Ecosystem function and particle flux dynamics across the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean): An integrative analysis of spatial variability and biophysical forcings

Biogeosciences

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 2833-2866

  Forest, A ^a   Babin, M ^a   Stemmann, L ^b   Picheral, M ^b   Sampei, M ^c   Fortier, L ^a   Gratton, Y ^d   Belanger S ^e   Devred, E ^a   Sahlin, J ^a   Doxaran, D ^b   Joux, F ^b,f   Ortega Retuerta, E ^b,f,g   Martin J ^g,i   Jeffrey, W H ^h   Gasser, B ⁱ   Carlos Miquel, J ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^b SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^c HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d CENTRE EAU TERRE ENVIRONNEMENT   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI   (Canada)

^f LABORATOIRE ARAGO   (France)

^g INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIES DEL MAR   (Spain)

^h UNIVERSITY OF WEST FLORIDA   (United States)

ⁱ IAEA Environment Laboratories   (Monaco)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; BACTERIUM; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; BIOPHYSICS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CRUSTACEAN; DETRITUS; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; INTEGRATED APPROACH; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON; PHYTOPLANKTON; REMOTE SENSING; SEA ICE; SETTLING VELOCITY; SPATIAL VARIATION; UPWELLING;

ARCTIC OCEAN; BEAUFORT SEA; MACKENZIE SHELF;

EID: 84880177018     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-2833-2013     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. ACIA: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment - Scientific Report, Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 1046 pp., 2005.
2. Alessi, C. A., Beardsley, R. C., Limeburner, R., Rosenfeld, L. K., Lentz, S. J., Send, U.,Winant, C. D., Allen, J. S., Halliwell, G. R., and Brown, W. S.: CODE-2: moored array and large-scale data report, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1641, last access: 1 April 2012, 1985.
3. Alldredge, A. L., Cowles, T. J., MacIntyre, S., Rines, J. E. B., Donaghay, P. L., Greenlaw, C. F., Holliday, D., Dekshenieks, M. M., Sullivan, J. M., and Zaneveld, J. R. V.: Occurrence and mechanisms of formation of a dramatic thin layer of marine snow in a shallow Pacific fjord, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 233, 1-12, doi:10.3354/meps233001, 2002.
4. Ardyna, M., Babin, M., Gosselin, M., Devred, E., Bélanger, S., Matsuoka, A., and Tremblay, J.-É.: Parameterization of vertical chlorophyll a in the Arctic Ocean: impact of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum on regional, seasonal and annual primary production estimates, Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 1345-1399, doi:10.5194/bgd-10-1345-2013, 2013.
5. Babin, M. and Mazeran, C.: A new NIR-visible algorithm for atmospheric corrections over turbid waters, Ocean Optics Conference XX, OOXX, Anchorage, Alaska, September, 2010.
6. Baguley, J. G., Hyde, L. J., and Montagna, P. A.: A semiautomated digital microphotographic approach to measure meiofaunal biomass, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 2, 181-190, doi:10.4319/lom.2004.2.181, 2004.
7. Barber, D. G. and Hanesiak, J. M.: Meteorological forcing of sea ice concentrations in the southern Beaufort Sea over the period 1979 to 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C06014, doi:10.1029/2003jc002027, 2004.
8. Beauvais, S., Pedrotti, M. L., Egge, J., Iversen, K., and Marras, C.: Effects of turbulence on TEP dynamics under contrasting nutrient conditions: implications for aggregation and sedimentation processes, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 323, 47-57, doi:10.3354/meps323047, 2006.
9. Bélanger, S., Ehn, J. K., and Babin, M.: Impact of sea ice on the retrieval of water-leaving reflectance, chlorophyll a concentration and inherent optical properties from satellite ocean color data, Remote Sens. Environ. , 111, 51-68, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.013, 2007.
10. Belicka, L. L., Macdonald, R. W., Yunker, M. B., and Harvey, H. R.: The role of depositional regime on carbon transport and preservation in Arctic Ocean sediments, Mar. Chem., 86, 65-88, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2003.12.006, 2004.
11. Bluhm, B. A. and Gradinger, R.: Regional variability in food availability for Arctic marine mammals, Ecol. Appl., 18, S77-S96, doi:10.1890/06-0562.1, 2008.
