Apples

Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding: Germplasm to Genomics

Volumn 9781402069079, Issue , 2008, Pages 1-37

  Hancock, J F ^a   Luby, J J ^b   Brown, S K ^c   Lobos, G A ^d  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c Cornell University ^*  (United States)

^d UNIVERSIDAD DE TALCA   (Chile)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883764409     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6907-9_1     Document Type: Chapter

References (237)

1. Aldwinckle HS, Borejsza-Wysocka EE, Malnoy M, Brown SK, Norelli JL, Beer SV, Meng X, He SY, Jin Q-L (2003) Development of fire blight resistant apple cultivars by genetic engineering. Acta Hort 622:105-111
2. Aldwinckle H, Lamb R, Gustafson H (1977) Nature and inheritance of resistance to Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae in apple cultivars. Phytopath 67:259-266
3. Alston FH (1970) Resistance to collar not, Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. and Cohn) Schroet in apple. Rep E Malling Research sta. 1969, 143-145
4. Alston FH (1976) Dwarfing and lethal genes in apple progenies. Euphytica 25:505-514
5. Alston FH (1977) Practical aspects of breeding for mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) resistance in apples. Proc Eucarpia Symp Tree Fruit Breed 4-13
6. Alston FH (1981) Breeding high quality high yielding apples. In: Goodenough P, Atkin R (eds) Quality in stored and processed vegetables and fruit. Academic Press, New York, pp 93-102
7. Alston FH, Briggs JB (1970) Inheritance of hypersensitivity to rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea in apple. Can J Genet Cytol 12:257-258
8. Alston FH, Briggs JB (1977) Resistance genes in apple and biotypes of Dysaphis devecta. Ann Applied Biol 87:75-81
9. Alston FH, Phillips K, Evans K (2000) A Malus gene list. Acta Hort 538:561-570
10. Alston FH, Watkins R (1973) Apple breeding at East Malling. Proc Eucarpia Fruit Breed Symp 14-29
11. Antofie A, Lateur M, Oger R, Patocchi A, Durel CE, Van de Weg WE (2007) A new versatile database created for geneticists and breeders to link molecular and phenotypic data in perennial crops: the AppleBreed Database. Bioinformatics 23:882-891
12. Atkinson CJ, Nestby R, Ford YY, Dodds PAA (2005) Enhancing beneficial antioxidants in fruits: a plant physiological perspective. Biofactors 23:229-234
13. Atkinson RG, Bolitho KM, Wright MA, Iturriagagoitia-Bueno T, Reid SJ, Ross GS (1998) Apple ACC-oxidase and polygalacturonase: ripening-specific gene expression and promoter analysis in transgenic tomato. Plant Mol Biol 38:449-460
14. Atkinson RG, Schröder R, Hallett IC, Cohen D, MacRae E (2002) Overexpression of polygalacturonase in transgenic apple trees leads to a range of novel phenotypes involving changes in cell adhesion. Plant Physiol 129:122-133
15. Baldi P, Patocchi A, Zini E, Toller C, Velasco R, Komjanc M (2004) Cloning and linkage mapping of resistance gene homologues in apple. Theor Appl Genet 109:231-239
16. Belfanti E, Silfverberg-Dilworth E, Tartarini S, Patocchi A, Barbieri M, Zhu J, Vinatzer B, Gianfranceschi L, Gessler C, Sansavini S (2004) The HcrVf2 gene from a wild apple confers scab resistance to a transgenic cultivated variety. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:886-890
17. Beuning L, Bowen J, Persson H, Barraclough D, Bulley S, MacRae E (2004) Characterisation of Mal d 1-related genes in Malus. Plant Mol Biol 55:369-388
18. Bolar JP, Norelli JL, Harman GE, Brown SK, Aldwinckle HS (2001) Synergistic activity of endochitinase and exochitinase from Trichoderma atroviride (T. harzianum) against the pathogenic fungus (Venturia inaequalis) in transgenic apple plants. Transgenic Res 10:533-543
19. Bolar JP, Norelli JL, Wong K-W, Hayes CK, Harman GE, Aldwinckle HS (2000) Expression of endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum in transgenic apple increases resistance to apple scab and reduces vigor. Phytopath 90:72-77
20. Boss P, Gardner R, Janssen B, Ross G (1995) An apple polyphenol oxidase cDNA is up-regulated in wounded tissues. Plant Mol Biol 27:429-433
21. Boudichevskaia A, Flachowsky H, Peil A, Fischer C, Dunemann F (2006) Development of a multiallelic SCAR marker for the scab resistance gene Vr1/Vh4/Vx from R12740-7A and is utility for molecular breeding. Tree Genet Genomes 2:186-195
22. Brooks HJ, Vest G (1985) Public programs on genetics and breeding of horticultural crops in the United States. HortScience 20:826-830
23. Broothaerts W (2003) New findings in apple-S genotype analysis resolve previous confusion and request the re-numbering of some S-alleles. Theor Appl Genet 106:703-714
24. Broothaerts W, De Clubber K, Zaman S, Coppens S, Keulemans J (2000a) The feasibilty of fungal disease resistance in apple by expression of antimicrobial peptide genes. Acta Hortic 521:91-94
25. Broothaerts W, Keulemans J, van Nerum I (2004a) Self-fertile apple resulting from S-RNase gene silencing. Plant Cell Rep 22:497-501
26. Broothaerts W, McPherson J, Li BC, Randall E, Lane WD, Wiersma PA (2000b) Fast apple (Malus × domestica) and tobacco (Nictotiana tobacum) leaf polyphenol oxidase activity assay for screening transgenic plants. J Agric Food Chem 48:5924-5928
27. Broothaerts W, van Nerum I, Keulemans J (2004b) Update and review of incompatibility (S-) genotypes of apple cultivars. HortScience 39:943-947
28. Brown SK (1992) Genetics of apple. Plant Breed Rev 9:333-365
29. Brown AG, Harvey DM (1971) The nature and inheritance of sweetness and acidity in the cultivated apple. Euphytica 20:68-80
