메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 517-526

Role of the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in seed dispersal in tropical forests and implications of its decline;Le rôle du gorille des plaines de l'Ouest (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) dans la dissémination des graines en forêts tropicales et les implications de son déclin

Author keywords

Africa; Forest dynamics; Primate; Seed dispersal

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA; PRIMATES;

EID: 84883815750     PISSN: 13706233     EISSN: 17804507     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 1942540515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dung and seed size on secondary dispersal, seed predation, and seedling establishment of rain forest trees
    • Andresen E. & Levey D.J., 2004. Effects of dung and seed size on secondary dispersal, seed predation, and seedling establishment of rain forest trees. Oecologia, 139(1), 45-54.
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.139 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-54
    • Andresen, E.1    Levey, D.J.2
  • 3
    • 0021539488 scopus 로고
    • Seedling survival of tropical tree species: Interactions of dispersal distance, light-gaps, and pathogens
    • Augspurger C.K., 1984. Seedling survival of tropical tree species: interactions of dispersal distance, light-gaps, and pathogens. Ecology, 65(6), 1705-1712.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , Issue.6 , pp. 1705-1712
    • Augspurger, C.K.1
  • 4
    • 33750455149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balanites wilsoniana: Regeneration with and without elephants
    • Babweteera F., Savill P. & Brown N., 2007. Balanites wilsoniana: regeneration with and without elephants. Biol. Conserv., 134(1), 40-47.
    • (2007) Biol. Conserv , vol.134 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-47
    • Babweteera, F.1    Savill, P.2    Brown, N.3
  • 5
    • 67349087932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can remnant frugivore species effectively disperse tree seeds in secondary tropical rain forests
    • Babweteera F. & Brown N., 2009. Can remnant frugivore species effectively disperse tree seeds in secondary tropical rain forests? Biodivers. Conserv., 18(6), 1611-1627.
    • (2009) Biodivers. Conserv , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 1611-1627
    • Babweteera, F.1    Brown, N.2
  • 7
    • 67651227439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest elephants: Tree planters of the Congo
    • Blake S. et al., 2009. Forest elephants: tree planters of the Congo. Biotropica, 41(4), 459-468.
    • (2009) Biotropica , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 459-468
    • Blake, S.1
  • 9
    • 0024876935 scopus 로고
    • Primate seed dispersal: The fate of dispersed seeds
    • Chapman C.A., 1989. Primate seed dispersal: the fate of dispersed seeds. Biotropica, 21(2), 148-154.
    • (1989) Biotropica , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-154
    • Chapman, C.A.1
  • 10
    • 0031967601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forests without primates: Primate/plant codependency
    • Chapman C.A. & Onderdonk D.A., 1998. Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency. Am. J. Primatol., 45, 127-141.
    • (1998) Am. J. Primatol , vol.45 , pp. 127-141
    • Chapman, C.A.1    Onderdonk, D.A.2
  • 12
    • 78349249418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les forêts du bassin du Congo
    • Luxembourg, Office des Publications de l'Union européenne
    • de Wasseige C. et al., 2012. Les forêts du bassin du Congo. État des Forêts 2010. Luxembourg: Office des Publications de l'Union européenne.
    • (2012) État Des Forêts 2010
    • de Wasseige, C.1
  • 13
    • 0036863989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western lowland gorilla diet and resource availability: New evidence, cross-site comparisons, and reflections on indirect sampling methods
    • Doran D.M. et al., 2002. Western lowland gorilla diet and resource availability: new evidence, cross-site comparisons, and reflections on indirect sampling methods. Am. J. Primatol., 58(3), 91-116.
    • (2002) Am. J. Primatol , vol.58 , Issue.3 , pp. 91-116
    • Doran, D.M.1
  • 14
    • 70449102894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male and female western gorilla diet: Preferred foods, use of fallback resources, and implications for ape versus old world monkey foraging strategies
    • Doran-Sheehy D., Mongo P., Lodwick J. & Conklin- Brittain N.L., 2009. Male and female western gorilla diet: preferred foods, use of fallback resources, and implications for ape versus old world monkey foraging strategies. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 140(4), 727-738.
    • (2009) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol , vol.140 , Issue.4 , pp. 727-738
    • Doran-Sheehy, D.1    Mongo, P.2    Lodwick, J.3    Conklin-Brittain, N.L.4
  • 15
    • 34250221137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-biased dispersal in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
    • Douadi M.I. et al., 2007. Sex-biased dispersal in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Mol. Ecol., 16(11), 2247-2259.