12. Borcard, D., Legendre, P., Avois-Jacquet, C., and Tuomisto, H.: Dissecting the spatial structure of ecological data at multiple scales, Ecology, 85, 1826-1832, doi:10.1890/03-3111, 2004.
13. Borcard, D., Gillet, F., and Legendre, P.: Spatial Analysis of Ecological Data in: Numerical Ecology with R, edited by: Borcard, D., Gillet, F., and Legendre, P., Use R!, Springer New York, 227- 292, 2011.
14. Boss, E., Twardowski, M. S., and Herring, S.: Shape of the particulate beam attenuation spectrum and its inversion to obtain the shape of the particulate size distribution, Appl. Opt., 40, 4885-4893, doi:10.1364/AO.40. 004885, 2001.
15. Boyd, P. W. and Trull, T. W.: Understanding the export of biogenic particles in oceanic waters: Is there consensus?, Prog. Oceanogr., 72, 276-312, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.007, 2007.
16. Briggs, N., Perry, M. J., Cetinic, I., Lee, C., D'Asaro, E., Gray, A. M., and Rehm, E.: High-resolution observations of aggregate flux during a sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 58, 1031-1039, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.07.007, 2011.
17. Burd, A. B. and Jackson, G. A.: Particle Aggregation, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 65-90, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163904, 2009.
18. Carmack, E. C. and MacDonald, R.W.: Oceanography of the Canadian Shelf of the Beaufort Sea: a Setting for Marine Life, Arctic, 55, Suppl. 1, 29-45, 2002.
19. Carmack, E. C. and Chapman, D. C.: Wind-driven shelf/basin exchange on an Arctic shelf: The joint roles of ice cover extent and shelf-break bathymetry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1778, doi:10.1029/2003GL017526, 2003.
20. Carmack, E. C. and Wassmann, P.: Food webs and physicalbiological coupling on pan-Arctic shelves: Unifying concepts and comprehensive perspectives, Prog. Oceanogr., 71, 446-477, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.004, 2006.
21. Carmack, E. C. and McLaughlin, F.: Towards recognition of physical and geochemical change in Subarctic and Arctic Seas, Prog. Oceanogr., 90, 90-104, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.007, 2011.
22. Carmack, E. C., Macdonald, R. W., and Jasper, S.: Phytoplankton productivity on the Canadian Shelf of the Beaufort Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 277, 37-50, 2004.
23. Carmack, E. C., McLaughlin, F., Whiteman, G., and Homer-Dixon, T.: Detecting and Coping with Disruptive Shocks in Arctic Marine Systems: A Resilience Approach to Place and People, AMBIO, 41, 56-65, doi:10.1007/s13280- 011-0225-6, 2012.
24. CIS: Seasonal Summary for the Canadian Arctic - Summer 2009, Canadian Ice Service Web Site, http://www.ec.gc.ca/ Publications, last access: 1 March 2012, 2009.
25. Crease, J.: The acquisition, calibration and analysis of CTD data. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 54. (A Report of SCORWorking Group 51). Division of Marine Sciences, UNESCO, Paris, 105 pp., 1988.
26. Darnis, G., Barber, D. G., and Fortier, L.: Sea ice and the onshore-offshore gradient in pre-winter zooplankton assemblages in south-eastern Beaufort Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 74, 994-1011, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.09.003, 2008.
27. Darnis, G., and Fortier, L.: Zooplankton respiration and the export of carbon at depth in the Amundsen Gulf (Arctic Ocean), J. Geophys. Res. (C Oceans), 117, C04013, doi:10.1029/2011jc007374, 2012.
28. De La Rocha, C. L., and Passow, U.: Factors influencing the sinking of POC and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 639-658, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.01.004, 2007.
29. Deibel, D.: Feeding mechanism and house of the appendicularian Oikopleura vanhoeffeni, Mar. Biol., 93, 429-436, doi:10.1007/bf00401110, 1986.
30. Doney, S. C., Ruckelshaus, M., Emmett Duffy, J., Barry, J. P., Chan, F., English, C. A., Galindo, H. M., Grebmeier, J. M., Hollowed, A. B., Knowlton, N., Polovina, J., Rabalais, N. N., Sydeman, W. J., and Talley, L. D.: Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 4, 11-37, doi:10.1146/annurevmarine- 041911-111611, 2012.
31. Doxaran, D., Ehn, J., Bélanger, S., Matsuoka, A., Hooker, S., and Babin, M.: Optical characterisation of suspended particles in the Mackenzie River plume (Canadian Arctic Ocean) and implications for ocean colour remote sensing, Biogeosciences, 9, 3213- 3229, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3213-2012, 2012.