30. Brown SK, Maloney KE (2003) Genetic improvement of apple: breeding, markers, mapping and biotechnology. In: Ferree D, Warrington I (eds) Apples: botany, production and uses. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 31-59
31. Bulley SM, Wilson FM, Hedden P, Phillips AL, Croker SJ, James DJ (2005) Modification of gibberellin biosynthesis in the grafted apple scion allows control of tree height independent of the rootstock. Plant Biotech J 3:215-223
32. Bus VG, Alspach PA, Hofstee ME, Brewer LR (2002) Genetic variability and preliminary heritability estimates of resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis) in an apple genetics population. NZ J Crop Hort Sci 30:83-92
33. Bus VGM, Lauren FND, van de Weg WE, Rusholme RL, Rikkerink EHA, Gardiner SE, Basset HCM, Kodde LP, Plummer KM (2005a) The Vh8 locus of a new gene-for-gene interaction between Venturia inaequalis and the wild apple Malus sieversii is closely linked to the Vh2 locus in Malus pumila R12740-7A. New Phytologist 166:1035-1049
34. Bus VGM, Rikkerink EHA, van de Weg WE, Rusholme RL, Gardiner SE, Basset HCM, Kodde LP, Parisi L, Laurens FND, Meulenbroek EJ, Plummer KM (2005b) The Vh2 and Vh4 scab resistance genes in two differential hosts derived from Russian Seedling R12740-7A map to the same linkage group of apple. Mol Breed 15:103-116
35. Caffier V, Parisi L (2007) Development of powdery mildew on sources of resistance to Po - dosphaera leucotricha, exposed to an inoculum virulent against the major resistance gene Pl-2. Plant Breeding 126:319-322
36. Calenge F, Van der Linden CG, Van der Weg E, Schouten HJ, Van Arkel G, Denancé C, Durel CE (2005) Resistance gene analogues identified through the NBS-profiling method map close to major genes and QTL for disease resistance in apple. Theor Appl Genet 110:660-668
37. Carnes J, Ferrer A, Fernandez-Caldas E (2006) Allergenicity of 10 different apple varieties. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 96:564-570
38. Castiglione S, Pirola B, Sala F, Ventura M, Pancaldi M, Sansavini S (1998) Molecular studies of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase genes in apple. Acta Hortic 484:305-309
39. Cevik V, King GJ (2000) Molecular genetic analysis of the Sd1 aphid resistance locus in Malus. Acta Hortic 538:553-559
40. Challice JS (1974) Rosaceae chemotaxonomy and the origins of the Pomoideae. Bot J Linn Soc 69:239-259
41. Challice JS, Kovanda M (1981) Chemotaxonomic studies in the family Rosaceae and the evolutionary origins of the subfamily Maloideae. Preslia 53:289-304
42. Chen H, Korban SS (1987) Genetic variability and the inheritance of resistance to cedar-apple rust in apple. Plant Path 36:168-174
43. Cheng FS, Weeden NF, Brown SK (1996) Identification of co-dominant RAPD markers tightly linked to fruit skin color in apple. Theor Appl Genet 93:222-227
44. m, a gene conferring resistance to apple scab. Genome 41:208-214
45. Chevreau E, Lespinasse Y, Gallet M (1985) Inheritance of pollen enzymes and polyploid origin of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Theor Appl Genet 71:268-277
46. Chevreau E, Dupuis F, Ortolan C, Parisi L (2001) Transformation of apple for durable scab resistance: expression of a puroindoline gene in susceptible and resistant (Vf) genotypes. Acta Hortic 560:323-326
47. Chyi Y, Weeden N (1984) Relative isozyme band intensities permit the identification of the 2n gamete parent of triploid apple cultivars. HortScience 19:818-819
48. Conner PJ, Brown SK, Weeden NF (1997) Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-based genetic linkage maps of three apple cultivars. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 122:350-359
49. Conner PJ, Brown SK, Weeden NF (1998) Molecular-marker analysis of quantitative traits for growth and development in juvenile apple trees. Theor Appl Genet 96:1027-1035
50. Costa F, Stella S, Van de Weg E, Guerra W, Cecchinel M, Dallavia J, Koller B, Sansavini S (2005) Role of the genes Md-ACO1 and Md-ACS1 in ethylene production and shelf life of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Euphytica 141:181-190
51. Crassweller R, Green G (2003) Production and handling techniques for processing apples. In: Ferree DWI (ed) Apples: botany, production and uses. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 615-633
52. Cummins JN, Forsline PL, Mackenzie JD (1981) Woolly apple aphid colonization on Malus cultivars. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 106:26-30
53. Currie AJ, Ganeshanandam S, Noiton DA, Garrick D, Shelbourne CJ, Oraguzie N (2000) Quantitative evaluation of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit shape by principal component analysis of Fourier descriptors. Euphytica 111:221-227
54. Crosby JA, Janick J, Pecknold PC, Korban SS, O'Conner PA, Ries SM, Goffreda S, Voordeckers A (1992) Breeding apples for scab resistance:1945-1990. Acta Hortic 317:43-90
55. Dandekar AM, Teo G, Defilippi BG, Uratsu SL, Passey AJ, Kader AA, Stow JR, Colgan RJ, James DJ (2004) Effect of down-regulation of ethylene biosynthesis on fruit flavor complex in apple fruit. Transgenic Res 13:373-384
56. Davey MW, Kenis K, Keulemans J (2006) Genetic control of fruit vitamin C. Plant Physiol 142:343-351
57. Dayton DF, Williams EB (1968) Independent genes in Malus for resistance to Venturia inaequalis. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 92:89-94
58. Decourtye L (1967) A study of some characters under simple genetical control in apple (Malus sp.) and pear (Pyrus communis) (in French). Ann Amel Plantes 17:243-265
