Ranging and grouping patterns of a western lowland gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic

American Journal of Primatology

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 111-133

  Remis, Melissa J ^a  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Apes; Gorilla gorilla gorilla; Socioecology

Indexed keywords

FRUGIVORY; GORILLA; HOME RANGE; SOCIAL GROUP; WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLA;

BAI HOKOU; CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC;

ANIMALIA; GORILLA GORILLA BERINGEI; GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA; LUINA; PAN (APE);

EID: 0030812987     PISSN: 02752565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)43:2<111::aid-ajp2>3.0.co;2-%23     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Aveling, R.; Aveling, C. Report from the Zaire Gorilla Conservation Project. PRIMATE CONSERVATION 8:162-164, 1987.
2. Aveling, C.; Harcourt, A.H. A census of the Virunga gorillas. ORYX 18:8-13, 1983.
3. Badrian, N.L.: Malenky, R.K. Feeding Ecology of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire. Pp. 275-229 in THE PYGMY CHIMPANZEE: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR. R.L. Susman, ed. New York, Plenum Press, 1984.
4. Boesch, C. The effects of leopard predation on grouping patterns in forest chimpanzees. BEHAVIOUR 117:220-242, 1991.
5. Boesch, C.; Boesch, H. Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking. PRIMATES 25:160-170, 1984.
6. Calvert, J.J. Food selection by western gorilla (G. g. gorilla) in relation to food chemistry. OECOLOGIA (BERLIN) 65:236-246, 1985.
7. Carroll, R.W. Relative density, range extension, and conservation potential of the lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Dzanga-Sangha region of southwestern Central African Republic. MAMMALIA 52:309-323, 1988.
8. Carroll, R.W. FEEDING ECOLOGY OF WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS (GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA) IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Ph.D. thesis, New Haven, Yale University, 1996.
9. Casimir, M.J. Feeding ecology and nutrition of an eastern gorilla group in the Mt. Kahuzi region. FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA 24:81-136, 1975.
10. Casimir, M.J.; Butenandt, E. Migration and core area shifting in relation to some ecological factors in a mountain gorilla group (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Mt. Kahuzi region (Republique du Zaire). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR TIERPSYCHOLOGIE 33:514-522, 1973.
11. Chapman, C.A.; White, F.J.; Wrangham, R.W. Defining sub-group size in fission-fusion societies. FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA 61:31-34, 1993.
12. Chapman, C.A.; Wrangham, R.W.; Chapman, L.A. Ecological constraints on group size: An analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee sub-groups. BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY 36:59-70, 1995.
13. Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Harvey, P.H. Species differences in feeding and ranging behavior in primates. Pp. 557-588 in PRIMATE ECOLOGY. T.H. Clutton-Brock, ed. London, Academic Press, 1977.
14. Elliott, R.C. Observations on a small group of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA 25: 12-24, 1976.
15. Elsacker, L.V.; Vervaecke, H.; Verheyen, R.F. A review of terminology on aggregation patterns in bonobos (Pan paniscus). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 16:37-52, 1995.
16. Fay, J.M. Partial completion of a census of the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla (Savage and Wyman)) in southwestern Central African Republic. MAMMALIA 53:203-215, 1989.
17. Fay, J.M.; Agnagna, J. Census of gorillas in Northern Republic of Congo. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 27:275-284, 1992.
18. Fay, J.M.; Carroll, R.W.; Kerbis Peterhans, J.C.; Harris, D. Leopard attack on and consumption of gorillas in the Central African Republic. JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 29:93-99, 1995.
19. Fossey, D. Vocalizations of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 20:36-53, 1972.
20. Fossey, D. Observations on the home range of one group of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 22:568-581, 1974.
21. Fossey, D. GORILLAS IN THE MIST. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1983.
22. Fossey, D.; Harcourt, A.H. Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Pp. 415-447 in PRIMATE ECOLOGY: STUDIES OF FEEDING AND RANGING BEHAVIOR IN LEMURS, MONKEYS AND APES. T.H. Clutton-Brock, ed. London, Academic Press, 1977.
23. Galdikas, B.M. Orangutan diet, range and activity in Borneo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 9:1-37, 1988.
24. Ghiglieri, M.P. Feeding ecology and sociality of chimpanzees in Kibale Forest Uganda. Pp. 161-194 in ADAPTATIONS FOR FORAGING IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES. P.S. Rodman; J.G.H. Cant, eds. New York, Columbia University Press, 1984.