    • (2007) Mol. Ecol , vol.16 , Issue.11 , pp. 2247-2259
    • Douadi, M.I.1
  • 17
    • 4344581556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunting vulnerability, ecological characteristics and harvest rates of bushmeat species in afrotropical forests
    • Fa J.E., Ryan S.F. & Bell D.J., 2005. Hunting vulnerability, ecological characteristics and harvest rates of bushmeat species in afrotropical forests. Biol. Conserv., 121(2), 167-176.
    • (2005) Biol. Conserv , vol.121 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-176
    • Fa, J.E.1    Ryan, S.F.2    Bell, D.J.3
  • 18
    • 0031956673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primates as seed dispersers: Ecological processes and directions for future research
    • Garber P.A. & Lambert J.E., 1998. Primates as seed dispersers: ecological processes and directions for future research. Am. J. Primatol., 45, 3-8.
    • (1998) Am. J. Primatol , vol.45 , pp. 3-8
    • Garber, P.A.1    Lambert, J.E.2
  • 19
    • 84455169623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-distance dispersal: A framework for hypothesis testing
    • Gillespie R.G. et al., 2012. Long-distance dispersal: a framework for hypothesis testing. Trends Ecol. Evol., 27(1), 47-56.
    • (2012) Trends Ecol. Evol , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-56
    • Gillespie, R.G.1
  • 20
    • 33645862243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic evidence of frequent long-distance recruitment in a vertebrate-dispersed tree
    • Hardesty B.D., Hubbell S.P. & Bermingham E., 2006. Genetic evidence of frequent long-distance recruitment in a vertebrate-dispersed tree. Ecol. Lett., 9(5), 516-525.
    • (2006) Ecol. Lett , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. 516-525
    • Hardesty, B.D.1    Hubbell, S.P.2    Bermingham, E.3
  • 21
    • 0034732088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest
    • Harms K.E. et al., 2000. Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest. Nature, 404, 493-495.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 493-495
    • Harms, K.E.1
  • 23
    • 0001519917 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus): A preliminary report
    • Idani G., 1986. Seed dispersal by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus): a preliminary report. Primates, 27(4), 441-447.
    • (1986) Primates , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 441-447
    • Idani, G.1
  • 25
    • 0000344538 scopus 로고
    • Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forest
    • Janzen D.H., 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forest. Am. Nat., 104, 501-528.
    • (1970) Am. Nat , vol.104 , pp. 501-528
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 26
    • 34347379335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in carbon storage among tree species: Implications for the management of a small-scale carbon sink project
    • Kirby K.R. & Potvin C., 2007. Variation in carbon storage among tree species: implications for the management of a small-scale carbon sink project. For. Ecol. Manage., 246(2-3), 208-221.
    • (2007) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.246 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 208-221
    • Kirby, K.R.1    Potvin, C.2
  • 27
    • 0034080292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of fleshy-fruited species: A matter of spatial scale
    • Kollmann J., 2000. Dispersal of fleshy-fruited species: a matter of spatial scale? Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst., 3(1), 29-51.
    • (2000) Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-51
    • Kollmann, J.1
  • 29
    • 78649518202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primate seed dispersers as umbrella species: A case study from Kibale National Park, Uganda, with implications for Afrotropical forest conservation
    • Lambert J.E., 2011. Primate seed dispersers as umbrella species: a case study from Kibale National Park, Uganda, with implications for Afrotropical forest conservation. Am. J. Primatol., 73(1), 9-24.
    • (2011) Am. J. Primatol , vol.73 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-24
    • Lambert, J.E.1
  • 30
    • 0031966843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary and ecological implications of primate seed dispersal
    • Lambert J.E. & Garber P.A., 1998. Evolutionary and ecological implications of primate seed dispersal. Am. J. Primatol., 45, 9-28.
    • (1998) Am. J. Primatol , vol.45 , pp. 9-28
    • Lambert, J.E.1    Garber, P.A.2
  • 32
    • 0022857396 scopus 로고
    • An experimental study of seed ingestion and germination in a plant-animal assemblage in Ghana
    • Lieberman M. & Lieberman D., 1986. An experimental study of seed ingestion and germination in a plant-animal assemblage in Ghana. J. Trop. Ecol., 2(2), 113-126.
    • (1986) J. Trop. Ecol , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 113-126
    • Lieberman, M.1    Lieberman, D.2
  • 33
    • 0034503869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of timber extraction routes on central African small-mammal communities, forest structure, and tree diversity
    • Malcolm J.R. & Ray J.C., 2000. Influence of timber extraction routes on central African small-mammal communities, forest structure, and tree diversity. Conserv. Biol., 14(6), 1623-1638.
