Multivariate benthic ecosystem functioning in the Arctic-benthic fluxes explained by environmental parameters in the southeastern Beaufort Sea

Biogeosciences

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 5911-5929

  Link, H ^a   Chaillou, G ^b   Forest, A ^c   Piepenburg, D ^d   Archambault, P ^a  

^a INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA MER DE RIMOUSKI   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENTHIC FLUX; BENTHOS; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; BOTTOM WATER; CLIMATE CHANGE; DATA ACQUISITION; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; MANGANESE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NUTRIENT; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON; SEDIMENT; SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE; SILICIC ACID; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SPATIAL VARIATION; SUMMER;

ARCTIC; ARCTIC OCEAN; BEAUFORT SEA;

EID: 84883871308     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-5911-2013     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. ACIA: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), Cambridge, UK, 1046, 2004.
2. Akaike, H.: A new look at the Bayes procedure, Biometrika, 65, 53-59, 1978.
3. Aller, R. C.: Benthic fauna and biogeochemical processes in marine sediments: The role of burrow structures, in: Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine environments, edited by: Blackburn, T. H. and Sørensen, J., John Wiley, 301-338, 1988.
4. Anderson, M. J., Gorley, R. N., and Clarke, K. R.: PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: guide to software and statistical methods, PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth, UK, 2008.
5. Anschutz, H., Eisen, O., Rack, W., and Scheinert, M.: Periodic surface features in coastal East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22501, doi:10.1029/2006gl027871, 2006.
6. Anschutz, P., Sundby, B., Lefrancois, L., Luther, G. W., and Mucci, A.: Interactions between metal oxides and species of nitrogen and iodine in bioturbated marine sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 64, 2751-2763, doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00400-2, 2000.
7. Anschutz, P., Dedieu, K., Desmazes, F., and Chaillou, G.: Speciation, oxidation state, and reactivity of particulate manganese in marine sediments, Chem. Geol., 218, 265-279, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.01.008, 2005.
8. Ardyna, M., Gosselin, M., Michel, C., Poulin, M., and Tremblay, J. E.: Environmental forcing of phytoplankton community structure and function in the Canadian High Arctic: contrasting oligotrophic and eutrophic regions, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 442, 37-57, doi:10.3354/meps09378, 2011.
9. Arrigo, K. R. and van Dijken, G. L.: Annual cycles of sea ice and phytoplankton in Cape Bathurst polynya, southeastern Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08304, doi:10.1029/2003gl018978, 2004.
10. Barber, D., Asplin, M., Papakyriakou, T., Miller, L., Else, B., Iacozza, J., Mundy, C., Gosslin, M., Asselin, N., Ferguson, S., Lukovich, J., Stern, G., Gaden, A., Púcko, M., Geilfus, N. X., and Wang, F.: Consequences of change and variability in sea ice on marine ecosystem and biogeochemical processes during the 2007-2008 Canadian International Polar Year program, Climatic Change, 115, 135-159, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0482-9, 2012.
11. Belanger, S., Xie, H. X., Krotkov, N., Larouche, P., Vincent, W. F., and Babin, M.: Photomineralization of terrigenous dissolved organic matter in Arctic coastal waters from 1979 to 2003: Interannual variability and implications of climate change, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB4005, doi:10.1029/2006gb002708, 2006.
12. Benner, R., Benitez-Nelson, B., Kaiser, K., and Amon, R. M. W.: Export of young terrigenous dissolved organic carbon from rivers to the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05305, doi:10.1029/2003gl019251, 2004.
13. Berner, R. A.: Early Diagenesis. A theoretical approach, Princeton University Press, 1980.
14. Braeckman, U., Provoost, P., Gribsholt, B., Van Gansbeke, D., Middelburg, J. J., Soetaert, K., Vincx, M., and Vanaverbeke, J.: Role of macrofauna functional traits and density in biogeochemical fluxes and bioturbation, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 399, 173-186, doi:10.3354/meps08336, 2010.