59. Decourtye L, Lantin B (1969) Contriution a la connaissance des mutants spurs de pommier heredite du caractere. Ann Amel Plantes 19:227-238
60. Defilippi BG, Dandekar AM, Kader AA (2005a) Relationship of ethylene biosynthesis to volatile production, related enzymes, and precursor availability in apple peel and flesh tissues. J Agric Food Chem 53:3133-3141
61. Defilippi BG, Kader AA, Dandekar AM (2005b) Apple aroma: alcohol acyltransferase, a rate limiting step for ester biosynthesis, is regulated by ethylene. Plant Sci 168:1199-1210
62. Diaz-Perales A, Garcia-Casado G, Sanchez-Monge R, Garcia-Selles FJ, Barber D, Salcedo G (2002) cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of the major allergens from peach and apple belonging to the lipid-transfer protein family. Clin Exp Allergy 32:87-92
63. Dickson EE, Kresovich S, Weeden NF (1991) Isozymes in North American Malus (Rosaceae): hybridization and species differentiation. Syst Bot 16:363-375
64. Dong, Y-H, Yao J-L, Atkinson RG, Putterill JJ, Morris BA, Gardner RC (2000) MDH1: an apple homeobox gene belonging to the BEL1 family. Plant Mol Biol 42:623-633
65. Dong J, Kim W, Yip W, Thompson GA, Li L, Bennett AB, Yang S (1991) Cloning of a cDNA encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase synthase and expression of its mRNA in ripening apple fruit. Planta 185:38-45
66. Dong J, Olson D, Silverstone A, Yang S (1992) Sequence of a cDNA coding for a 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase homolog from apple fruit. Plant Physiol 98:1530-1531
67. Dong Y, Beuning L, Davies K, Mitra D, Morris B, Koostra A (1998a) Expression of pigmentation genes and photo-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in developing Royal Gala apple flowers. Aust J Plant Physiol 25:245-252
68. Dong Y, Janssen BJ, Bieleski LR, Atkinson RG, Morris BA, Gardner RC (1997) Isolating and characterizing genes differentially expressed early in apple fruit development. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 122:752-757
69. Dong Y, Kvarnheden A, Yao J, Sutherland P, Atkinson R, Morris B, Gardner R (1998b) Identification of pollination-induced genes from the ovary of apple (Malus domestica). Sexual Plant Reprod 11:277-283
70. Dong Y-H, Yao J-L, Atkinson RG, Morris BA, Gardner RC (1999) Mdh3 encoding a Phalaenopsis O39-like homeodomain protein expressed in ovules of Malus domestica. J Exp Bot 50:141-142
71. Dong Y-H, Zhan X-C, Kvarnheden A, Atkinson R, Morris B, Gardner R (1998c) Expression of a cDNA from apple encoding a homologue of DAD1, an inhibitor of programmed cell death. Plant Sci 139:165-174
72. Dunemann F, Bräcker G, Markussen T, Roche P (1999) Identification of molecular markers for the major mildew resistance gene Pl2 in apple. Acta Hort 484:411-416
73. Durel C, Calenge F, Parisi W, van de Weg W, Kodde L, Liebhard R, Kodde LP, Dunemann F, Gennari F, Thiermann M, Lespinasse Y (2004) An overview of the position and robustness of scab resistance QTLs and major genes by aligning genetic maps of five apple progenies. Acta Hortic 663:135-140
74. Durel CE, Laurens F, Fouillet A, Lespinasse Y (1998) Utilization of pedigree information to estimate genetic parameters from large unbalanced data sets in apple. Theor Appl Genet 96:1077-1085
75. Durel CE, Lespinasse Y, Calenge F, van der Weg WE, Koller B, Dunemann F, Thiermann M, Evans K, James C, Tartarini S (2002) Four years of the European D. A. R. E. Project: numerous results on apple scab and powdery mildew resistance gene mapping. In: Plant, Animal & Microbe Genomes X Conference, San Diego, California. http://www.intl-pag.org
76. Durel CE, Parisi L, Laurens F, Van de Weg WE, Liebhard R, Jourjon MF (2003) Genetic dissection of partial resistance to race 6 of Venturia inaequalis in apple. Genome 46:224-234
77. Durel CE, Vande Weg WE, Venisse JS, Parioi L (2000) Localization of a major gene for scab resistance on the European genetic map of the Prima × Fiesta cross. 10BC/WPRS Bull. 23:245-248
78. Eberhardt MV, Lee CY, Liu RH (2000) Nutrition: antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature 405:903-904
79. Erdin N, Tartarini S, Broggini GAL, Gennari F, Sansavini S, Gessler C, Patocchi A (2006) Mapping of the apple scab-resistance gene Vb. Genome 49:1238-1245
80. Espley RV, Hellens RP, Putterill J, Stevenson DE, Kutty-Amma S, Allan AC (2007) Red colouration in apple fruit is due to the activity of the MYB transcription factor, MdMYB10. Plant J 49:414-427
81. Evans K, James C (2003) Identification of SCAR markers linked to Pl-w mildew resistance in apple. Theor Appl Genet 106:1178-1183
82. FAOSTAT (2004) Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/site/336.default.asp
83. Fiala JL (1994) Flowering crabapples: The genus Malus. Timer Press, Portland, Oreqon
84. Flachowsky H, Peil A, Sopanen T, Elo A, Hanke V (2007) Overexpression of BpMADS4 from silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) induces early-flowering in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Plant Breed 126:137-145
85. Forsline PL (2003) Collection, maintenance, characterization and utilization of wild apples of central Asia. Hortic Rev 29:1-61
86. Forsline P, Dickson E, Djangalieu A (1994) Collection of wild Malus, Vitis and other fruit species genetic resources in Kasakhstan and neighboring republics. HortScience 29:433 (abstract)
87. Gallott JC, Lamb RC, Aldwinckle HS (1985) Resistance to powdery mildew from some smallfruited Malus cultivars. HortScience 20:1085-1087
88. Gao ZS, van de Weg WE (2006) The Vf gene for scab resistance in apple is linked to sub-lethal genes. Euphytica 151:123-132