32. ESA: MERIS Level 2 products and algorithms, European Space Agency, http://envisat.esa.int/handbooks/meris/CNTR2-7.htm, last access: 1 February 2012, 2011.
33. Fahl, K. and Nothig, E.-M.: Lithogenic and biogenic particle fluxes on the Lomonosov Ridge (central Arctic Ocean) and their relevance for sediment accumulation: Vertical vs. lateral transport, Deep Sea Res. Pt I, Oceanogr. Res., 54, 1256-1272, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.04.014, 2007.
34. Forest, A., Sampei, M., Hattori, H., Makabe, R., Sasaki, H., Fukuchi, M., Wassmann, P., and Fortier, L.: Particulate organic carbon fluxes on the slope of the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea): Physical and biological forcing of shelf-basin exchanges, J. Mar. Syst., 68, 39-54, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.10. 008, 2007.
35. Forest, A., Sampei, M., Makabe, R., Sasaki, H., Barber, D., Gratton, Y.,Wassmann, P., and Fortier, L.: The annual cycle of particulate organic carbon export in Franklin Bay (Canadian Arctic): Environmental control and food web implications, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03S05, doi:10.1029/2007JC004262, 2008.
36. Forest, A., Bélanger, S., Sampei, M., Sasaki, H., Lalande, C., and Fortier, L.: Three-year assessment of particulate organic carbon fluxes in Amundsen Gulf (Beaufort Sea): Satellite observations and sediment trap measurements, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 125-142, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.002 2010a.
37. Forest, A., Wassmann, P., Slagstad, D., Bauerfeind, E., Nöthig, E. M., and Klages, M.: Relationships between primary production and vertical particle export at the Atlantic-Arctic boundary (Fram Strait, HAUSGARTEN), Polar Biol., 33, 1733-1746, doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0855-3, 2010b.
38. Forest, A., Tremblay, J.-É., Gratton, Y., Martin, J., Gagnon, J., Darnis, G., Sampei, M., Fortier, L., Ardyna, M., Gosselin, M., Hattori, H., Nguyen, D., Maranger, R., Vaque, D., Marrase, C., Pedros-Aliio, C., Sallon, A., Michel, C., Kellogg, C., Deming, J., Shadwick, E., Thomas, H., Link, H., Archambault, P., and Piepenburg, D.: Biogenic carbon flows through the planktonic food web of the Amundsen Gulf (Arctic Ocean): A synthesis of field measurements and inverse modeling analyses, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 410-436, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.05.002, 2011.
39. Forest, A., Stemmann, L., Picheral, M., Burdorf, L., Robert, D., Fortier, L., and Babin, M.: Size distribution of particles and zooplankton across the shelf-basin system in Southeast Beaufort Sea: combined results from an Underwater Vision Profiler and vertical net tows, Biogeosciences, 9, 1301-1320, doi:10.5194/bg-9-1301-2012, 2012.
40. Galley, R. J., Key, E., Barber, D. G., Hwang, B. J., and Ehn, J. K.: Spatial and temporal variability of sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf: 1980-2004, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C05S95, doi:10.1029/ 2007JC004553, 2008.
41. Garneau, M.- È., Roy, S., Pedrós-Alió, C., Lovejoy, C., Gratton, Y., and Vincent, W. F.: Seasonal dynamics of bacterial biomass and production in a coastal arctic ecosystem: Franklin Bay, western Canadian Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07S91, doi:10.1029/2007JC004281, 2008.
42. Garneau, M.-È., Vincent, W. F., Terrado, R., and Lovejoy, C.: Importance of particle-associated bacterial heterotrophy in a coastal Arctic ecosystem, J. Mar. Syst., 75, 185-197, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.09.002, 2009.
43. Goni, M. A., Yunker, M. B., MacDonald, R. W., and Eglinton, T. I.: Distribution and sources of organic biomarkers in Arctic sediments from the Mackenzie River and Beaufort Shelf, Mar. Chem., 71, 23-51, doi:10.1016/S0304- 4203(00)00037-2, 2000.
44. Gordeev, V. V.: Fluvial sediment flux to the Arctic Ocean, Geomorphology, 80, 94-104, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.09.008, 2006.
