinsky K.E. Risk of hip fracture in disabled community-living older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003, 51:50-55.
89. Ivers R.Q., Cumming R.G., Mitchell P., Simpson J.M., Peduto A.J. Visual risk factors for hip fracture in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003, 51:356-363.
90. Ivers R.Q., Norton R., Cumming R.G., Butler M., Campbell A.J. Visual impairment and risk of hip fracture. Am J Epidemiol 2000, 152:633-639.
91. Hundrup Y.A., Ekholm O., Hoidrup S., Davidsen M., Obel E.B. Risk factors for hip fracture and a possible effect modification by hormone replacement therapy. The Danish nurse cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2005, 20:871-877.
92. Holmberg A.H., Johnell O., Nilsson P.M., Nilsson J.A., Berglund G., Akesson K. Risk factors for hip fractures in a middle-aged population: A study of 33,000 men and women. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:2185-2194.
93. Espino D.V., Palmer R.F., Miles T.P., Mouton C.P., Wood R.C., Bayne N.S., Markides K.P. Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors associated with hip fractures in community-dwelling older Mexican Americans: Results of the Hispanic EPESE study. Establish Population for the Epidemiologic Study for the Elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48:1252-1260.
94. Lau E.M., Suriwongpaisal P., Lee J.K., Das De S., Festin M.R., Saw S.M., Khir A., Torralba T., Sham A., Sambrook P. Risk factors for hip fracture in Asian men and women: The Asian osteoporosis study. J Bone Miner Res 2001, 16:572-580.
95. Ismail A.A., Cockerill W., Cooper C., Finn J.D., Abendroth K., Parisi G., Banzer D., Benevolenskaya L.I., Bhalla A.K., Armas J.B., Cannata J.B., Delmas P.D., Dequeker J., Dilsen G., Eastell R., Ershova O., Falch J.A., Felsch B., Havelka S., Hoszowski K., Jajic I., Kragl U., Johnell O., Lopez Vaz A., Lorenc R., Yriti G.L., Marchand F., Masary P., Matthis C., Miazgowski T., Pols H.A., Poor G., Rapado A., Raspe H.H., Reid D.M., Reisinger W., Janott J., Scheidt-Nave C., Stepan J., Todd C., Weber K., Woolf A.D., Ambrecht G., Gowin W., Felsenberg D., Lunt M., Kanis J.A., Reeve J., Silman A.J., O'Neill T.W. Prevalent vertebral deformity predicts incident hip though not distal forearm fracture: Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:85-90.
96. Poor G., Atkinson E.J., O'Fallon W.M., Melton 3rd L.J. Predictors of hip fractures in elderly men. J Bone Miner Res 1995, 10:1900-1907.
97. Damilakis J., Papadokostakis G., Perisinakis K., Maris T., Dimitriou P., Hadjipavlou A., Gourtsoyiannis N. Discrimination of hip fractures by quantitative ultrasound of the phalanges and the calcaneus and dual x-ray absorptiometry. Eur J Radiol 2004, 50:268-272.
98. Kanis J., Johnell O., Gullberg B., Allander E., Elffors L., Ranstam J., Dequeker J., Dilsen G., Gennari C., Vaz A.L., Lyritis G., Mazzuoli G., Miravet L., Passeri M., Perez Cano R., Rapado A., Ribot C. Risk factors for hip fracture in men from southern Europe: The MEDOS study. Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 1999, 9:45-54.
99. Pruzansky M.E., Turano M., Luckey M., Senie R. Low body weight as a risk factor for hip fracture in both Black and White women. J Orthop Res 1989, 7:192-197.
100. Marshall D., Johnell O., Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 1996, 312:1254-1259.
101. Haentjens P., Autier P., Collins J., Velkeniers B., Vanderschueren D., Boonen S. Colles fracture, spine fracture, and subsequent risk of hip fracture in men and women. A meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003, 85-A:1936-1943.
102. Law M.R., Hackshaw A.K. A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: Recognition of a major effect. BMJ 1997, 315:841-846.
103. Cummings S.R., Black D.M., Nevitt M.C., Browner W., Cauley J., Ensrud K., Genant H.K., Palermo L., Scott J., Vogt T.M. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet 1993, 341:72-75.
104. Cummings S.R., Nevitt M.C., Browner W.S., Stone K., Fox K.M., Ensrud K.E., Cauley J., Black D., Vogt T.M. Risk factors for hip fracture in White women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:767-773.