15. Bringúe, M. and Rochon, A.: Late Holocene paleoceanography and climate variability over the Mackenzie Slope (Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic), Mar. Geol., 291, 83-96, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.11.004, 2012.
16. Callier, M. D., McKindsey, C.W., and Desrosiers, G.: Evaluation of indicators used to detect mussel farm influence on the benthos: two case studies in the Magdalen Islands, Eastern Canada, Aquaculture, 278, 77-88, 2008.
17. Canfield, D. E., Thamdrup, B., and Hansen, J. W.: The anaerobic degradation of organic matter in Danish coastal sediments-iron reduction, manganese reduction, and sulfate reduction, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 57, 3867-3883, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(93)90340-3, 1993.
18. Chan, F., Barth, J., Lubchenco, J., Kirincich, J., Weeks, A., Peterson, H., Mengl, W. T., and Chan, B. A.: Emergence of anoxia in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem, Science, 319, p. 920, 2008.
19. Chang, B. X. and Devol, A. H.: Seasonal and spatial patterns of sedimentary denitrification rates in the Chukchi sea, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 1339-1350, 2009.
20. Clarke, K. R. and Gorley, R. N.: PRIMER v6: User manual/tutorial, PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth, UK, 192 pp., 2006.
21. Conlan, K., Aitken, A., Hendrycks, E., McClelland, C., and Melling, H.: Distribution patterns of Canadian Beaufort Shelf macrobenthos, J. Marine Syst., 74, 864-886, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.10.002, 2008.
22. Darnis, G., Robert, D., Pomerleau, C., Link, H., Archambault, P., Nelson, R., Geoffroy, M., Tremblay, J.-E., Lovejoy, C., Ferguson, S., Hunt, B., and Fortier, L.: Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: II. Heterotrophic food web, pelagicbenthic coupling, and biodiversity, Climatic Change, 115, 179-205, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0483-8, 2012.
23. Davenport, E. S., Shull, D. H., and Devol, A. H.: Roles of sorption and tube-dwelling benthos in the cycling of phosphorus in Bering Sea sediments, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 65-70, 163-172, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.02.004, 2012.
24. Durantou, L., Rochon, A., Ledu, D., Masśe, G., Schmidt, S., and Babin, M.: Quantitative reconstruction of sea-surface conditions over the last 150 yr in the Beaufort Sea based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages: the role of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, Biogeosciences, 9, 5391-5406, doi:10.5194/bg-9-5391-2012, 2012.
25. Ebenḧoh, W., Kohlmeier, C., and Radford, P. J.: The benthic biological submodel in the European regional seas ecosystem model, Neth. J. Sea Res., 33, 423-452, 1995.
26. Forest, A., Sampei, M., Hattori, H., Makabe, R., Sasaki, H., Fukuchi, M., Wassmann, P., and Fortier, L.: Particulate organic carbon fluxes on the slope of the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea): Physical and biological forcing of shelf-basin exchanges, J. Marine Syst., 68, 39-54, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006. 10.008, 2007.
27. Forest, A., Belanger, S., Sampei, M., Sasaki, H., C., Lalande, C., and Fortier, L.: Three-year assessment of particulate organic carbon fluxes in Amundsen Gulf (Beaufort Sea): Satellite observations and sediment trap measurements, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 125-142, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.002, 2010.
28. Forest, A., Tremblay, J.-́ E., Gratton, Y., Martin, J., Gagnon, J., Darnis, G., Sampei, M., Fortier, L., Ardyna, M., Gosselin, M., Hattori, H., Nguyen, D., Maranger, R., Vaqúe, D., Marrase, C., Pedros-Alío, C., Sallon, A., Michel, C., Kellogg, C., Deming, J., Shadwick, E., Thomas, H., Link, H., Archambault, P., and Piepenburg, D.: Biogenic carbon flows through the planktonic food web of the Amundsen Gulf (Arctic Ocean): A synthesis of field measurements and inverse modeling analyses, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 410-436, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.05.002, 2011.