    • (2000) Conserv. Biol , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 1623-1638
    • Malcolm, J.R.1    Ray, J.C.2
  • 34
    • 0036913898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influencing western gorilla nest construction at mondika research center
    • Mehlman P.T. & Doran D.M., 2002. Influencing western gorilla nest construction at mondika research center. Int. J. Primatol., 23(6), 1257-1285.
    • (2002) Int. J. Primatol , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 1257-1285
    • Mehlman, P.T.1    Doran, D.M.2
  • 35
    • 44949096630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific variation in primary seed dispersal in a tropical forest
    • Müller-Landau H.C. et al., 2008. Interspecific variation in primary seed dispersal in a tropical forest. J. Ecol., 96(4), 653-667.
    • (2008) J. Ecol , vol.96 , Issue.4 , pp. 653-667
    • Müller-Landau, H.C.1
  • 36
    • 53649097959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of long-distance seed dispersal
    • Nathan R. et al., 2008. Mechanisms of long-distance seed dispersal. Trends Ecol. Evol., 23(11), 638-647.
    • (2008) Trends Ecol. Evol , vol.23 , Issue.11 , pp. 638-647
    • Nathan, R.1
  • 37
    • 0037608768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed germination and early seedling establishment of some elephant-dispersed species in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, south-western Cameroon
    • Nchanji A.C. & Plumptre A.J., 2003. Seed germination and early seedling establishment of some elephant-dispersed species in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, south-western Cameroon. J. Trop. Ecol., 19(3), 229-237.
    • (2003) J. Trop. Ecol , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 229-237
    • Nchanji, A.C.1    Plumptre, A.J.2
  • 38
    • 34247329805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basin-wide effects of game harvest on vertebrate population densities in Amazonian forests: Implications for animal-mediated seed dispersal
    • Peres C.A. & Palacios E., 2007. Basin-wide effects of game harvest on vertebrate population densities in Amazonian forests: implications for animal-mediated seed dispersal. Biotropica, 39(3), 304-315.
    • (2007) Biotropica , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 304-315
    • Peres, C.A.1    Palacios, E.2
  • 39
    • 0024223711 scopus 로고
    • On the risk of extinction
    • Pimm S.L., Jones H.L. & Diamond J., 1988. On the risk of extinction. Am. Nat., 132(6), 757-785.
    • (1988) Am. Nat , vol.132 , Issue.6 , pp. 757-785
    • Pimm, S.L.1    Jones, H.L.2    Diamond, J.3
  • 41
    • 0035665823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon
    • Poulsen J.R., Clark C.J. & Smith T.B., 2001. Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. J. Trop. Ecol., 17, 787-808.
    • (2001) J. Trop. Ecol , vol.17 , pp. 787-808
    • Poulsen, J.R.1    Clark, C.J.2    Smith, T.B.3
  • 42
    • 0036141862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential resource use by primates and hornbills: Implications for seed dispersal
    • Poulsen J.R., Clark C.J., Connor E.F. & Smith T.B., 2002. Differential resource use by primates and hornbills: implications for seed dispersal. Ecology, 83(1), 228-240.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 228-240
    • Poulsen, J.R.1    Clark, C.J.2    Connor, E.F.3    Smith, T.B.4
  • 43
    • 64349084053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed mass, abundance and breeding system among tropical forest species: Do dioecious species exhibit compensatory reproduction or abundances
    • Queenborough S.A. et al., 2009. Seed mass, abundance and breeding system among tropical forest species: do dioecious species exhibit compensatory reproduction or abundances? J. Ecol., 97(3), 555-566.
    • (2009) J. Ecol , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 555-566
    • Queenborough, S.A.1
  • 44
    • 0030812987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ranging and grouping patterns of a western lowland gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic
    • Remis M.J., 1997. Ranging and grouping patterns of a western lowland gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Am. J. Primatol., 43, 111-133.
    • (1997) Am. J. Primatol , vol.43 , pp. 111-133
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 45
    • 0034040983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial studies on the contributions of body size and gastrointestinal passage rates to dietary flexibility among gorillas
    • Remis M.J., 2000. Initial studies on the contributions of body size and gastrointestinal passage rates to dietary flexibility among gorillas. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 112, 171-180.
    • (2000) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol , vol.112 , pp. 171-180
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 46
    • 1242288085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool
    • Roberge J.-M. & Angelstam P., 2004. Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool. Conserv. Biol., 18(1), 76-85.
    • (2004) Conserv. Biol , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-85
    • Roberge, J.-M.1    Angelstam, P.2
  • 47
    • 33645229183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the benefits of frugivory for seed germination: The importance of the deinhibition effect
    • Robertson A.W., Trass A., Ladley J.J. & Kelly D., 2006. Assessing the benefits of frugivory for seed germination: the importance of the deinhibition effect. Funct. Ecol., 20(1), 58-66.