105. Dargent-Molina P., Favier F., Grandjean H., Baudoin C., Schott A.M., Hausherr E., Meunier P.J., Breart G. Fallrelated factors and risk of hip fracture: The EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 1996, 348:145-149.
106. Ensrud K.E., Lipschutz R.C., Cauley J.A., Seeley D., Nevitt M.C., Scott J., Orwoll E.S., Genant H.K., Cummings S.R. Body size and hip fracture risk in older women: A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Am J Med 1997, 103:274-280.
107. Center J.R., Nguyen T.V., Pocock N.A., Noakes K.A., Kelly P.J., Eisman J.A., Sambrook P.N. Femoral neck axis length, height loss and risk of hip fracture in males and females. Osteoporos Int 1998, 8:75-81.
108. Center J.R., Nguyen T.V., Pocock N.A., Eisman J.A. Volumetric bone density at the femoral neck as a common measure of hip fracture risk for men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:2776-2782.
109. Mussolino M.E., Looker A.C., Madans J.H., Langlois J.A., Orwoll E.S. Risk factors for hip fracture in White men: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:918-924.
110. Burger H., de Laet C.E., Weel A.E., Hofman A., Pols H.A. Added value of bone mineral density in hip fracture risk scores. Bone 1999, 25:369-374.
111. Schott A.M., Cormier C., Hans D., Favier F., Hausherr E., Dargent-Molina P., Delmas P.D., Ribot C., Sebert J.L., Breart G., Meunier P.J. How hip and whole-body bone mineral density predict hip fracture in elderly women: The EPIDOS Prospective Study. Osteoporos Int 1998, 8:247-254.
112. Black D.M., Arden N.K., Palermo L., Pearson J., Cummings S.R. Prevalent vertebral deformities predict hip fractures and new vertebral deformities but not wrist fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:821-828.
113. Karlamangla A.S., Barrett-Connor E., Young J., Greendale G.A. Hip fracture risk assessment using composite indices of femoral neck strength: The Rancho Bernardo study. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:62-70.
114. Taylor B.C., Schreiner P.J., Stone K.L., Fink H.A., Cummings S.R., Nevitt M.C., Bowman P.J., Ensrud K.E. Long-term prediction of incident hip fracture risk in elderly White women: Study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004, 52:1479-1486.
115. Nguyen T.V., Esteban L.M., White C.P., Grant S.F., Center J.R., Gardiner E.M., Eisman J.A. Contribution of the collagen I alpha1 and vitamin D receptor genes to the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:6575-6579.
116. Szulc P., Duboeuf F., Schott A.M., Dargent-Molina P., Meunier P.J., Delmas P.D. Structural determinants of hip fracture in elderly women: Re-analysis of the data from the EPIDOS study. Osteoporos Int 2006, 17:231-236.
117. Ahlborg H.G., Nguyen N.D., Nguyen T.V., Center J.R., Eisman J.A. Contribution of hip strength indices to hip fracture risk in elderly men and women. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:1820-1827.
118. Bauer D.C., Gluer C.C., Cauley J.A., Vogt T.M., Ensrud K.E., Genant H.K., Black D.M. Broadband ultrasound attenuation predicts fractures strongly and independently of densitometry in older women. A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:629-634.
119. de Laet C.E., Van Hout B.A., Burger H., Weel A.E., Hofman A., Pols H.A. Hip fracture prediction in elderly men and women: Validation in the Rotterdam study. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:1587-1593.
120. Nguyen T.V., Center J.R., Eisman J.A. Femoral neck bone loss predicts fracture risk independent of baseline BMD. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:1195-1201.
121. Grisso J.A., Kelsey J.L., Strom B.L., Chiu G.Y., Maislin G., O'Brien L.A., Hoffman S., Kaplan F. Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fracture in women. The Northeast Hip Fracture Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991, 324:1326-1331.
122. Hedlund R., Lindgren U. Trauma type, age, and gender as determinants of hip fracture. J Orthop Res 1987, 5:242-246.
123. Melton 3rd L.J. Hip fractures: A worldwide problem today and tomorrow. Bone 1993, 14(Suppl 1):S1-S8.
124. Tinetti M.E., Speechley M., Ginter S.F. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1988, 319:1701-1707.
125. Lord S.R., Sambrook P.N., Gilbert C., Kelly P.J., Nguyen T., Webster I.W., Eisman J.A. Postural stability, falls and fractures in the elderly: Results from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Med J Aust. 1994, 160:684-685. 688-691.