29. Forest, A., Babin, M., Stemmann, L., Picheral, M., Sampei, M., Fortier, L., Gratton, Y., Belanger, S., Devred, E., Sahlin, J., Doxaran, D., Joux, F., Ortega-Retuerta, E., Martn, J., Jeffrey, W. H., Gasser, B., and Carlos Miquel, J.: Ecosystem function and particle flux dynamics across the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean): an integrative analysis of spatial variability and biophysical forcings, Biogeosciences, 10, 2833-2866, doi:10.5194/bg-10-2833- 2013, 2013.
30. Froelich, P. N., Klinkhammer, G. P., Bender, M. L., Luedtke, N. A., Heath, G. R., Cullen, D., Dauphin, P., Hammond, D., Hartman, B., and Maynard, V.: Early oxidation of organic-matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial atlantic-suboxic diagenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 43, 1075-1090, 1979.
31. Fukasawa, M., Freeland, H., Perkin, R., Watanabe, T., Uchida, H., and Nishina, A.: Bottom water warming in the North Pacific Ocean, Nature, 427, 825-827, 2004.
32. Galley, R. J., Key, E., Barber, D. G., Hwang, B. J., and Ehn, J. K.: Spatial and temporal variability of sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf: 1980-2004, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C05s95, doi:10.1029/2007jc004553, 2008.
33. Gao, Y., Cornwell, J. C., Stoecker, D. K., and Owens, M. S.: Effects of cyanobacterial-driven pH increases on sediment nutrient fluxes and coupled nitrification-denitrification in a shallow fresh water estuary, Biogeosciences, 9, 2697-2710, doi:10.5194/bg-9-2697-2012, 2012.
34. Gilbert, D., Sundby, B., Gobeil, C. and Mucci, A.: A seventytwo-year record of diminishing deep-water oxygen in the St. Lawrence estuary: The northwest Atlantic connection, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1654-1666, 2005.
35. Gilbert, D., Rabalais, N. N., Deaz, R. J., and Zhang, J.: Evidence for greater oxygen decline rates in the coastal ocean than in the open ocean, Biogeosciences, 7, 2283-2296, doi:10.5194/bg-7-2283-2010, 2010.
36. Glud, R. N.: Oxygen dynamics of marine sediments, Mar. Biol. Res., 4, 243-289, doi:10.1080/17451000801888726, 2008.
37. Gobeil, C., Sundby, B., Macdonald, R.W., and Smith, J. N.: Recent change in organic carbon flux to Arctic Ocean deep basins: Evidence from acid volatile sulfide, manganese and rhenium discord in sediments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1743-1746, 2001.
38. Godbold, J. A. and Solan, M.: Relative importance of biodiversity and the abiotic environment in mediating an ecosystem process, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 396, 273-282, doi:10.3354/meps08401, 2009.
39. Goni, M. A., Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., and Eglinton, T. I.: The supply and preservation of ancient and modem components of organic carbon in the Canadian Beaufort Shelf of the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 93, 53-73, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.08.001, 2005.
40. Graf, G.: Benthic-Pelagic Coupling-A Benthic View, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 30, 149-190, 1992.
41. Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhardt, M.: Methods of Seawater Analysis, in, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, New York, 159-228, 1999.
42. Grebmeier, J. M., Cooper, L. W., Feder, H. M., and Sirenko, B. I.: Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic, Prog. Oceanogr., 71, 331-361, 2006.
43. Guidi, L., Jackson, G. A., Stemmann, L., Miquel, J. C., Picheral, M., and Gorsky, G.: Relationship between particle size distribution and flux in the mesopelagic zone, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 1364-1374, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.05. 014, 2008.
44. Hall, P. O. J., Anderson, L. G., Vanderloeff, M. M. R., Sundby, B., and Westerlund, S. F. G.: Oxygen uptake kinetics in the benthic boundary layer, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 734-746, 1989.