45. Gorsky, G., Ohman, M. D., Picheral, M., Gasparini, S., Stemmann, L., Romagnan, J.-B., Cawood, A., Pesant, S., Garcia-Comas, C., and Prejger, F.: Digital zooplankton image analysis using the ZooScan integrated system, J. Plankton Res., 32, 285-303, doi:10.1093/plankt/fbp124, 2010.
46. Guidi, L., Jackson, G. A., Stemmann, L., Miquel, J. C., Picheral, M., and Gorsky, G.: Relationship between particle size distribution and flux in the mesopelagic zone, Deep Sea Res. I, 55, 1364-1374, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.05.014, 2008.
47. Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and Lo, K.: Global surface temperature change, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4004, doi:10.1029/2010rg000345, 2010.
48. Honjo, S., Manganini, S. J., Krishfield, R. A., and Francois, R.: Particulate organic carbon fluxes to the ocean interior and factors controlling the biological pump: A synthesis of global sediment trap programs since 1983, Prog. Oceanogr., 76, 217-285, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.11.003, 2008.
49. Honjo, S., Krishfield, R. A., Eglinton, T. I., Manganini, S. J., Kemp, J. N., Doherty, K., Hwang, J., McKee, T. K., and Takizawa, T.: Biological pump processes in the cryopelagic and hemipelagic Arctic Ocean: Canada Basin and Chukchi Rise, Prog. Oceanogr., 85, 137-170, 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.02.009, 2010.
50. Hwang, J., Druffel, E. R. M., and Eglinton, T. I.: Widespread influence of resuspended sediments on oceanic particulate organic carbon: Insights from radiocarbon and aluminum contents in sinking particles, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB4016, doi:10.1029/2010gb003802, 2010.
51. Ingram, R. G., Williams, W. J., van Hardenberg, B., Dawe, J. T., and Carmack, E.: Seasonal Circulation over the Canadian Beaufort Shelf, in: On Thin Ice: A synthesis of the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES), edited by: Fortier, L., Barber, D. G., and Michaud, J., Aboriginal Issues Press, Winnipeg, 13-38, 2008.
52. IPCC: Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 1009 pp., 2007.
53. Iversen, M. H., Nowald, N., Ploug, H., Jackson, G. A., and Fischer, G.: High resolution profiles of vertical particulate organic matter export off Cape Blanc, Mauritania: Degradation processes and ballasting effects, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 771-784, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.007, 2010.
54. Jackson, G. A. and Burd, A. B.: Aggregation in the Marine Environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2805-2814, doi:10.1021/es980251w, 1998.
55. Jackson, G. A., and Checkley Jr, D. M.: Particle size distributions in the upper 100m water column and their implications for animal feeding in the plankton, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 58, 283-297, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.12.008, 2011.
56. Juul-Pedersen, T., Michel, C., and Gosselin, M.: Sinking export of particulate material from the euphotic zone in the eastern Beaufort Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 410, 55-70, doi:10.3354/meps08608, 2010.
57. Kaleschke, L., Lüpkes, C., Vihma, T., Haarpaintner, J., Bochert, A., Hartmann, J., and Heygster, G.: SSM/I sea ice remote sensing for mesoscale ocean-atmosphere interaction analysis, Can. J. Remote Sens., 27, 526-537, 2001.
58. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Sana, S., White, G., andWoollen, J.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471. doi:10.1175/1520- 0477, 1996.
59. Karakas, G., Nowald, N., Schäfer-Neth, C., Iversen, M., Barkmann, W., Fischer, G., Marchesiello, P., and Schlitzer, R.: Impact of particle aggregation on vertical fluxes of organic matter, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 331-341, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.047, 2009.
60. Kellogg, C., Carpenter, S., Renfro, A., Sallon, A., Michel, C., Cochran, J., and Deming, J.: Evidence for microbial attenuation of particle flux in the Amundsen Gulf and Beaufort Sea: elevated hydrolytic enzyme activity on sinking aggregates, Polar Biol., 34, 2007-2023, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1015-0, 2011.
61. Kirchman, D.: Measuring bacterial biomass production and growth rates from leucine incorporation in natural aquatic environments, in: Methods in Microbiology, edited by: John, H. P., Academic Press, London, UK, 227-237, 2001.
62. Kirchman, D. L., Morán, X. A. G., and Ducklow, H.: Microbial growth in the polar oceans - role of temperature and potential impact of climate change, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 7, 451-459, doi:10.1038/nrmicro2115, 2009.