126. Birge S.J. Osteoporosis and hip fracture. Clin Geriatr Med 1993, 9:69-86.
127. Greenspan S.L., Myers E.R., Kiel D.P., Parker R.A., Hayes W.C., Resnick N.M. Fall direction, bone mineral density, and function: Risk factors for hip fracture in frail nursing home elderly. Am J Med 1998, 104:539-545.
128. Farahmand B.Y., Michaelsson K., Baron J.A., Persson P.G., Ljunghall S. Body size and hip fracture risk. Swedish Hip Fracture Study Group. Epidemiology 2000, 11:214-219.
129. Lau E.M., Woo J., Lam V., Hong A. Milk supplementation of the diet of postmenopausal Chinese women on a low calcium intake retards bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 2001, 16:1704-1709.
130. Owusu W., Willett W., Ascherio A., Spiegelman D., Rimm E., Feskanich D., Colditz G. Body anthropometry and the risk of hip and wrist fractures in men: Results from a prospective study. Obes Res 1998, 6:12-19.
131. Langlois J.A., Mussolino M.E., Visser M., Looker A.C., Harris T., Madans J. Weight loss from maximum body weight among middle-aged and older White women and the risk of hip fracture: The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:763-768.
132. Langlois J.A., Visser M., Davidovic L.S., Maggi S., Li G., Harris T.B. Hip fracture risk in older White men is associated with change in body weight from age 50 years to old age. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158:990-996.
133. Reid I.R. Relationships among body mass, its components, and bone. Bone 2002, 31:547-555.
134. Uitterlinden A.G., Burger H., Huang Q., Yue F., McGuigan F.E., Grant S.F., Hofman A., van Leeuwen J.P., Pols H.A., Ralston S.H. Relation of alleles of the collagen type Ialpha1 gene to bone density and the risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:1016-1021.
135. Delmas P.D., van de Langerijt L., Watts N.B., Eastell R., Genant H., Grauer A., Cahall D.L. Underdiagnosis of vertebral fractures is a worldwide problem: The IMPACT study. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:557-563.
136. Genant H.K., Jergas M. Assessment of prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in osteoporosis research. Osteoporos Int 2003, 14(Suppl 3):S43-S55.
137. Black D.M., Cummings S.R., Stone K., Hudes E., Palermo L., Steiger P. A new approach to defining normal vertebral dimensions. J Bone Miner Res 1991, 6:883-892.
138. Genant H.K., Wu C.Y., van Kuijk C., Nevitt M.C. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res 1993, 8:1137-1148.
139. Genant H.K., Jergas M., Palermo L., Nevitt M., Valentin R.S., Black D., Cummings S.R. Comparison of semiquantitative visual and quantitative morphometric assessment of prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in osteoporosis. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:984-996.
140. Grados F., Roux C., de Vernejoul M.C., Utard G., Sebert J.L., Fardellone P. Comparison of four morphometric definitions and a semiquantitative consensus reading for assessing prevalent vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:716-722.
141. Szulc P., Munoz F., Sornay-Rendu E., Paris E., Souhami E., Zanchetta J., Bagur A., van der Mooren M.J., Young S., Delmas P.D. Comparison of morphometric assessment of prevalent vertebral deformities in women using different reference data. Bone 2000, 27:841-846.
142. Ferrar L., Jiang G., Adams J., Eastell R. Identification of vertebral fractures: An update. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:717-728.
143. Jiang G., Eastell R., Barrington N.A., Ferrar L. Comparison of methods for the visual identification of prevalent vertebral fracture in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:887-896.
144. Grados F., Marcelli C., Dargent-Molina P., Roux C., Vergnol J.F., Meunier P.J., Fardellone P. Prevalence of vertebral fractures in French women older than 75 years from the EPIDOS study. Bone 2004, 34:362-367.
145. O'Neill T.W., Felsenberg D., Varlow J., Cooper C., Kanis J.A., Silman A.J. The prevalence of vertebral deformity in European men and women: The European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:1010-1018.
146. Nevitt M.C., Cummings S.R., Stone K.L., Palermo L., Black D.M., Bauer D.C., Genant H.K., Hochberg M.C., Ensrud K.E., Hillier T.A., Cauley J.A. Risk factors for a first-incident radiographic vertebral fracture in women > or = 65 years of age: The study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005, 20:131-140.