45. Hensen, C., Zabel, M., and Schulz, H.: Benthic Cycling of Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus, in: Marine Geochemistry, edited by: Schulz, H. D. and Zabel, M., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 207-240, 2006.
46. Holmes, R. M., Aminot, A., Kerouel, R., Hooker, B. A., and Peterson, B. J.: A simple and precise method for measuring ammonium in marine and freshwater ecosystems, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 56, 1801-1808, 1999.
47. Holstein, J. and Hensen, C.: Microbial mediation of benthic biogenic silica dissolution, Geo-Mar. Lett., 30, 477-492, doi:10.1007/s00367-009-0181-3, 2010.
48. Hulth, S., Aller, R. C., Canfield, D. E., Dalsgaard, T., Engstrom, P., Gilbert, F., Sundback, K., and Thamdrup, B.: Nitrogen removal in marine environments: recent findings and future research challenges, Mar. Chem., 94, 125-145, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.07.013, 2005.
49. Hyacinthe, C., Anschutz, P., Carbonel, P., Jouanneau, J. M., and Jorissen, F. J.: Early diagenetic processes in the muddy sediments of the Bay of Biscay, Mar. Geol., 177, 111-128, doi:10.1016/s0025-3227(01)00127-x, 2001.
50. Juul-Pedersen, T., Michel, C., and Gosselin, M.: Influence of the Mackenzie River plume on the sinking export of particulate material on the shelf, J. Marine Syst., 74, 810-824, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.02.001, 2008.
51. Juul-Pedersen, T., Michel, C., and Gosselin, M.: Sinking export of particulate organic material from the euphotic zone in the eastern Beaufort Sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 410, 55-70, doi:10.3354/meps08608, 2010.
52. Katsev, S., Sundby, B., and Mucci, A.: Modeling vertical excursions of the redox boundary in sediments: Application to deep basins of the Arctic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 1581-1593, 2006.
53. Kristensen, E., Penha-Lopes, G., Delefosse, M., Valdemarsen, T., Quintana, C. O., and Banta, G. T.: What is bioturbation? The need for a precise definition for fauna in aquatic sciences, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 446, 285-302, doi:10.3354/meps09506, 2012.
54. Lalande, C., Forest, A., Barber, D. G., Gratton, Y., and Fortier, L.: Variability in the annual cycle of vertical particulate organic carbon export on Arctic shelves: Contrasting the Laptev Sea, Northern Baffin Bay and the Beaufort Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 29, 2157-2165, 2009.
55. Laverock, B., Gilbert, J. A., Tait, K., Osborn, A. M., and Widdicombe, S.: Bioturbation: impact on the marine nitrogen cycle, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 39, 315-320, 10.1042/bst0390315, 2011.
56. Lefort, S., Mucci, A., and Sundby, B.: Sediment Response to 25 Years of Persistent Hypoxia, Aquat. Geochem., 18, 461-474, doi:10.1007/s10498-012-9173-4, 2012.
57. Lepore, K., Moran, S. B., Grebmeier, J. M., Cooper, L. W., Lalande, C., Maslowski, W., Hill, V., Bates, N. R., Hansell, D. A., Mathis, J. T., and Kelly, R. P.: Seasonal and interannual changes in particulate organic carbon export and deposition in the Chukchi Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C10024, doi:10.1029/2006jc003555, 2007.
58. Link, H., Archambault, P., Tamelander, T., Renaud, P. E., and Piepenburg, D.: Spring-to-summer changes and regional variability of benthic processes in the western Canadian Arctic, Polar Biol., 34, 2025-2038, doi:10.1007/s00300-011- 1046-6, 2011.
59. Link, H., Chaillou, G., Forest, A., Piepenburg, D., and Archambault, P.: Interactive comment on "Multivariate benthic ecosystem functioning in the Arctic-benthic fluxes explained by environmental parameters in the southeastern Beaufort Sea", Biogeosciences Discuss., http://www.biogeosciences-discuss. net/9/C9453/2013/bgd-9-C9453-2013-supplement.pdf, 2013.