89. Gao ZS, van de Weg WE, Schaart JG, Schouten, HJ, Tran DH, Kodde LP, van der Meer, IM, van der Geest AHM, Kodde J, Breiteneder H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Bosch D, Gilissen L J WJ (2005a) Genomic cloning and linkage mapping of the Mal d 1 (PR-10) gene family in apple (Malus domestica). Theor Appl Genet 111:171-183
90. Gao ZS, van de Weg WE, Schaart JG, van der Meer IM, Kodde LP, Laimier M, Breiteneder H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, and Gilissen L J WJ (2005b) Linkage map positions and allelic diversity of two Mal d 3 (non-specific lipid transfer protein) genes in the cultivated apple (Malus domestica). Theo Appl Genet 110:479-491
91. Gercheva P, Zimmerman RH, Owens LD, Berry C, Hammersclag FA (1994) Particle bombardment of apple leaf explants influences adventitious shoot formation. HortScience 29:1536-1538
92. Gessler C, Patocchi A, Sansavini S, Tartarini S, Gianfranceschi L (2006) Venturia inaequalis resistance in apple. Crit Rev Plant Sci 25:473-503
93. Gianfranceschi L, Seglias N, Tartarini R, Komjanc M, Gessler C (1998) Simple sequence repeats for the genetic analysis of apple. Theor Appl Genet 96:1069-1076
94. Gilissen LJ, Bolhaar ST, Matos CI, Rouwendal GJ, Boone MJ, Krens FA, Zuidmeer L, van Leeuwen A, Akkerdaas J, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Knulst AC, Bosch D, van de Weg E, van Ree R (2005) Silencing the major apple allergen Mal d 1 by using the RNA interference approach. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:364-369
95. Gittins JR, Hiles ER, Pellny TK, Biricolti S, James DJ (2001) The Brassica napus extA promoter: a novel alternative promoter to CaMV 35S for directing transgene expression to young stem tissues and load bearing regions of transgenic apple trees (Malus pumila Mill.). Mol Breed 7:51-62
96. Gittins JR, Pellny TK, Biricolti S, Hiles ER, Passey AJ, James DJ (2003) Transgene expression in the vegetative tissues of apple driven by the vascular-specific rolC and CoYMV. Transgenic Res 12:391-402
97. Gittins JR, Pellny TK, Hiles ER, Rosa C, Biricolti S, James DJ (2000) Transgene expression driven by heterologous ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small-subunit gene promoters in the vegetative tissues of apple (Malus pumila Mill.). Planta 210:232-240
98. Gygax M, Gianfranceschi L, Liebhard R, Kellerhals M, Gessler C, Patocchi A (2004) Molecular markers linked to the apple scab resistance gene Vbj derived from Malus baccata jackii. Theor Appl Genet 109:1702-1709
99. Hammerschlag FA, Liu Q (2000) Generating apple transformants free of Agrobacterium tumefaciens by vacuum infiltrating explants with an acidified medium and with antibiotics. Acta Hort 530:103-111
100. Harada T, Sunako T, Wakasa Y, Soejima J, Satoh T, Nitzeki M (2000) An allele of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene (Md-ACS1) accounts for the low level of ethylene production in climacteric fruits of some apple cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 101:742-746
101. Harker FR, Amos RL, Echeverría G, Gunson FA (2006). Influence of texture on taste: insights gained during studies of hardness, juiciness, and sweetness of apple fruit. J Food Sci 71:S77-S82
102. Harris SA, Robinson JP, Juniper BE (2002) Genetic clues to the origin of the apple. Trends Genet 18:426-430
103. Hauagge R, Cummins J (1991) Genetics of length of dormancy period in Malus vegetative buds. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 116:121-126
104. Hemmat M, Brown SK, Weeden NF (2002) Tagging and mapping scab resistance genes from R12740-7A apple. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 127:365-370
105. Hemmat M, Weeden NF, Conner PJ, Brown SK (1997) A DNA marker for columnar growth habit in apple contains a simple sequence repeat. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 122:347-349
106. Hemmat M, Weeden N, Manganaris A, Lawson D (1994) Molecular marker linkage map for apple. J Hered 85:4-11
107. Hoffmann-Sommergruber S (2002) Pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins identified as allergens. Biochem Soc Trans 30:930-935
108. Hokanson SC, McFerson JR, Forsline PL, Lamboy WF, Luby J, Djangaliev A, Aldwinckle H (1997) Collecting and managing wild Malus germplasm in its center of diversity. HortScience 32:173-176
109. Holefors A, Xue Z-T, Zhu L-H, Welander M (2000) The Arabidopsis phytochrome B gene influences growth of the apple rootstock M26. Plant Cell Reports 19:1049-1056
110. Igarashi M, Ogasawara H, Hatsuyama Y, Saito A, Suzuki M (2002) Introduction of rolC into Marubakaidou [Malus prunifolia Borkh.var. Ringo Asami Mo 84-A] apple rootstock via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Sci 163:463-473
111. Jacobsen E, Schouten HJ (2007) Cisgenesis strongly improves introgression breeding and induced translocation breeding of plants. Trends Biotech 25:219-223
112. James CM, Clarke JB, Evans KM (2004) Identification of molecular markers linked to the mildew resistance gene Pl-d in apple. Theor Appl Gen 110:175-181
113. James DJ, Gittins JR, Massiah AJ, Pellny TK, Hiles ER, Biricolti S, Passey AJ, Vaughn SP (2001) Using heterologous and homologous promoters to study tissue specific transgene expression in fruit crops. Acta Hortic 560:55-62
114. James DJ, Passey AJ, Barbaro DJ, Bevan MW (1989) Genetic transformation of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) using a disarmed Ti-binary vector. Plant cell Rep 7:658-661
115. Janick J, Cummins JN, Brown SK, Hemmat M (1996) Apples. In: Janick J, Moore J (eds) Fruit Breeding, vol. I: Tree and Tropical Fruits. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 1-77