147. VanderKlift M., de Laet C.E., McCloskey E.V., Hofman A., Pols H.A. The incidence of vertebral fractures in men and women: The Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:1051-1056.
148. Incidence of vertebral fracture in Europe: Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:716-724. The EPOS Group.
149. Jones G., White C., Nguyen T., Sambrook P.N., Kelly P.J., Eisman J.A. Prevalent vertebral deformities: Relationship to bone mineral density and spinal osteophytosis in elderly men and women. Osteoporos Int 1996, 6:233-239.
150. Kanis J.A., Johnell O., Oden A., Borgstrom F., Zethraeus N., de Laet C., Jonsson B. The risk and burden of vertebral fractures in Sweden. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:20-26.
151. Nevitt M.C., Ettinger B., Black D.M., Stone K., Jamal S.A., Ensrud K., Segal M., Genant H.K., Cummings S.R. The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1998, 128:793-800.
152. O'Neill T.W., Cockerill W., Matthis C., Raspe H.H., Lunt M., Cooper C., Banzer D., Cannata J.B., Naves M., Felsch B., Felsenberg D., Janott J., Johnell O., Kanis J.A., Kragl G., Lopes Vaz A., Lyritis G., Masaryk P., Poor G., Reid D.M., Reisinger W., Scheidt-Nave C., Stepan J.J., Todd C.J., Woolf A.D., Reeve J., Silman A.J. Back pain, disability, and radiographic vertebral fracture in European women: A prospective study. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:760-765.
153. Cockerill W., Lunt M., Silman A.J., Cooper C., Lips P., Bhalla A.K., Cannata J.B., Eastell R., Felsenberg D., Gennari C., Johnell O., Kanis J.A., Kiss C., Masaryk P., Naves M., Poor G., Raspe H., Reid D.M., Reeve J., Stepan J., Todd C., Woolf A.D., O'Neill T.W. Health-related quality of life and radiographic vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:113-119.
154. Kado D.M., Duong T., Stone K.L., Ensrud K.E., Nevitt M.C., Greendale G.A., Cummings S.R. Incident vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: A prospective study. Osteoporos Int 2003, 14:589-594.
155. Lindsay R., Silverman S.L., Cooper C., Hanley D.A., Barton I., Broy S.B., Licata A., Benhamou L., Geusens P., Flowers K., Stracke H., Seeman E. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA 2001, 285:320-323.
156. Ross P.D., Davis J.W., Epstein R.S., Wasnich R.D. Preexisting fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med 1991, 114:919-923.
157. Papaioannou A., Joseph L., Ioannidis G., Berger C., Anastassiades T., Brown J.P., Hanley D.A., Hopman W., Josse R.G., Kirkland S., Murray T.M., Olszynski W.P., Pickard L., Prior J.C., Siminoski K., Adachi J.D. Risk factors associated with incident clinical vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women: The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:568-578.
158. VanderKlift M., de Laet C.E., McCloskey E.V., Johnell O., Kanis J.A., Hofman A., Pols H.A. Risk factors for incident vertebral fractures in men and women: The Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:1172-1180.
159. VanderKlift M., Pols H.A., Geleijnse J.M., Van Der Kuip D.A., Hofman A., de Laet C.E. Bone mineral density and mortality in elderly men and women: The Rotterdam Study. Bone 2002, 30:643-648.
160. Roy D.K., O'Neill T.W., Finn J.D., Lunt M., Silman A.J., Felsenberg D., Armbrecht G., Banzer D., Benevolenskaya L.I., Bhalla A., Bruges Armas J., Cannata J.B., Cooper C., Dequeker J., Diaz M.N., Eastell R., Yershova O.B., Felsch B., Gowin W., Havelka S., Hoszowski K., Ismail A.A., Jajic I., Janott I., Johnell O., Kanis J.A., Kragl G., Lopez Vaz A., Lorenc R., Lyritis G., Masaryk P., Matthis C., Miazgowski T., Gennari C., Pols H.A., Poor G., Raspe H.H., Reid D.M., Reisinger W., Scheidt-Nave C., Stepan J.J., Todd C.J., Weber K., Woolf A.D., Reeve J. Determinants of incident vertebral fracture in men and women: Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Osteoporos Int 2003, 14:19-26.