25. Goldsmith, M.L. Seasonal fluctuation in diet and its effect on the foraging effort of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) in the Central African Republic. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Supplement: 114, 1996a.
26. Goldsmith, M.L. SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE GROUPING BEHAVIOR OF WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Paper presented at the XVIth International Primatological Society Congress, 1996b.
27. Goldsmith, M.L. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE RANGING AND GROUPING BEHAVIOR OF WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS AT BAI HOKOU IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Ph.D. dissertation, Stony Brook, State University of New York, 1996c.
28. Goodall, A.G. Feeding and ranging in Kahuzi gorillas. Pp. 450-478 in PRIMATE ECOLOGY: STUDIES OF FEEDING AND RANGING BEHAVIOR IN LEMURS, MONKEYS AND APES. T.H. Clutton-Brock, ed. London, Academic Press, 1977.
29. Goodall, J. THE CHIMPANZEES OF GOMBE: PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press, 1986.
30. Harcourt, A.H. Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Z. TIERPSYCHOL. 48:401-420, 1978.
31. Harcourt, A.H.; Fossey, D.; Sabater-Pi, J. Demography of Gorilla gorilla. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LONDON 195:215-233, 1981.
32. Harcourt, A.H.; Steward, K.J.; Hauser, M.D. Functions of wild gorilla 'close' calls. I. Repertoire, context and interspecific comparison. BEHAVIOR 124:89-122, 1993.
33. Isbell, L.A. Contest and scramble competition: Patterns of female aggression and ranging behavior among primates. BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY 2:143-155, 1991.
34. Jones, C.; Sabater-Pi, P.J. Comparative ecology of Gorilla gorilla (Savage & Wyman) and Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach) in Rio Muni, West Africa. BIBLIOTECHA PRIMATOLOGICA No. 13. Basel, Switzerland, S. Karger, 1971.
35. Jungers, W.L.; Susman, R.L. Body size and skeletal allometry in African apes. Pp. 131-178 in THE PYGMY CHIMPANZEE: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR. R. Sussman, ed. New York, Plenum Press, 1984.
36. Kano, T. THE LAST APE: PYGMY CHIMPANZEE BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1992.
37. Kano, T.; Mulavwa, M. Feeding ecology of the pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba. Pp. 233-273 in THE PYGMY CHIMPANZEE: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR. R. Susman, ed. New York, Plenum Press, 1984.
38. Kinzey, W.G.; Cunningham, E.P. Variability in platyrrhine social organization. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 34: 185-198, 1994.
39. Kuroda, S.; Nishihara, T.; Suzuki, S.; Oko, R.A. Sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in the Ndoki Forest, Congo. Pp. 71-81 in GREAT APE SOCIETIES. W.C. McGrew; L.F. Marchant; T. Nishida, eds. London, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
40. Leighton, M.; Leighton, D.R. The relationship of size of feeding aggregate to size of food patch: Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) feeding in Trichilia cipo fruit trees on Barro Colorado Island. BIOTROPICA 14(2):81-90, 1982.
41. Mace, G.M.; Harvey, P.H. Energetic constraints on home range size. AMERICAN NATURALIST 121(1):120-132, 1983.
42. Malenky, R.K.; Kuroda, S.; Vineberg, E.; Wrangham, R.W. The significance of terrestrial herbaceous foods for bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Pp. 59-76 in CHIMPANZEE CULTURES. R.W. Wrangham; W.C. McGrew; F.B.M. deWaal; P.G. Heltne, eds. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1994.
43. McGrew, W.; Baldwin, P.J.; Tutin, C.E.G. Diet of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Assirik, Senegal: I. Composition. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 16:213-223, 1988.
44. McNeilage, A.J. MOUNTAIN GORILLAS IN THE VIRUNGA VOLCANOES: ECOLOGY AND CARRYING CAPACITY. Ph.D. thesis, Scotland, University of Bristol, 1995.
45. Mitani, M. Preliminary results of the studies on wild western lowland gorillas and other sympatric diurnal primates in the Ndoki Forest, Northern Congo. Pp. 215-225 in TOPICS IN PRIMATOLOGY, VOL. 2: BEHAVIOR, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION. N. Itoigawa; Y. Sugiyama; G.P. Sackett; R.K. Thompson, eds. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1992.
46. Mitani, M.; Yamagiwa, J.; Oko, R.A.; Moutsambote, J.M.; Yumoto, T.; Maruhashi, T. Approaches in density estimates and reconstruction of social groups of a western lowland gorilla population in the Ndoki Forest, Northern Congo. TROPICS 2:219-230, 1993.
47. Murnyak, D.F. Censusing the gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 21:163-176, 1981.
48. Mwanza, N.; Yamagiwa, J.; Takakazu, Y.; Maruhashi, T. Distribution and range utilization of eastern lowland gorillas. Pp. 283-300 in TOPICS IN PRIMATOLOGY, Vol. 2: BEHAVIOR, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION. N. Itoigawa; Y. Sugiyama; G.P. Sackett; R.K.R. Thompson, eds. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1992.