    • (2006) Funct. Ecol , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 58-66
    • Robertson, A.W.1    Trass, A.2    Ladley, J.J.3    Kelly, D.4
  • 48
    • 0025599570 scopus 로고
    • Gorilla diet in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: A nutritional analysis
    • Rogers M.E. et al., 1990. Gorilla diet in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: a nutritional analysis. Oecologia, 84, 326-339.
    • (1990) Oecologia , vol.84 , pp. 326-339
    • Rogers, M.E.1
  • 49
    • 79551538213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can we predict carbon stocks in tropical ecosystems from tree diversity? Comparing species and functional diversity in a plantation and a natural forest
    • Ruiz-Jaen M.C. & Potvin C., 2011. Can we predict carbon stocks in tropical ecosystems from tree diversity? Comparing species and functional diversity in a plantation and a natural forest. New Phytol., 189(4), 978-987.
    • (2011) New Phytol , vol.189 , Issue.4 , pp. 978-987
    • Ruiz-Jaen, M.C.1    Potvin, C.2
  • 50
    • 33751069716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal and spatial pattern in tropical trees
    • Seidler T.G. & Plotkin J.B., 2006. Seed dispersal and spatial pattern in tropical trees. PLoS Biol., 4(11), e344.
    • (2006) PLoS Biol , vol.4 , Issue.11
    • Seidler, T.G.1    Plotkin, J.B.2
  • 51
    • 0031901603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dung beetles as secondary seed dispersers: Impact on seed predation and germination
    • Shepherd V.E. & Chapman C.A., 1998. Dung beetles as secondary seed dispersers: impact on seed predation and germination. J. Trop. Ecol., 14, 199-215.
    • (1998) J. Trop. Ecol , vol.14 , pp. 199-215
    • Shepherd, V.E.1    Chapman, C.A.2
  • 53
    • 54049099766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree recruitment in an empty forest
    • Terborgh J. et al., 2008. Tree recruitment in an empty forest. Ecology, 89(6), 1757-1768.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , Issue.6 , pp. 1757-1768
    • Terborgh, J.1
  • 54
    • 42249092223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using dung to estimate gorilla density: Modeling dung production rate
    • Todd A.F., Kuehl H.S., Cipolletta C. & Walsh P.D., 2008. Using dung to estimate gorilla density: modeling dung production rate. Int. J. Primatol., 29(2), 549-563.
    • (2008) Int. J. Primatol , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 549-563
    • Todd, A.F.1    Kuehl, H.S.2    Cipolletta, C.3    Walsh, P.D.4
  • 55
    • 0032318861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of seed passage through vertebrate frugivores' guts on germination: A review
    • Traveset A., 1998. Effect of seed passage through vertebrate frugivores' guts on germination: a review. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst., 1(2), 151-190.
    • (1998) Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 151-190
    • Traveset, A.1
  • 56
    • 84868115723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In: Dennis A.J., Schupp E.W., Green R.A. & Wescott D.A., eds. Seed dispersal: theory and its application in a changing world, Wallingford, UK, CAB International
    • Traveset A., Robertson A.W. & Rodriguez-Perez J., 2007. A review on the role of endozoochory in seed germination. In: Dennis A.J., Schupp E.W., Green R.A. & Wescott D.A., eds. Seed dispersal: theory and its application in a changing world. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 78-103.
    • (2007) A Review On the Role of Endozoochory In Seed Germination , pp. 78-103
    • Traveset, A.1    Robertson, A.W.2    Rodriguez-Perez, J.3
  • 57
    • 0026313568 scopus 로고
    • A case study of a plant-animal relationship: Cola lizae and lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve
    • Tutin C.E.G., Williamson E.A., Rogers M.E. & Fernandez M., 1991a. A case study of a plant-animal relationship: Cola lizae and lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. J. Trop. Ecol., 7, 181-199.
    • (1991) Gabon. J. Trop. Ecol , vol.7 , pp. 181-199
    • Tutin, C.E.G.1    Williamson, E.A.2    Rogers, M.E.3    Fernandez, M.4
  • 58
    • 0026433734 scopus 로고
    • Foraging profiles of sympatric lowland gorillas and chimpanzees in the Lopé Reserve
    • Tutin C.E.G. et al., 1991b. Foraging profiles of sympatric lowland gorillas and chimpanzees in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B, 334, 179-186.