116. Juniper BE, Watkins R, Harris SA (1999) The origin of the apple. Acta Hortic 484:27-33
117. Jung S, Jesudurai C, Staton M, Du Z, Ficklin S, Cho I, Abbott A, Tomkins J, Main D (2004) GDR (Genome Database for Rosaceae): integrated web resources for Rosaceae genomics and genetics research. BMC Bioinform 5 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1871-2105/5/130
118. Kenis K, Keulemans V (2005) Genetic linkage maps of two apple cultivors (Malus × domestica Borkh) based on AFLP and microsatellite markers. Mol Breeding 15:205-219
119. Keulemans J, Eyssen R, Colda G (1994) Improvement of seed set and seed germination in apple. In: Schmidt H, Kellerhals M (eds) Progress in temperate fruit breeding. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp 225-228
120. Khan MA, Duffy B, Gessler C, Patocchi A (2006) QTL mapping of fire blight resistance in apple. Mol Breed 17:299-306
121. Kim MY, Song KJ, Hwang JH, Shin YU, Lee HJ (2003a) Development of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the Co gene conferring columnar growth habit in apple (Malus pumila Mill.). J Hortic Sci Biotech 78:512-517
122. Kim JY, Seo YS, Kim JE, Sung SK, Song KJ, An GH, Kim WT (2001) Two polyphenol oxidases are differentially expressed during vegetative and reproductive development and in response to wounding in the Fuji apple. Plant Sci 161:1145-1152
123. Kim S-H, Lee J-R, Hong S-T, Yoo Y-K, An G, Kim S-R (2003b) Molecular cloning and analysis of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes preferentially expressed in apple skin. Plant Sci 165:403-413
124. King GJ, Lynn JR, Dover CJ, Evans KM, Seymore GB (2001) Resolution of quantitative trait loci for mechanical measures accounting for genetic variation in fruit texture of apple (Malus pumila Mill.). Theor Appl Genet 100:1227-1235
125. King GJ, Maliepaard C, Lynn JR, Alston FH, Durel CE, Evans KM, Griffon B, Laurens F, Manganaris AG, Schrevense E, Tartarini S (2000) Quantitative genetic analysis and comparison of physical and sensory descriptors relating to fruit flesh firmness in apple (Malus pumila Mill.). Theor Appl Genet 100:1074-1084
126. Kitahara K, Matsumoto S, Yamamoto T, Soejima J, Kimura T, Komatsu H, Abe K (2005) Parent identification of eight apple cultivars by S-RNase analysis and simple sequence repeat markers. HortScience 40:314-317
127. Kitahara K, Ohtsubo T, Soejima J, Matsumoto S (2004) Cloning and characterization of apple class B MADS-box genes including a novel AP3 homologue MdTM6. J Jap Soc Hortic Sci 73:208-215
128. Klein LG (1958) The inheritance of certain fruit characters in the apple. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 72:1-14
129. Knight RL (1962) Fruit breeding. Annu Rpt E Malling Res Sta for 1961, 102-105
130. Knight RL, Briggs JB, Massee AM, Tydeman HM (1962) The inheritance of resistance to wooly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmn.) in the apple. J Hortic Sci 37:207-218
131. Kochhar S, Watkins C, Conklin P, Brown S (2003) A quantitative and qualitative analysis of antioxidant enzymes in relation to susceptibility of apples to superficial scald. J Amer Soc Hortic Sci 128:910-916
132. Korban S (1986) Interspecific hybridization in Malus. HortScience 21:41-48
133. Korban S, Dayton D (1983) Evaluation of Malus germplasm for resistance to powdery mildew. HortScience 18:219-220
134. Korban SS, Skirvin RM (1984) Nomenclature of the cultivated apple. HortScience 19:177-180
135. Korban SS, Swiader JM (1984) Genetic and nutritional status in bitter pit-resistant and susceptible apple seedlings. J Amer Soc Hortic Sci 109:428-432
136. Kotoda N, Wada M, Komori S, Kidou S-I, Abe K, Masuda T, Soejima J (2000) Expression pattern of homologues of floral meristem identity genes LFY and AP1 during flower development in apple. J Amer Soc Hortic Sci 125:398-403
137. Kotoda N, Wada M, Kusaba S, Kano-Murakami Y, Masuda T, Soejima J (2002) Overexpression of MdMADS5, an APETALA1-like gene of apple, causes early flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Sci 162:679-687
138. Krebitz M, Wagner B, Ferreira F, Peterbauer C, Campillo N, Witty M, Kolarich D, Steinkellner H, Scheiner O, Breiteneder H (2003) Plant-based heterologous expression of Mal d 2, a thaumatinlike protein and allergen of apple (Malus domestica), and its characterization as an antifungal protein. J Mol Biol 329:712-730
139. Kusaba S, Honda C, Kano-Murakami Y (2001) Isolation and expression analysis of gibberellin 20-oxidase homologous gene in apple. J Exp Bot 52:375-376
140. Labuschagne IF, Louw JH, Schmidt K, Sadie A (2003) Selection for increased budbreak in apple. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 128:363-373
141. Labuschagne I, Lowu J, Schmidt K, Sadie A (2002) Genetic variation in chilling requirement in apple progeny. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 127:663-672
142. Lapins KO (1974) Spur type growth habit in 60 apple progenies. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 99:568-572
143. Lapins KO, Watkins R (1973) Genetics of compact growth p. 136. Ann Rpt E Malling Res Sta for 1972
144. Lata B (2007) Relationship between apple peel and the whole fruit antioxidant content: year and cultivar variation. J Agric Food Chem 55:663-671
145. Laurens F (1999) Review of the current apple breeding programs in the world: objectives for scion cultivar development. Acta Hortic 484:163-170
146. Laurens F, Pitiot C (2003) French apple breeding program: a new partnership between INRA and the nurserymen of NOVADI. Acta Hortic 622:575-582.