161. Carmichael S.W. Abraham Colles 1773-1843. Clin Anat 2001, 14:387-388.
162. Hunter T.B., Peltier L.F., Lund P.J. Radiologic history exhibit. Musculoskeletal eponyms: Who are those guys? Radiographics 2000, 20:819-836.
163. Eastell R. Forearm fracture. Bone 1996, 18:203S-207S.
164. Cuddihy M.T., Gabriel S.E., Crowson C.S., O'Fallon W.M., Melton L. Forearm fractures as predictors of subsequent osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 1999, 9:469-475.
165. de Bruijn H.P. The Colles' fracture, review and literature. Acta Orthop Scand 1987, 58(Suppl 23):7-25.
166. Cooney W.P., Dobyns J.H., Linscheid R.L. Complications of Colleś fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980, 62:613-619.
167. Melton 3rd L.J., Amadio P.C., Crowson C.S., O'Fallon W.M. Long-term trends in the incidence of distal forearm fractures. Osteoporos Int 1998, 8:341-348.
168. O'Neill T.W., Cooper C., Finn J.D., Lunt M., Purdie D., Reid D.M., Rowe R., Woolf A.D., Wallace W.A. Incidence of distal forearm fracture in British men and women. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:555-558.
169. Thompson P.W., Taylor J., Dawson A. The annual incidence and seasonal variation of fractures of the distal radius in men and women over 25 years in Dorset, UK. Injury 2004, 35:462-466.
170. Miller S.W., Evans J.G. Fractures of the distal forearm in Newcastle: An epidemiological survey. Age Ageing 1985, 14:155-158.
171. Bengner U., Johnell O. Increasing incidence of forearm fractures. A comparison of epidemiologic patterns 25 years apart. Acta Orthop Scand 1985, 56:158-160.
172. Melton L.J. Epidemiology of fractures. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis and Management 1995, 225-247. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. B.L. Riggs, L.J. Melton (Eds.).
173. Tuck S.P., Raj N., Summers G.D. Is distal forearm fracture in men due to osteoporosis?. Osteoporos Int 2002, 13:630-636.
174. Kelsey J.L., Browner W.S., Seeley D.G., Nevitt M.C., Cummings S.R. Risk factors for fractures of the distal forearm and proximal humerus. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Am J Epidemiol 1992, 135:477-489.
175. Hemenway D., Azrael D.R., Rimm E.B., Feskanich D., Willett W.C. Risk factors for wrist fracture: Effect of age, cigarettes, alcohol, body height, relative weight, and handedness on the risk for distal forearm fractures in men. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 140:361-367.
176. Honkanen R., Tuppurainen M., Kroger H., Alhava E., Saarikoski S. Relationships between risk factors and fractures differ by type of fracture: A population-based study of 12,192 perimenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 1998, 8:25-31.
177. Ivers R.Q., Cumming R.G., Mitchell P., Peduto A.J. Risk factors for fractures of the wrist, shoulder and ankle: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Osteoporos Int 2002, 13:513-518.
178. Vogt M.T., Cauley J.A., Tomaino M.M., Stone K., Williams J.R., Herndon J.H. Distal radius fractures in older women: A 10-year follow-up study of descriptive characteristics and risk factors. The study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002, 50:97-103.
179. Silman A.J. Risk factors for Colleś fracture in men and women: Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 2003, 14:213-218.
180. Bensen R., Adachi J.D., Papaioannou A., Ioannidis G., Olszynski W.P., Sebaldt R.J., Murray T.M., Josse R.G., Brown J.P., Hanley D.A., Petrie A., Puglia M., Goldsmith C.H., Bensen W. Evaluation of easily measured risk factors in the prediction of osteoporotic fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2005, 6:47.
181. Porthouse J., Birks Y.F., Torgerson D.J., Cockayne S., Puffer S., Watt I. Risk factors for fracture in a UK population: A prospective cohort study. QJM 2004, 97:569-574.
182. Honkanen R.J., Honkanen K., Kroger H., Alhava E., Tuppurainen M., Saarikoski S. Risk factors for perimenopausal distal forearm fracture. Osteoporos Int 2000, 11:265-270.
183. O'Neill T.W., Marsden D., Adams J.E., Silman A.J. Risk factors, falls, and fracture of the distal forearm in Manchester, UK. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996, 50:288-292.