63. Knap, A., Michaels, A., Close, A., Ducklow, H., and Dickson, A.: Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements, JGOFS Report, Nr 19, 155-162, 1996.
64. Lalande, C., Grebmeier, J. M., Wassmann, P., Cooper, L. W., Flint, M. V., and Sergeeva, V. M.: Export fluxes of biogenic matter in the presence and absence of seasonal sea ice cover in the Chukchi Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 27, 2051-2065, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2007.05.005, 2007.
65. Lalande, C., Bélanger, S., and Fortier, L.: Impact of a decreasing sea ice cover on the vertical export of particulate organic carbon in the northern Laptev Sea, Siberian Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21604, doi:10.1029/2009gl040570, 2009a.
66. Lalande, C., Forest, A., Barber, D. G., Gratton, Y., and Fortier, L.: Variability in the annual cycle of vertical particulate organic carbon export on Arctic shelves: Contrasting the Laptev Sea, Northern Baffin Bay and the Beaufort Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 29, 2157-2165, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2009.08.009, 2009b.
67. Lansard, B., Mucci, A., Miller, L. A., Macdonald, R. W., and Gratton, Y.: Seasonal variability of water mass distribution in the southeastern Beaufort Sea determined by total alkalinity and -18O, J. Geophys. Res. (C Oceans), 117, C03003, doi:10.1029/2011JC007299, 2012.
68. Lansard, B., Mucci, A., and Gratton, Y.: Water mass distribution during Malina, Biogeosciences Discuss., Malina Special Issue, to be submitted, 2013.
69. Lapoussière, A., Michel, C., Starr, M., Gosselin, M., and Poulin, M.: Role of free-living and particle-attached bacteria in the recycling and export of organic material in the Hudson Bay system, J. Mar. Syst., 88, 434-445, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.12.003, 2011.
70. Larson, R. J.: Water content, organic content, and carbon and nitrogen composition of medusae from the northeast Pacific, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 99, 107-120, doi:10.1016/0022- 0981(86)90231-5, 1986.
71. Lehette, P. and Hernandez-Leon, S.: Zooplankton biomass estimation from digitized images: a comparison between subtropical and Antarctic organisms, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 7, 304-308, doi:10.4319/lom.2009.7.304, 2009.
72. Leitch, D. R., Carrie, J., Lean, D., Macdonald, R. W., Stern, G. A., andWang, F.: The delivery of mercury to the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean by the Mackenzie River, Sci. Total Environ., 373, 178-195, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2006.10.041, 2007.
73. Li, X. Y. and Logan, B. E.: Settling and coagulating behaviour of fractal aggregates, 3-4, InternationalWater Association, London, United Kingdom, IX, 450 p., 2000.
74. Lintern, D. G., Macdonald, R. W., Solomon, S. M., and Jakes, H.: Beaufort Sea storm and resuspension modeling, J. Mar. Syst., doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011. 11.015, 2012.
75. Logan, B. E., and Kilps, J. R.: Fractal dimensions of aggregates formed in different fluid mechanical environments, Water Res., 29, 443-453, 10.1016/0043-1354(94)00186-b, 1995.
76. Logan, B. E. and Wilkinson, D. B.: Fractal geometry of marine snow and other biological aggregates, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 130-136, 1990.
77. Longhurst, A. R. and Harrison, W. G.: The biological pump: Profiles of plankton production and consumption in the upper ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 22, 47-123, doi:10.1016/0079-6611(89)90010- 4, 1989.
78. Macdonald, R. and Yu, Y.: The Mackenzie Estuary of the Arctic Ocean, in: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by: Wangersky, P. J., Springer, Berlin, 91-120, 2006.
79. Magen, C., Chaillou, G., Crowe, S. A., Mucci, A., Sundby, B., Gao, A., Makabe, R., and Sasaki, H.: Origin and fate of particulate organic matter in the southern Beaufort Sea - Amundsen Gulf region, Canadian Arctic, Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci., 86, 31-41, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.09.009, 2010.
80. Martin, J., Tremblay, J.-É., Gagnon, J., Tremblay, G., Lapoussière, A., Jose, C., Poulin, M., Gosselin, M., Gratton, Y., and Michel, C.: Prevalence, structure and properties of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in Canadian Arctic waters, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 42, 69- 84, doi:10.3354/meps08666, 2010.