60. Loucaides, S., Cappellen, P., Roubeix, V., Moriceau, B., and Ragueneau, O.: Controls on the Recycling and Preservation of Biogenic Silica from Biomineralization to Burial, Silicon, 4, 7-22, doi:10.1007/s12633-011-9092-9, 2012.
61. Luther, G. W., Sundby, B., Lewis, B. L., Brendel, P. J., and Silverberg, N.: Interactions of manganese with the nitrogen cycle: Alternative pathways to dinitrogen, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 4043-4052, doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(97) 00239-1, 1997.
62. Macdonald, R.W., Naidu, A. S., Yunker, M. B., and Gobeil, C.: The Beaufort Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon, in: The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Stein, R. and Macdonald, R. W., Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 177-192, 2004.
63. Magen, C.: Origin, Sedimentation and Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Coastal Sediments of the Southern Beaufort Sea Region, Canadian Arctic, PhD, McGill University, 2009.
64. Magen, C., Chaillou, G., Crowe, S. A., Mucci, A., Sundby, B., Gao, A. G., Makabe, R., and Sasaki, H.: Origin and fate of particulate organic matter in the southern Beaufort Sea-Amundsen Gulf region, Canadian Arctic, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 86, 31-41, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.09.009, 2010.
65. McArdle, B. H. and Anderson, M. J.: Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance-based redundancy analysis, Ecology, 82, 290-297, 2001.
66. Michaud, E., Desrosiers, G., Mermillod-Blondin, F., Sundby, B., and Stora, G.: The functional group approach to bioturbation: The effects of biodiffusers and gallery-diffusers of the Macoma balthica community on sediment oxygen uptake, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 326, 77-88, 2005.
67. Michaud, E., Desrosiers, G., Aller, R. C., Mermillod-Blondin, F., Sundby, B., and Stora, G.: Spatial interactions in the Macoma balthica community control biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface and microbial abundances, J. Mar. Res., 67, 43-70, 2009.
68. Morata, N., Renaud, P. E., Brugel, S., Hobson, K. A., and Johnson, B. J.: Spatial and seasonal variations in the pelagicbenthic coupling of the southeastern Beaufort Sea revealed by sedimentary biomarkers, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 371, 47-63, doi:10.3354/meps07677, 2008.
69. M̈uller P. J.: C/N ratios in Pacifie deep-sea sediments: effect of inorganic ammonium and organic nitrogen compounds sorbed by clays, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 41, 765-776, 1977.
70. Mundy, C. J., Gosselin, M., Ehn, J., Gratton, Y., Rossnagel, A., Barber, D. G., Martin, J., Tremblay, J. E., Palmer, M., Arrigo, K. R., Darnis, G., Fortier, L., Else, B., and Papakyriakou, T.: Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17601 doi:10.1029/2009gl038837, 2009.
71. Naidu, A. S., Cooper, L. W., Finney, B. P., Macdonald, R. W., Alexander, C., and Semiletov, I. P.: Organic carbon isotope ratios (delta C-13) of Arctic Amerasian Continental shelf sediments, Int. J. Earth Sci., 89, 522-532, doi:10.1007/s005310000121, 2000.
72. O'Brien, M. C., Macdonald, R. W., Melling, H., and Iseki, K.: Particle fluxes and geochemistry on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf: Implications for sediment transport and deposition, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 41-81, 2006.
73. Ortega-Retuerta, E., Jeffrey,W. H., Babin, M., Belanger, S., Benner, R., Marie, D., Matsuoka, A., Raimbault, P., and Joux, F.: Carbon fluxes in the Canadian Arctic: patterns and drivers of bacterial abundance, production and respiration on the Beaufort Sea margin, Biogeosciences, 9, 3679-3692, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3679-2012, 2012.