184. Mallmin H., Ljunghall S., Persson I., Bergstrom R. Risk factors for fractures of the distal forearm: A population-based case-control study. Osteoporos Int 1994, 4:298-304.
185. Kelsey J.L., Prill M.M., Keegan T.H., Tanner H.E., Bernstein A.L., Quesenberry C.P., Sidney S. Reducing the risk for distal forearm fracture: Preserve bone mass, slow down, and dońt fall!. Osteoporos Int. 2005, 16:681-690.
186. Cauley J.A., Seeley D.G., Ensrud K., Ettinger B., Black D., Cummings S.R. Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:9-16.
187. Maxim P., Ettinger B., Spitalny G.M. Fracture protection provided by long-term estrogen treatment. Osteoporos Int 1995, 5:23-29.
188. Williams A.R., Weiss N.S., Ure C.L., Ballard J., Daling J.R. Effect of weight, smoking, and estrogen use on the risk of hip and forearm fractures in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1982, 60:695-699.
189. Feskanich D., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A. A prospective study of thiazide use and fractures in women. Osteoporos Int 1997, 7:79-84.
190. Schuit S.C., VanderKlift M., Weel A.E., de Laet C.E., Burger H., Seeman E., Hofman A., Uitterlinden A.G., van Leeuwen J.P., Pols H.A. Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: The Rotterdam Study. Bone 2004, 34:195-202.
191. Bengner U., Johnell O., Redlund-Johnell I. Increasing incidence of tibia condyle and patella fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 1986, 57:334-336.
192. Fox K.M., Magaziner J., Hawkes W.G., Yu-Yahiro J., Hebel J.R., Zimmerman S.I., Holder L., Michael R. Loss of bone density and lean body mass after hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 2000, 11:31-35.
193. Karlsson M.K., Nilsson B.E., Obrant K.J. Bone mineral loss after lower extremity trauma. 62 cases followed for 15-38 years. Acta Orthop Scand 1993, 64:362-364.
194. Cummings S.R., Marcus R., Palermo L., Ensrud K.E., Genant H.K. Does estimating volumetric bone density of the femoral neck improve the prediction of hip fracture? A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 1994, 9:1429-1432.
195. Greenspan S.L., Maitland L.A., Myers E.R., Krasnow M.B., Kido T.H. Femoral bone loss progresses with age: A longitudinal study in women over age 65. J Bone Miner Res 1994, 9:1959-1965.
196. Harrel F.E. Regression Modeling Strategies with Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival Analysis 2001, Springer, New York.
197. Mozina M., Demsar J., Kattan M., Zupan B. Nomograms for visualization of naive Bayesian classifier 2004, 337-348.
198. Rae S.A., Wang W.J., Partridge D. Artificial neural networks: A potential role in osteoporosis. J R Soc Med 1999, 92:119-122.
199. Schulman P. Bayeś theorem-A review. Cardiol Clin 1984, 2:319-328.
200. In praise of Bayes September 30, 2000, The Economist.
201. vanStaa T.P., Geusens P., Kanis J.A., Leufkens H.G., Gehlbach S., Cooper C. A simple clinical score for estimating the long-term risk of fracture in post-menopausal women. QJM 2006, 99:673-682.
202. Black D.M., Steinbuch M., Palermo L., Dargent-Molina P., Lindsay R., Hoseyni M.S., Johnell O. An assessment tool for predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:519-528.
203. Kattan M.W., Reuter V., Motzer R.J., Katz J., Russo P. A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2001, 166:63-67.
204. Ettinger B., Hillier T.A., Pressman A., Che M., Hanley D.A. Simple computer model for calculating and reporting 5-year osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005, 14:159-171.
205. Kanis J.A., Borgstrom F., de Laet C., Johansson H., Johnell O., Jonsson B., Oden A., Zethraeus N., Pfleger B., Khaltaev N. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:581-589.
206. Henderson L.J. Blood: A Study in General Physiology 1928, New Haven, Yale University Press, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, London.
207. Bianco F.J. Nomograms and medicine. Eur Urol. 2006, 50:884-886.
208. Kattan M.W. Nomograms are superior to staging and risk grouping systems for identifying high-risk patients: Preoperative application in prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2003, 13:111-116.
209. Wong S.L., Kattan M.W., McMasters K.M., Coit D.G. A nomogram that predicts the presence of sentinel node metastasis in melanoma with better discrimination than the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12:282-288.