    • (1991) Gabon. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B , vol.334 , pp. 179-186
    • Tutin, C.E.G.1
  • 59
    • 84996105793 scopus 로고
    • Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve
    • Tutin C.E.G. & Fernandez M., 1993. Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Am. J. Primatol., 30, 195-211.
    • (1993) Gabon. Am. J. Primatol , vol.30 , pp. 195-211
    • Tutin, C.E.G.1    Fernandez, M.2
  • 60
    • 84883793918 scopus 로고
    • In: Thierry B., Anderson J.R., Roeder J.J. & Herrenschmidt N., eds. Current primatology. Vol, ecology and evolution. Strasbourg, France, Université Louis Pasteur
    • Tutin C.E.G. & Fernandez M., 1994. Comparison of food processing by sympatric apes in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. In: Thierry B., Anderson J.R., Roeder J.J. & Herrenschmidt N., eds. Current primatology. Vol. 1: ecology and evolution. Strasbourg, France: Université Louis Pasteur, 29-36.
    • (1994) Comparison of Food Processing By Sympatric Apes In the Lope Reserve, Gabon , vol.1 , pp. 29-36
    • Tutin, C.E.G.1    Fernandez, M.2
  • 61
    • 0029106119 scopus 로고
    • Nest building by lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon: Environmental influences and implications for censusing
    • Tutin C.E.G., Parnell R.J., White L.J.T. & Fernandez M., 1995. Nest building by lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon: environmental influences and implications for censusing. Int. J. Primatol., 16(1), 53-76.
    • (1995) Int. J. Primatol , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-76
    • Tutin, C.E.G.1    Parnell, R.J.2    White, L.J.T.3    Fernandez, M.4
  • 62
    • 63449136021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gut passage, feces, and seed handling on latency and rate of germination in seeds consumed by capuchins (Cebus capucinus)
    • Valenta K. & Fedigan L.M., 2009. Effects of gut passage, feces, and seed handling on latency and rate of germination in seeds consumed by capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 138(4), 486-492.
    • (2009) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol , vol.138 , Issue.4 , pp. 486-492
    • Valenta, K.1    Fedigan, L.M.2
  • 63
    • 78149367798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bushmeat hunting alters recruitment of large-seeded plant species in Central Africa
    • Vanthomme H., Bellé B. & Forget P.-M., 2010. Bushmeat hunting alters recruitment of large-seeded plant species in Central Africa. Biotropica, 42(6), 672-679.
    • (2010) Biotropica , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 672-679
    • Vanthomme, H.1    Bellé, B.2    Forget, P.-M.3
  • 64
    • 0032976428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. II: Survival and growth of seedlings
    • Voysey B.C. et al., 1999. Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. II: survival and growth of seedlings. J. Trop. Ecol., 15(1), 39-60.
    • (1999) J. Trop. Ecol , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-60
    • Voysey, B.C.1
  • 65
    • 34247338107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunting of mammals reduces seed removal and dispersal of the Afrotropical tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae)
    • Wang B.C., Sork V.L., Leong M.T. & Smith T.B., 2007. Hunting of mammals reduces seed removal and dispersal of the Afrotropical tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae). Biotropica, 39(3), 340-347.
    • (2007) Biotropica , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 340-347
    • Wang, B.C.1    Sork, V.L.2    Leong, M.T.3    Smith, T.B.4
  • 66
    • 0002581978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advantages of seed dispersal: A re-evaluation of directed dispersal
    • Wenny D.G., 2001. Advantages of seed dispersal: a re-evaluation of directed dispersal. Evol. Ecol. Res., 3, 51-74.
    • (2001) Evol. Ecol. Res , vol.3 , pp. 51-74
    • Wenny, D.G.1
  • 69
    • 84873268582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density of herbaceous plants and distribution of western gorillas in different habitat types in south-east Cameroon
    • Willie J., Petre C.-A., Tagg N. & Lens L., 2012. Density of herbaceous plants and distribution of western gorillas in different habitat types in south-east Cameroon. Afr. J. Ecol., 51(1), 111-121.
    • (2012) Afr. J. Ecol , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-121
    • Willie, J.1    Petre, C.-A.2    Tagg, N.3    Lens, L.4
  • 70
    • 0027800158 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal mode, seed shadows, and colonization patterns
    • Willson M.F., 1993. Dispersal mode, seed shadows, and colonization patterns. Vegetatio, 107/108, 261-280.
    • (1993) Vegetatio , vol.107 , Issue.108 , pp. 261-280
    • Willson, M.F.1
  • 71
    • 77951998123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future of tropical forests
    • Wright S.J., 2010. The future of tropical forests. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1195(1), 1-27.
    • (2010) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci , vol.1195 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-27
    • Wright, S.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.