147. Lee KW, Kim YJ, Kim D-O, Lee HJ, Lee CY (2003) Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem 51:6516-6520
148. Lee YP, Yu GH, Seo YS, Han SE, Choi YO, Kim D, Mok IG, Kim WT, Sung SK (2007) Microarray analysis of apple gene expression engaged in early fruit development. Plant Cell Rep. Feb. 9 (Epub ahead of print)
149. Lespinasse Y, Fouillet A, Flick JD, Lespinasse JM, Delort F (1988) Contributions to genetic studies in apple. Acta Hort 224:99-108
150. Liebhard R, Kellerhals M, Pfammatter W, Jertmini M, Gessler C (2003a) Mapping quantitative physiological traits in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Plant Mol Biol 52:511-526
151. Liebhard R, Koller B, Gianfranceschi L, Gessler C (2003b) Creating a saturated reference map for the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) genome. Theor Appl Genet 106:1497-1508
152. Liebhard R, Koller B, Patocchi A, Kellerhals M, Pfammatter W, Jermini M, Gessler C (2003c) Mapping quantitative field resistance against apple scab in a 'Fiesta' × 'Discovery' progeny. Phytopath 93:493-501
153. Mabberley DJ, Jarvis CE, Juniper BE (2001) The name of the apple. Telopea 9:421-430
154. Maliepaard C, Alston F, van Arkel G, Brown L, Chevreau E, Dunemann F, Evans KM, Gardiner S, Guilford P, van Heusden AW, Janse J, others (1998) Aligning male and female linkage maps of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) using multi-allelic markers. Theor Appl Genet 97:60-73
155. Markwick NP, Docherty LC, Phung MM, Lester MT, Murry C, Yao JL, Mitra DS, Cohen D, Beuning LL, Kutty-Amma S, Christeller JT (2003) Transgenic tobacco and apple plants expressing biotin-binding proteins are resistant to two cosmopolitan insect pests, potato tuber moth and lightbrown apple moth, respectively. Transgenic Res 12:671-681
156. Markussen T, Krüger J, Schmidt H, Dunemann F (1995) Identification of PCR-based markers linked to the powdery-mildew-resistance gene Pl (1) from Malus robusta in cultivated apple. Plant Breed 114:530-534
157. Marzban G. Puehringer H, Dey R, Brynda S, Ma Y, Martinelli A, Zaccarini M, van der Weg E, Housley Z, Kolarich D, Altmann F, Laimer M (2005) Localisation and distribution of the major allergens in apple fruits. Plant Sci 169:387-394
158. Matsumoto S, Kitaharah K, Komatsu H, Abe K (2006) Cross-compatibility of apple cultivars possessing S-RNase alleles of similar sequence. J Hortic Sci Biotech 81:934-936
159. Moore M (1960) Apple rootstocks susceptible to scab, mildew and canker for use in glasshouse and field experiments. Plant Path 9:84-87
160. Morgan J, Richards A (1993) The book of apples. Ebury Press LTD, London
161. Mowry JB, Dayton DF (1964) Inheritance of susceptibility to apple blotch. J Hered 55:129-132
162. Mowry JB (1964) Inheritance of susceptibility to Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. Phytopathology 54:1363-1366
163. Murata M, Haruta M, Murai N, Tanikawa N, Nishimura M, Homma S, Itoh Y (2000) Transgenic apple (Malus × domestica) shoot showing low browning potential. J Agric Food Chem 48:5243-5248
164. Newcomb RD, Crowhurst RN, Gleave AP, Rikkerink EHA, Allan AC, Beuning LL, Bowen JH, Gera E, Jamieson KR, Janssen BJ, Laing WA, McArtney S, Nain B, Ross GS, Snowden KC, Souleyre EJF, Walton EF, Yauk Y-K (2006) Analyses of expressed sequence tags from apple. Plant Physiol 141:147-166
165. Norelli JL, Jones AL, Aldwinckle HS (2003) Fire blight management in the twenty-first century. Plant Dis 87:756-765
166. Nybom N (1959) On the inheritance of acidity in cultivated apples. Hereditas 45:332-350
167. Oh DH, Song KJ, Shin YU, Chung W-I (2000) Isolation of a cDNA encoding a 31-kDa, pathogenesis-related 5/thaumatin-like (PR5/TL) protein abundantly expressed in apple fruit (Malus domestica cv. Fuji). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 64:355-362
168. Oraguzie NC, Iwanami H, Soejima J, Harada T, Hall A (2004) Inheritance of the Md-ACS1 gene and its relationship to fruit softening in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). Theor Appl Genet 108:1526-1533
169. Oraguzie NC, Volz RK, Whitworth CJ, Bassett HCM (2007) Influence of Md-ACS1 allelotype and harvest season within an apple germplasm collection on fruit softening during cold air storage. Postharvest Biol Tech 44:212-219
170. O'Rourke D (2003) World production, trade, consumption and economic outlook for apples. In: Ferree DC, Warrington I (eds) Apples: botany, production and uses. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 15-29
171. Park SC, Sugimoto N, Larson MD, Beaudry R, van Nocker, S (2006) Identification of genes with potential roles in apple fruit development and biochemistry through large-scale statistical analysis of expressed sequence tags. Plant Physiol 141:811-824
172. Patocchi A, Walser M, Tartarini S, Broggini GA, Gennari F, Sansavini S, Gessler C (2005) Identification by genome scanning approach (GSA) of a micro satellite tightly associated with the apple scab resistance gene Vm. Genome 48:630-636
173. Pechous SW, Whitaker BD (2002) Cloning and bacterial expression of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase cDNA (HMG1) from peel tissue of apple fruit. J Plant Physiol 159:907-916
174. Pechous SW, Whitaker BD (2004) Cloning and functional expression of an (E, E)-a-farnesene synthase cDNA from peel tissue of apple fruit. Planta 219:84-94
175. Pichler FB, Walton EF, Davy M, Triggs C, Janssen B, Wünsche JN, Putterill J, Schaffer RJ (2007) Relative developmental, environmental, and tree-to-tree variability in buds from field-grown apple trees. Tree Genet Genomics 3:1614-2942
176. Phillips JB, Robertson KR, Rohrer JR, Smith PG (1991) Origins and evolution of subfam. Maloideae (Rosaaceae). Syst Bot 16:303-332
177. Ponomarenko W (1983) History of apple Malus domestics. Both origin and evoluation. Bot Zh USSR 76:10-18