210. Nguyen N.D., Pongchaiyakul C., Center J.R., Eisman J.A., Nguyen T.V. Identification of high-risk individuals for hip fracture: A 14-year prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:1921-1928.
211. N.D. Nguyen, S.A. Frost, J.R. Center, J.A. Eisman, T.V. Nguyen; Development of a nomogram for individualizing hip fracture risk in men and women. Osteoporosis Int. DOI 10.1007/s00198-007-0362-8.
212. Hilden J. Speaking of prognosis. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1990, 94:171-176.
213. Windeler J. Prognosis-What does the clinician associate with this notion?. Stat Med. 2000, 19:425-430.
214. Testi D., Cappello A., Sgallari F., Rumpf M., Viceconti M. A new software for prediction of femoral neck fractures. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2004, 75:141-145.
215. Harrell F.E., Lee K.L., Mark D.B. Multivariable prognostic models: Issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med. 1996, 15:361-387.
216. In Life expectancy and disability in Australia 1988 to 2003 2006, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Disability series. Cat. no. DIS 47. AIHW, Canberra.
217. de Laet C.E., Van Hout B.A., Burger H., Hofman A., Pols H.A. Bone density and risk of hip fracture in men and women: Cross sectional analysis. BMJ 1997, 315:221-225.
218. Burger H., de Laet C.E., vanDaele P.L., Weel A.E., Witteman J.C., Hofman A., Pols H.A. Risk factors for increased bone loss in an elderly population: The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998, 147:871-879.
219. Minne H.W., Leidig G., Wuster C., Siromachkostov L., Baldauf G., Bickel R., Sauer P., Lojen M., Ziegler R. A newly developed spine deformity index (SDI) to quantitate vertebral crush fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Bone Miner 1988, 3:335-349.
220. Hedlund L.R., Gallagher J.C. Vertebral morphometry in diagnosis of spinal fractures. Bone Miner 1988, 5:59-67.
221. Gallagher J.C., Hedlund L.R., Stoner S., Meeger C. Vertebral morphometry: Normative data. Bone Miner 1988, 4:189-196.
222. Hedlund L.R., Gallagher J.C., Meeger C., Stoner S. Change in vertebral shape in spinal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1989, 44:168-172.
223. Kleerekoper M., Parfitt A.M., Ellis B.I. Measurement of Vertebral Fracture Rates in Osteoporosis 1984, 103-108. C. Christiansen, C.D. Arnaud, B.E.C. Nordin, A.M. Parfitt, W.A. Peck, B.L. Riggs (Eds.).
224. Davies K.M., Recker R.R., Heaney R.P. Revisable criteria for vertebral deformity. Osteoporos Int 1993, 3:265-270.
225. Davies K.M., Recker R.R., Heaney R.P. Normal vertebral dimensions and normal variation in serial measurements of vertebrae. J Bone Miner Res 1989, 4:341-349.
226. Harrison J.E., Patt N., Muller C., Bayley T.A., Budden F.H., Josse R.G., Murray T.M., Sturtridge W.C., Strauss A., Goodwin S. Bone mineral mass associated with postmenopausal vertebral deformities. Bone Miner 1990, 10:243-251.
227. Raymakers J.A., Kapelle J.W., van Beresteijn E.C., Duursma S.A. Assessment of osteoporotic spine deformity. A new method. Skeletal Radiol 1990, 19:91-97.
228. Eastell R., Cedel S.L., Wahner H.W., Riggs B.L., Melton 3rd L.J. Classification of vertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res 1991, 6:207-215.
229. Smith-Bindman R., Steiger P., Cummings S.R., Genant H.K. The index of radiographic area (IRA): A new approach to estimating the severity of vertebral deformity. Bone Miner 1991, 15:137-149.
230. Ross P.D., Yhee Y.K., He Y.F., Davis J.W., Kamimoto C., Epstein R.S., Wasnich R.D. A new method for vertebral fracture diagnosis. J Bone Miner Res 1993, 8:167-174.
231. McCloskey E.V., Spector T.D., Eyres K.S., Fern E.D., O'Rourke N., Vasikaran S., Kanis J.A. The assessment of vertebral deformity: A method for use in population studies and clinical trials. Osteoporos Int 1993, 3:138-147.
232. Genant H.K., van Kuijk C., Jergas M. Vertebral Fracture in Osteoporosis 1995, Research and Education Foundation, San Francisco.