81. Maslanik, J., and Stroeve, J. C.: Near-real-time DMSP SSM/I daily polar gridded sea ice concentrations, [January - December 2009]. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0081.html, last access: 1 February 2012, 1999.
82. Mathis, J. T., Pickart, R. S., Byrne, R. H., McNeil, C. L., Moore, G. W. K., Juranek, L. W., Liu, X., Ma, J., Easley, R. A., Elliot, M. M., Cross, J. N., Reisdorph, S. C., Bahr, F., Morison, J., Lichendorf, T., and Feely, R. A.: Storm-induced upwelling of high pCO2 waters onto the continental shelf of the western Arctic Ocean and implications for carbonate mineral saturation states, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L07606, doi:10.1029/2012gl051574, 2012.
83. Matsuoka, A., Bricaud, A., Benner, R., Para, J., Sempéré, R., Prieur, L., Bélanger, S., and Babin, M.: Tracing the transport of colored dissolved organic matter in water masses of the Southern Beaufort Sea: relationship with hydrographic characteristics, Biogeosciences, 9, 925-940, doi:10.5194/bg-9-925-2012, 2012.
84. McDonnell, A. M. P. and Buesseler, K. O.: Variability in the average sinking velocity of marine particles, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 2085-2096, 2010.
85. Michaels, A. F., Caron, D. A., Swanberg, N. R., Howse, F. A., and Michaels, C. M.: Planktonic sarcodines (Acantharia, Radiolaria, Foraminifera) in surface waters near Bermuda: abundance, biomass and vertical flux, J. Plankton Res., 17, 131-163, doi:10.1093/plankt/17.1.131, 1995.
86. Miquel, J. C., Gasser, B., Tolosa, I., Martin, J., Evensen, N., Fiorini, S., Forest, A., Fortier, L., and Babin, M.: Carbon Fluxes and Sources of Organic Matter in Late Summer in the Southern Beaufort Sea, Proceedings from the International Polar Year (IPY) 2012 Conference, Montreal, Canada, 22-27 April 2012.
87. Moore, G. W. K.: Decadal variability and a recent amplification of the summer Beaufort Sea High, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10807, doi:10.1029/ 2012gl051570, 2012.
88. Moran, P. A. P.: Notes on Continuous Stochastic Phenomena, Biometrika, 37, 17-23, 1950.
89. Moran, S. B., Lomas, M. W., Kelly, R. P., Gradinger, R., Iken, K., and Mathis, J. T.: Seasonal succession of net primary productivity, particulate organic carbon export, and autotrophic community composition in the eastern Bering Sea, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 65-70, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.02.011, 2012.
90. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center, Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis, 9 September 2009, http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2009/09/ winds-cause-sea-ice-to-spread-in-august/, last access: 1 April 2012, 2009.
91. O'Brien, M. C., Macdonald, R. W., Melling, H., and Iseki, K.: Particle fluxes and geochemistry on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf: Implications for sediment transport and deposition, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 41-81, 2006.
92. Oksanen, J.: Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Communities in R: vegan tutorial, available at: http://cc.oulu.fi/-jarioksa/opetus/ metodi/vegantutor. pdf, last access: 15 November 2012, 2011.
93. Ongley, E.: Sediment measurements, in: Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes, United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization, London, UK, 1996.
94. Ortega-Retuerta, E., Jeffrey, W., Ghiglione, J., and Joux, F.: Evidence of heterotrophic prokaryotic activity limitation by nitrogen in the Western Arctic Ocean during summer, Polar Biol., 35, 785-794, doi:10.1007/s00300-011- 1109-8, 2012a.
95. Ortega-Retuerta, E., Jeffrey, W. H., Babin, M., Bélanger, S., Benner, R., Marie, D., Matsuoka, A., Raimbault, P., and Joux, F.: Carbon fluxes in the Canadian Arctic: patterns and drivers of bacterial abundance, production and respiration on the Beaufort Sea margin, Biogeosciences, 9, 3679-3692, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3679- 2012, 2012b.
96. Ortega-Retuerta, E., Joux, F., Jeffrey, W. H., and Ghiglione, J.-F.: Spatial variability of particle-attached and free-living bacterial diversity in surface waters from the Mackenzie River to the Beaufort Sea (Canadian Arctic), Biogeosciences Discuss., 9, 17401-17435, doi:10.5194/bgd-9-17401-2012, 2012c.
97. Passow, U.: Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments, Prog. Oceanogr., 55, 287-333, doi:10.1016/s0079- 6611(02)00138-6, 2002.