178. Poupard P, Parisi L, Campion C, Ziadi S, Simoneau P (2003) A wound- and ethephon-inducible PR-10 gene subclass from apple is differentially expressed during infection with a compatible and an incompatible race of Venturia inaequalis. Physiol Mol Plant Path 62:3-12
179. Puhringer H, Moll D, Hoffman-Sommergruber K, Watillon B, Katinger H, Camara-Machado ML (2000) The promoter of an apple Ypr 10 gene, encoding the major allergen Mal d 1, is stressand pathogen-inducible. Plant Sci 152:35-50
180. Radchuk V, Korkhovoy V (2005) The rolB gene promotes rooting in vitro and increases fresh root weight in vivo of transformed apple scion cultivar 'Florina'. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 81:203-212
181. Roche P, Alston F, Maliepaard C, Evans K, Vrielink R, Dunemann F, Markussen T, Tartarini S, Brown LM, Ryder C, King GJ (1997) RFLP and RAPD markers linked to the rosy leaf curling aphid resistance gene Sd1 in apple. Theor Appl Genet 94:528-533
182. Rupasinghe HP, Almquist KC, Paliyath G, Murr DP (2001) Cloning of hmg1 and hmg2 cDNAs encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and their expression and activity in relation to α-farnesene synthesis in apple. PlantPhysiol Biochem 39:933-947
183. Sachez-Torres P, Gonzalez-Candelas L (2003) Isolation and characterization of genes differentially expressed during the interaction between apple fruit and Penicillium expansum. Mol Plant Path 4:447-457
184. Saito KI, Niizeki M (1988) Fundamental studies on breeding of apple. XI. Genetic analysis of resistance to alternaria blotch (Alternaria mali Roberts) in the interspecific crosses. Bulletin of the Faculty Agriculture, Hirosaki University 50:27-34
185. Sakamoto T, Kusaba S, Kano-Murakami Y, Fukumoto M, Iwahori S (1998) Two different types of homeobox genes exist in apple. J Jap Soc Hort Sci 67:372-374
186. Sandanayaka WRM, Bus VGM, Connolly P, Newcomb R (2003) Characteristics associated with woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum, resistance of three apple rootstocks. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 109:63-72
187. Sax K (1931) The origins and relationships of the Pomoideae. J Arn Arbor 12:3-22
188. Schirrmacher G, Schempp H (2003) Antioxidative potential of flavonoid-rich extracts as new quality marker for different apple varieties. J Appl Bot 77:163-166
189. Schmitz-Eiberger M, Weber V, Treutter D, Baab G, Lorenz J (2003) Bioactive components in fruits from different apple varieties. J Appl Bot 77:176-171
190. Sedira M, Holefors A, Welander M (2001) Protocol for transformation of the apple rootstock Jork 9 with the rolB gene and its influence on rooting. Plant Cell Rep 20:517-524
191. Seymour GB, Manning K, Ericksson EM, Popovich AH, King GJ (2002) Genetic identification and genomic organization of factors affecting fruit texture. J Exper Bot 53:2065-2071
192. Silfverberg-Dilworth E, Matasci CL, Van de Weg WE, Van Kaauwen MPW, Walser M, Kodde LP Soglio V, Gianfranceschi L, Durel CE, Costa F, Yamamoto T, Koller B, Gessler C, Patocchi A (2006) Microsatellite markers spanning the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) genome. Tree Genet Genomes 2:202-224
193. Soejima J, Abe N, Kotoda N, Kato H (2000) Recent progress of apple breeding at the Apple Research Center in Morioka. Acta Hortic 538:211-214
194. Souleyre EJF, Greenwood DR, Friel EN, Karunairetnam S, Newcomb RD (2005) An alcohol acyl transferase from apple (cv. Royal Gala), MpAAT1, produces esters involved in apple fruit flavor. FEBS J 272:3132-3144
195. Stanley D, Fitzgerald AM, Farnden KJ, MacRae EA (2002) Characterization of putative aamylases from apple (Malus domestica) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Biologia Bratislava 57:137-148
196. Sung SK, An G (1997) Molecular cloning and characterization of a MADS-Box cDNA clone of the Fuji apple. Plant Cell Physiol 38:484-489
197. Sung SK, Jeong DH, Nam J, Kim SH, Kim SR, An G (1998) Expressed sequence tags of fruits, peels, and carpels and analysis of mRNA expression levels of the tagged cDNAs of fruits from the Fuji apple. Mol Cells 8:565-577
198. Sung SK, Yu GH, An G (1999) Characterization of MdMADS2, a member of the SQUAMOSA subfamily of genes, in apple. Plant Physiol 120:969-978
199. Sung SK, Yu GH, Nam J, Jeong DH, An G (2000) Developmentally regulated expression of two MADS-box genes, MdMADS3 and MdMADS4, in the morphogenesis of flower buds and fruits in apple. Planta 210:519-528
200. Szankowski I, Briviba K, Fleschhut J, Schonherr J, Jacobsen H-J, Kiesecker H (2003) Transformation of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) with the stilbene synthase gene from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and a PGIP gene from kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa). Plant Cell Rep 22:141-149
201. Tao R, Uratsu SL, Dandekar AM (1995) Sorbitol synthesis in transgenic tobacco with apple cDNA encoding NADP-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenease. Plant Cell Physiol 36:525-532
202. Takos AM Jaffe FW, Jacob SR, Bogs J, Robinson SP, Walker AR (2006) Light induced expression of a MYB gene regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples. Plant Physiol 142:1216-1232
203. Tartarini S, Sansavini S (2003) The use of molecular markers in pome fruit breeding. Acta Hort 622:129-140
204. Tartarini S, Gennari F, Pratesi D, Palazzetti C, Sansavini S, Parisi L, Fouillet A, Fouilet V, Durel CE (2004) Characterisation and genetic mapping of a major scab resistance gene from the old Italian apple cultivar 'Durello di Forli'. Acta Hortic 663:129-133
205. Thomsen KA, Eriksen EN (2006) Effect of temperatures during seed development and pretreatment on seed dormancy of Malus sargentii and M.sieboldii. Seed Sci Tech 34:215-220