74. Pfannkuche, O.: Benthic response to the sedimentation of particulate organic matter at the Biotrans station, 47-degrees-N, 20-degrees-W, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 40, 135-149, 1993.
75. Picheral, M., Guidi, L., Stemmann, L., Karl, D. M., Iddaoud, G., and Gorsky, G.: The Underwater Vision Profiler 5: An advanced instrument for high spatial resolution studies of particle size spectra and zooplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 8, 462-473, 2010.
76. Piot, A., Nozais, C., and Archambault, P.: Meiofauna affect the macrobenthic biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship, Oikos, in press, 2013.
77. Quinn, G. and Keough, M.: Experimental design and data analysis for biologists, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 537 pp., 2002.
78. Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., Diaz, R. J., and Justic , D.: Global change and eutrophication of coastal waters, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 66, 1528-1537, 2009.
79. Rachold, V., Eicken, H., Gordeev, V. V., Grigoriev, M. N., Hubberten, H.-W., Lisitzin, A. P., Shevchenko, V. P., and Schirrmeister, L.: Modern terrigenous organic carbon input to the Arctic Ocean, in: The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Stein, R. and Macdonald, R. W., Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 33-55, 2004.
80. Renaud, P. E., Morata, N., Ambrose, W. G., Bowie, J. J., and Chiuchiolo, A.: Carbon cycling by seafloor communities on the eastern Beaufort Sea shelf, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 349, 248-260, 2007a.
81. Renaud, P. E., Riedel, A., Michel, C., Morata, N., Gosselin, M., Juul-Pedersen, T., and Chiuchiolo, A.: Seasonal variation in benthic community oxygen demand: A response to an ice algal bloom in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic?, J. Marine Syst., 67, 1-12, 2007b.
82. Riaux-Gobin, C. and Klein, B.: Microphytobenthic Biomass Measurement Using HPLC and Conventional Pigment Analysis, in: Handbook of methods in aquatic microbial ecology, edited by: Kemp, P., Sherr, B., Sherr, E., and Cole, J., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 369-376, 1993.
83. Richard, M., Archambault, P., Thouzeau, G., and Desrosiers, G.: Summer influence of 1 and 2 yr old mussel cultures on benthic fluxes in Grande-Entree lagoon, Iles-de-la-Madeleine (Qúebec, Canada), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 338, 131-143, 2007.
84. Richerol, T., Rochon, A., Blasco, S., Scott, D. B., Schell, T. M., and Bennett, R. J.: Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments of the Mackenzie Shelf and Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea (Canada), J. Marine Syst., 74, 825-839, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.11.003, 2008.
85. Robert, P., McKindsey, C. W., Chaillou, G., and Archambault, P.: Dose-dependent response of a benthic system to biodeposition from suspended blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) culture, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 66, 92-104, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.003, 2013.
86. Rontani, J.-F., Charriere, B., Petit, M., Vaultier, F., Heipieper, H. J., Link, H., Chaillou, G., and Sempere, R.: Degradation state of organic matter in surface sediments from the Southern Beaufort Sea: a lipid approach, Biogeosciences, 9, 3513-3530, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3513-2012, 2012.
87. Ruttenberg, K. C. and Sulak, D. J.: Sorption and desorption of dissolved organic phosphorus onto iron (oxyhydr)oxides in seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 4095-4112, 2011.
88. Rysgaard, S., Thamdrup, B., Risgaard-Petersen, N., Fossing, H., Berg, P., Christensen, P. B., and Dalsgaard, T.: Seasonal carbon and nutrient mineralization in a high-Arctic coastal marine sediment, Young Sound, Northeast Greenland, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 175, 261-276, doi:10.3354/meps175261, 1998.
89. Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Risgaard-Petersen, N., and Dalsgaard, T.: Denitrification and anammox activity in Arctic marine sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1493-1502, 2004.