49. Nishida, T. The social structure of chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. Pp. 73-121 in THE GREAT APES. D.A. Hamburg; E.R. McCown, eds. Menlo Park, CA, Benjamin/Cummings, 1979.
50. Nishida, T.; Uehara, S. Natural diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Long-term record from the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. AFRICAN STUDY MONOGRAPHS 3:109-130, 1983.
51. Nishihara, T. Feeding ecology of western lowland gorillas in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Congo. PRIMATES 36:151-168, 1995.
52. Pierce, A. Ranging patterns and associations of a small community of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Pp. 59-62 in RECENT ADVANCES IN PRIMATOLOGY, VOL. 1. D.J. Chivers; J. Herbert, eds. New York, Academic Press, 1978.
53. Remis, M.J. A preliminary analysis of nesting behavior of lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic: Implications for estimates of population density and understanding group dynamics. TROPICS 2:245-255, 1993.
54. Remis, M.J. FEEDING ECOLOGY AND POSITIONAL BEHAVIOR OF WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS (GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA) IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Ph.D. dissertation. New Haven, Yale University, 1994.
55. Remis, M.J. The effects of body size and social context on the use of trees by lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 97:413-433, 1995.
56. Remis, M.J. Lowland gorillas as seasonal frugivores: Use of resources which vary in time and space. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Supplement 196, 1996.
57. Remis, M.J. The gorilla paradox: The effects of habitat and body size on the arboreal behaviors of gorillas. In PRIMATE LOCOMOTION. E. Strasser, ed. New York, Plenum Press, in press.
58. Remis, M.J. Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) as seasonal frugivores: Use of variable resources. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 43:87-109, 1997a.
59. Robbins, M.M. A demographic analysis of male life history and social structure of mountain gorillas. BEHAVIOR 132:21-47, 1995.
60. Robinson, J.G.; Janson, C.H. Capuchins, squirrel monkeys and atelines: Socioecological convergence with Old World primates. Pp. 69-82 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES B.B. Smuts; D.L. Cheney; R.M. Seyfarth; R.W. Wrangham; T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1987.
61. Rogers, M.E.; Williamson, E.; Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M. Gorilla diet in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: A nutritional analysis. OECOLOGIA 84:326-339, 1990.
62. Sabater-Pi, J. Contribution to the study of alimentation of lowland gorillas in the natural state in Rio Muni, Republic of Equatorial Guinea (W. Africa). PRIMATES 18:183-204, 1977.
63. Sakura, O. Factors affecting party size and composition of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 5:167-184, 1994.
64. Samuel, M.D.; Pierce, D.J.; Gaton, E.O. Identifying areas of concentrated use within the home range. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY 54:711-719, 1985.
65. Schaller, G.B. THE MOUNTAIN GORILLA: ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1963.
66. Sicotte, P. Intergroup interactions and female transfer in mountain gorillas: Influence of group composition on male behavior. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 30:21-36, 1993.
67. Stewart, K.J.; Harcourt, A.H. Gorillas: Variation in female relationships. Pp. 155-164 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES. B.B. Smuts; D.L. Cheney; R.M. Seyfarth; R.W. Wrangham; T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1987.
68. Strier, K.B. Effects of patch size on feeding associations in muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides). FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA 52:70-77, 1989.
69. Sugardjito, J.; te Boekhorst, I.G.A.; van Hoof, J.A.R.A.M. Ecological constraints on the grouping of wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus) in the Gunung Leuser National Park Sumatra, Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 8:17-41, 1987.
70. Symington, M.M. Fission-fusion social organization in Ateles and Pan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 11:47-61, 1990.
71. Terborgh, J.W.; Janson, C.H. The socioecology of primate groups. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS 17: 111-135, 1986.
72. Thompson-Handler, N. SOCIO-SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS OF PAN PANISCUS, THE PYGMY CHIMPANZEE. Ph.D. dissertation, New Haven, Yale University, 1990.
73. Tutin, C.E.G. Social structure of lowland gorillas. Pp. 58-70 in GREAT APE SOCIETIES. W.C. McGrew; L.F. Marchant; T. Nishida, eds. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