206. Tian YK, Wang CH, Zhang JS, James C, Dai HY (2005) Mapping Co, a gene controlling the columnar phenotype of apple, with molecular markers. Euphytica 145:181-188
207. van der Linden CG, Vosman B, Smulders MJ (2002) Cloning and characterization of four apple MADS box genes isolated from vegetative tissue. J Exper Bot 53:1025-1036
208. Vavilov N (1949-1950) The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated crops. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Massachusetts
209. Vinatzer B, Patocchi A, Gianfranceschi L, Tartarini S, Zhang H, Gessler C, Sansavini S (2001) Apple contains receptor-like genes homologous to the Cladosporium fulvum resistance gene family of tomato with a cluster of genes cosegregating with Vf apple scab resistance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:508-515
210. Vinatzer B, Patocchi A, Tartarini S, Gianfranceschi L, Sansavini S, Gessler C (2004) Isolation of two microsatellite markers from BAC clones of the Vf scab resistance region and molecular characterization of scab-resistant accessions in Malus germplasm. Plant Breed 123:321-326
211. Viss WJ, Pitrak J, Humann J, Cook M, Driver J, Ream W (2003) Crown-gall-resistant transgenic apple trees that silence Agrobacterium tumefaciens oncogenes. Mol Biol 12:283-295
212. Visser T (1951) Floral biology and crossing technique in apples and pears. Meded Dir Tuinb 14:707-726
213. Volz RK, Alspach PA, White AG, Ferguson IB (2001) Genetic variability in apple fruit storage disorders. Acta Hort 553:241-244
214. Wada M, Cao Q-F, Kotoda N, Soejima J-I, Masuda T (2002) Apple has two orthologues of FLOR-ICAULA/LEAFY involved in flowering. Plant Mol Biol 49:567-577
215. Watillon B, Kettmann R, Boxus P, Burny A (1997) Knotted1-like homeobox genes are expressed during apple tree (Malus domestica [L.] Borkh) growth and development. Plant Mol Biol 33:757-763
216. Watkins R (1995) Apple and pear. In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of Crop Plants. Longman, London
217. Watkins R, Spangelo LP (1970) Components of genetic variance for plant survival and vigor of apple trees. Theor Appl Genet 40:195-203
218. Watkins R, Werts JM (1971) Preselection for Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. & Con) Schroet. resistance in apple seedlings. Ann Appl Biol 67:153-156
219. Way R, Aldwinckle H, Lamb R, Rejman A, Sansavini S, Shen T, Watkins R, Westwood M, Yoshida Y (1991) Apples (Malus). In: Moore J, Ballington J (eds) Genetic resources in temperate fruit and nut crops. Acta Hortic 290:3-46
220. Way RD, Lamb RC, Pratt C, Cummins JN (1976) Pale green lethal gene in apple clones. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 101:679-684
221. Webster AD, Wertheim SJ (2003) Apple rootstocks. In: Ferree DC, Warrington I (eds) Apples: botany, production and uses. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 91-124
222. Weeden NF, Hemmat M, Lawson DM, Lodhi M, Bell RL, Manganaris AG, Reish BI, Brown SK, Ye GN (1994) Development and application of molecular marker linkage maps in woody fruit crops. Euphytica 77:71-75
223. Weeden NF, Lamb RC (1987) Genetics and linkage analysis of 19 isozyme loci in apple. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 112:865-872
224. Wegrzyn T, Reilly K, Cipriani G, Murphy P, Newcomb R, Gardner R, MacRae E (2000) A novel ct-amylase gene is transiently upregulated during low temperature exposure in apple fruit. Eur J Biochem 267:1313-1322
225. Xu Q, Wen X, Deng X (2007) Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of NBS-encoding genes in Rosaceae fruit crops. Mol Phylogenet Evol 44:315-324
226. Yamada K, Mori H, Yamaki S (1999) Identification and cDNA cloning of a protein abundantly expressed during apple fruit development. Plant Cell Physiol 40:198-204
227. Yamada K, Oura Y, Mori H, Yamaki S (1998) Cloning of NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase from apple fruit and gene expression. Plant Cell Physiol 39:1375-1379
228. Yao C, Conway WS, Ren R, Smith D, Ross GS, Sams CE (1999a) Gene encoding polygalacturonase inhibitor in apple fruit is developmentally regulated and activated by wounding and fungal infection. Plant Mol Biol 39:1231-1241
229. Yao J-L, Dong Y-H, Kvarnheden A, Morris B (1999b) Seven MADS-box genes in apple are expressed in different parts of the fruit. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 124:8-13
230. Yao J-L, Cohen D, Atkinson R, Richardson K, Morris B (1995) Regeneration of transgenic plants from the commercial apple cultivar Royal Gala. Plant Cell Rep 14:407-412
231. Yao J-L, Dong Y-H, Morris B (2001) Parthenocarpic apple fruit production conferred by transposon insertion mutations in a MADS-box transcription factor. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 98:1306-1311
232. Yao Y-X, Li M, Liu Z, Hao Y-H, Zhai H (2007) A novel gene, screened by cDNA-AFLP approach, contributes to lowering the acidity of fruit in apple. Plant Physiol Biochem 45:139-145
233. Zhang WB, Zhang JR, Hu XL (1993) Distribution and diversity of Malus resources in Yunnan, China. HortScience 28:978-980
234. Zhu L-H, Ahlman A, Li X-Y, Welander M (2001a) Integration of the rolA gene into the genome of the vigorous apple rootstock A2 reduced plant height and shortened internodes. J Hortic Sci Biotech 76:758-763
235. Zhu L-H, Holefors A, Ahlman A, Xue Z-T, Welander M (2001b) Transformation of the apple rootstock M.9/29 with the rol B gene and its influence on rooting and growth. Plant Sci 160:433-439
236. Zohary D, Hopf M (1993) Domestication of Plants in the Old World: the Origin and Spread of Cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley, 2nd. Clarendon Press, Oxford
237. Zhou-Zhi Q (1999) The apple genetic resources in China: the apple species and their distributions, informative characteristics and utilization. Genet Res Crop Evol 46:599-609