90. Sakshaug, E.: Primary and Secondary Production in the Arctic Seas, in: The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Stein, R. and Macdonald, R. W., Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 57-82, 2004.
91. Sallon, A., Michel, C., and Gosselin, M.: Summertime primary production and carbon export in the southeastern Beaufort Sea during the low ice year of 2008, Polar Biol., 34, 1989-2005, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1055-5, 2011.
92. Sampei, M., Sasaki, H., Makabe, R., Forest, A., Hattori, H., Tremblay, J.-E., Gratton, Y., Fukuchi, M., and Fortier, L.: Production and retention of biogenic matter in the southeast Beaufort Sea during 2003-2004: insights from annual vertical particle fluxes of organic carbon and biogenic silica, Polar Biol., 34, 501-511, doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0904-y, 2011.
93. Schmid, B., Balvanera, P., Cardinale, B., Godbold, J., Pfisterer, A. B., Raffaelli, D., Solan, M., and Srivastava, D.: Consequences of species loss for the ecosystem functioning: meta-analyses of data from biodiversity experiments, in: Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective, edited by: Naeem, S., Bunker, D. E., Hector, A., Loreau, M., and Perrings, C., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 14-29, 2009.
94. Schulz, H. D.: Quantification of Early Diagenesis: Dissolved Constituents in Pore Water and Signals in the Solid Phase, in: Marine Geochemistry, edited by: Schulz, H. D. and Zabel, M., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 73-124, 2006.
95. Simpson, K. G., Tremblay, J. E., Gratton, Y., and Price, N. M.: An annual study of inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus and silicic acid in the southeastern Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C07016 doi:10.1029/2007jc004462, 2008.
96. Sun, M. Y., Carroll, M. L., Ambrose, W. G., Clough, L. M., Zou, L., and Lopez, G. R.: Rapid consumption of phytoplankton and ice algae by Arctic soft-sediment benthic communities: Evidence using natural and C-13-labeled food materials, J. Mar. Res., 65, 561-588, 2007.
97. Sun, M. Y., Clough, L. M., Carroll, M. L., Dai, J. H., Ambrose, W. G., and Lopez, G. R.: Different responses of two common Arctic macrobenthic species (Macoma balthica and Monoporeia affinis) to phytoplankton and ice algae: Will climate change impacts be species specific?, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 376, 110-121, doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2009.06.018, 2009.
98. Tolosa, I., Fiorini, S., Gasser, B., Martn, J., and Miquel, J. C.: Carbon sources in suspended particles and surface sediments from the Beaufort Sea revealed by molecular lipid biomarkers and compound-specific isotope analysis, Biogeosciences, 10, 2061-2087, doi:10.5194/bg-10-2061-2013, 2013.
99. Treguer, P., Nelson, D. M., van Bennekom, A. J., DeMaster, D. J., Leynaert, A., and Queguiner, B.: The balance of silica in the world ocean: a re-estimate, Science, 268, 375-379, 1995.
100. Tremblay, J.-E., Belanger, S., Barber, D., Asplin, M., Martin, J., Darnis, G., Fortier, L., Link, H., Gratton, Y., Archambault, P., Sallon, A., Michel, C., Williams, W., Gosselin, M., and Philippe, B.: Climate forcing multiplies biological productivity in the coastal Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L18604, doi:10.1029/2011GL048825, 2011.
101. Tribovillard, N., Algeo, T., and Lyons, T.:Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update, Chem. Geol., 232, 12-32, 2006.
102. Wassmann, P., Duarte, C. M., Agusti, S., and Sejr, M. K.: Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 1235-1249, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02311.x, 2011.
103. Wenzḧofer, F. and Glud, R. N.: Benthic carbon mineralization in the Atlantic: a synthesis based on in situ data from the last decade, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 1255-1279, 2002.
104. Zabel, M. and Hensen, C.: Quantification and Regionalization of Benthic Reflux, in: Marine Geochemistry, edited by: Schulz, H. D. and Zabel, M., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 429-456, 2006.