74. Tutin, C.E.G.; Benirschke, K. Possible osteomyelitis of skull causes death of wild lowland gorilla in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY 20:357-360, 1991.
75. Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M. Nationwide census of gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan t. troglodytes) populations in Gabon. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 6:313-336, 1984.
76. Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M. Foods consumed by sympatric populations of Gorilla g. gorilla and Pan t. troglodytes in Gabon: Some preliminary data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 6:27-43, 1985.
77. Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M. Responses of wild chimpanzees and gorillas to the arrival of primatologists: Behavior observed during habitation. Pp. 187-197 in PRIMATE RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. H.O. Box ed. London, Chapman and Hall, 1991.
78. Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M. Insect-eating by sympatric lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes) in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 28:29-40, 1992.
79. Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M. Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 30:195-211, 1993a.
80. Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M. Fruit production in some tropical forest trees in Gabon. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 9:241-248, 1993b.
81. Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M. Faecal analysis as a method of describing diets of apes: Examples from sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees at Lopé, Gabon. TROPICS 2:189-198, 1993c.
82. Tutin, C.E.G.; Fernandez, M.; Rogers, M.E.; Williamson, E.A.; McGrew, W.C. Foraging profiles of sympatric lowland gorillas and chimpanzees in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (LONDON) 334:179-186, 1991.
83. Tutin, C.E.G.; Ham, R.M.; White, L.J.T.; Harrison, M.J.S. The primate community of the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: Diets, responses to fruit scarcity and effects on biomass. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 42:1-24, 1997.
84. Uchida, A. INTRA-SPECIES VARIATION AMONG THE GREAT APES: IMPLICATIONS FOR TAXONOMY OF FOSSIL HOMINOIDS. Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge, Harvard University, 1992.
85. Uchida, A. What we don't know about great ape variation. TRENDS IN EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY (TREE) 11:163-168, 1995.
86. Vedder, A.L. Movement patterns of a group of free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relationship to food availability. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 7:73-88, 1984.
87. Waterman, P.G.; Choo, G.M.; Vedder, A.L.; Watts, D.P. Digestibility, digestion-inhibitors and nutrients of herbaceous foliage and green stems from an African montane flora and comparison with other tropical flora. OECOLOGIA 60:244-249, 1983.
88. Watts, D.P. Composition and variation of mountain gorillas diets in the central Virungas. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 7:323-356, 1984.
89. Watts, D.P. Effect of mountain gorilla foraging activities on the productivity of their food plant species. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 25:155-163, 1987.
90. Watts, D.P. Ecology of gorillas and its relation to female transfer in mountain gorillas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 11:21-46, 1990.
91. Williamson, E.A.; Tutin, C.E.G., Rogers, M.E.; Fernandez, M. Composition of the diet of lowland gorillas at Lopé Gabon. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 21:265-277, 1990.
92. Wrangham, R.W. Feeding behavior of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Pp. 504-538 in PRIMATE ECOLOGY. T.H. Clutton-Brock, ed. New York, Academic Press, 1977.
93. Wrangham, R.W.; Waterman, P.G. Condensed tanins in fruits eaten by chimpanzees. BIOTROPICA 15:217-222, 1983.
94. Wrangham, R.W.; Conklin, N.L.; Chapman, C.A.; Hunt, K.D. The significance of fibrous foods for Kibale Forest chimpanzees. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (LONDON) 334:11-18, 1991.
95. Wrangham, R.W.; Conklin, N.L.; Etot, G.; Obua, J.; Hunt, K.D.; Hauser, M.D.; Clark, A.P. The value of figs to chimpanzees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 14:243-256, 1993.
96. Wrangham, R.W.; Chapman, C.A.; Clark-Arcadi, A.P.; Isabirye-Basuta, G. Social ecology of Kanyawara chimpanzees: Implications for understanding the costs of great ape groups. Pp. 45-57 in GREAT APE SOCIETIES. W.C. McGrew; L. Marchant; T. Nishida, eds. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
97. Yamagiwa, J.; Mwanza, N.; Yumoto, T.; Maruhasi, T. Seasonal changes in the composition of the diet of eastern lowland gorillas. PRIMATES, 35:1-14, 1994.
98. Yamagiwa, J.; Maruhashi, T.; Yumoto, T.; Mwanza, N. Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire. Pp. 82-98 in GREAT APE SOCIETIES. W.C. McGrew; L. Marchant; T. Nishida, eds. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.