98. Peinert, R. and Miquel, J. C.: The significance of frontal processes for vertical particle fluxes: A case study in the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean Sea), J. Mar. Sys., 5, 377-389, doi:10.1016/0924- 7963(94)90057-4, 1994.
99. Peres-Neto, P. R., Legendre, P., Dray, S., and Borcard, D.: Variation partitioning of species data matrices: estimation and comparison of fractions, Ecology, 87, 2614-2625, doi:10.1890/0012- 9658(2006)87[2614:VPOSDM]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
100. Picheral, M., Guidi, L., Stemmann, L., Karl, D. M., Iddaoud, G., and Gorsky, G.: The Underwater Vision Profiler 5: An advanced instrument for high spatial resolution studies of particle size spectra and zooplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 8, 462-473, doi:10.4319/lom.2010.8.462, 2010.
101. Pickart, R. S.: Shelfbreak circulation in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Mean structure and variability, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C04024, 2004.
102. Raimbault, P., Garcia, N., and Tremblay, J. E.: Nutrients, primary production and nitrogen cycling during Malina, Malina Meeting 2011, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, 9-11 May 2011.
103. Ras, J., Ouhssain, M., Mignot, A., and Claustre, H.: Phytoplankton pigment distribution in the Beaufort sea, Malina Meeting 2011, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, 9-11 May 2011.
104. Reigstad, M.,Wexels Riser, C.,Wassmann, P., and Ratkova, T.: Vertical export of particulate organic carbon: Attenuation, composition and loss rates in the northern Barents Sea, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 2308-2319 doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.007, 2008.
105. Rontani, J.-F., Charriere, B., Forest, A., Heussner, S., Vaultier, F., Petit, M., Delsaut, N., Fortier, L., and Sempéré, R.: Intense photooxidative degradation of planktonic and bacterial lipids in sinking particles collected with sediment traps across the Canadian Beaufort Shelf (Arctic Ocean), Biogeosciences, 9, 4787-4802, doi:10.5194/bg-9-4787-2012, 2012.
106. Sakshaug, E.: Primary and Secondary Production in the Arctic Seas, in: The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Stein, R., and MacDonald, R. W., Springer-Verlag, New-York, 57-81, 2004.
107. Sallon, A., Michel, C., and Gosselin, M.: Summertime primary production and carbon export in the coastal Arctic Ocean during the low ice year of 2008, Polar Biol., 34, 1989-2005, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1055-5, 2011.
108. Sampei, M., Sasaki, H., Hattori, H., Forest, A., and Fortier, L.: Significant contribution of passively sinking copepods to downward export flux in Arctic waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 1894-1900, doi:doi:10.4319/lo.2009.54. 6.1894, 2009.
109. Sampei, M., Sasaki, H., Makabe, R., Forest, A., Hattori, H., Tremblay, J.-É., Gratton, Y., Fukuchi, M., and Fortier, L.: Production and retention of biogenic matter in the southeast Beaufort Sea during 2003-2004: insights from annual vertical particle fluxes of organic carbon and biogenic silica, Polar Biol., 34, 501-511, doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0904-y, 2011.
110. Schnack, S. B.: On the feeding of copepods on Thalassiosira partheneia from the northwest African upwelling area, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 11, 49-53, 1983.
111. Schulze, L. M., and Pickart, R. S.: Seasonal variation of upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C06022, doi:10.1029/ 2012JC007985, 2012.
112. Serreze, M. C. and Barrett, A. P.: Characteristics of the Beaufort Sea High, J. Climate, 24, 159-182, doi:10.1175/2010jcli3636.1, 2011.
113. Søreide, J. E., Leu, E., Berge, J., Graeve, M., and Falk-Petersen, S.: Timing of blooms, algal food quality and Calanus glacialis reproduction and growth in a changing Arctic, Global Change Biol., 16, 3154-3163, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02175.x 2010.
114. Steinberg, D. K., Lomas, M. W., and Cope, J. S.: Long-term increase in mesozooplankton biomass in the Sargasso Sea: Linkage to climate and implications for food web dynamics and biogeochemical cycling, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 26, GB1004, doi:10.1029/2010gb004026, 2012.
115. Stroeve, J., Serreze, M., Holland, M., Kay, J., Malanik, J., and Barrett, A.: The Arctic's rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis, Climatic Change, 110, 1005-1027, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1, 2012.
116. Tolosa, I., Fiorini, S., Gasser, B., Martín, J., and Miquel, J. C.: Carbon sources in suspended particles and surface sediments from the Beaufort Sea revealed by molecular lipid biomarkers and compound-specific isotope analysis, Biogeosciences, 10, 2061- 2087, doi:10.5194/bg-10-2061-2013, 2013.
117. Tremblay, J.-É., Simpson, K., Martin, J., Miller, L. A., Gratton, Y., and Price, N. M.: Vertical stability and the annual dynamics of nutrients and chlorophyll fluorescence in the coastal, southeast Beaufort Sea J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07S90, doi:10.1029/2007JC004547, 2008.
118. Tremblay, J.-É., Bélanger, S., Barber, D. G., Asplin, M., Martin, J., Fortier, L., Darnis, G., Gratton, Y., Link, H., Archambault, P., Williams, W. G., Philippe, B., and Gosselin, M.: Climate forcing multiplies biological productivity in the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L18604, doi:10.1029/2011GL048825, 2011.
119. Vallières, C., Retamal, L., Ramlal, P., Osburn, C. L., and Vincent, W. F.: Bacterial production and microbial food web structure in a large arctic river and the coastal Arctic Ocean, J. Mar. Syst., 74, 756-773, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.12.002, 2008.
120. Wassmann, P.: Retention versus export food chains: processes controlling sinking loss from marine pelagic systems, Hydrobiologia, 363, 29-57, 1998.
121. Wassmann, P., Olli, K., Wexels Riser, C., and Svensen, C.: Ecosystem function, biodiversity and vertical flux regulation in the twilight zone, in: Marine science frontiers for Europe, edited by: Wefer, G., Lamy, F., and Mantoura, F., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 279-287, 2003.
122. Wassmann, P. and Reigstad, M.: Future Arctic Ocean seasonal ice zones and implications for pelagic-benthic coupling, Oceanography, doi:10.5670/oceanog. 2011.74, 2011.
123. Wegner, C., Frey, K., Forest, A., Forwick, M., Mathis, J. T., Michel, C., Nikolopoulos, A., O'Regan, M., Peeken, I., and Reigstad, M.: Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) Science Plan, Arctic Ocean Sciences Board / International Arctic Science Committee (AOSB/IASC), http://www.iarc.uaf.edu/en/ ART/science-plan, last access: 1 August 2012, 34 pp, 2010.
124. Wexels Riser, C., Wassmann, P., Reigstad, M., and Seuthe, L.: Vertical flux regulation by zooplankton in the northern Barents Sea during Arctic spring, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 2320-2329, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.006, 2008.
125. White, D., Hinzman, L., Alessa, L., Cassano, J., Chambers, M., Falkner, K., Francis, J., Gutowski, W. J., Jr., Holland, M., Holmes, R. M., Huntington, H., Kane, D., Kliskey, A., Lee, C., McClelland, J., Peterson, B., Rupp, T. S., Straneo, F., Steele, M., Woodgate, R., Yang, D., Yoshikawa, K., and Zhang, T.: The arctic freshwater system: Changes and impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 112, G04S54, doi:10.1029/2006jg000353, 2007.
126. Williams, W. J., Carmack, E. C., Shimada, K., Melling, H., Aagaard, K., Macdonald, R. W., and Grant Ingram, R.: Joint effects of wind and ice motion in forcing upwelling in Mackenzie Trough, Beaufort Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 2352-2366, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2006.06.012, 2006.
127. Wotton, R. S.: EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances), silk, and chitin: vitally important exudates in aquatic ecosystems, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 30, 762-769, doi:10.1899/10-120.1, 2011.
128. Wurl, O., Miller, L., and Vagle, S.: Production and fate of transparent exopolymer particles in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00H13, doi:10.1029/2011jc007342, 2011.
129. Zhang, J., Steele, M., and Schweiger, A.: Arctic sea ice response to atmospheric forcings with varying levels of anthropogenic warming and climate variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L20505, doi:10.1029/2010gl044988, 2010.
130. Zúñiga , D., Alonso-Perez, F., Castro, C. G., Arbones, B., and Figueiras, F. G.: Seasonal contribution of living phytoplankton carbon to vertical fluxes in a coastal upwelling system (Réa de Vigo, NW Spain), Cont. Shelf Res., 31, 414-424, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.09.011, 2011. recherche scientifique