Coagulopathy associated with traumatic brain injury

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 11, 2013, Pages

  Kumar, Monisha A ^a  

^a HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bleeding; Coagulation; Coagulopathy; Disseminated intravascular coagulation; Head trauma; Hemorrhagic injury; Hemostasis; Injury expansion; International normalized ratio; Intracranial hemorrhage; Intravascular coagulation; Partial thromboplastin time; Platelet count; Platelets; Prothrombin time; Thrombosis; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; THROMBOPLASTIN;

ARTICLE; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLUNT TRAUMA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE DURATION; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; HYPOCOAGULABILITY; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLATELET MICROPARTICLE; PROTEIN HOMEOSTASIS; PROTHROMBIN TIME; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; ANIMAL; BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; BRAIN INJURIES; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); BRAIN INJURY; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; BRAIN INJURIES; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84883750500     PISSN: 15284042     EISSN: 15346293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0391-y     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Sauaia A et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: A reassessment. J Trauma. 1995;38(2):185-93.
2. Ivascu FA et al. Predictors of mortality in trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage on preinjury aspirin or clopidogrel. J Trauma. 2008;65(4):785-8.
3. Stein DM et al. Reversal of coagulopathy in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: recombinant factor VIIa is more cost-effective than plasma. J Trauma. 2009;66(1):63-72. discussion 73-5.
4. Gomez PA et al. Mild head injury: differences in prognosis among patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 and analysis of factors associated with abnormal CT findings. Br J Neurosurg. 1996;10(5):453-60. (Pubitemid 26361428)
5. Wafaisade A et al. Acute coagulopathy in isolated blunt traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2010;12(2):211-9.
6. Sawada Y et al. Lack of correlation between delayed traumatic intracerebral haematoma and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47(10):1125-7. (Pubitemid 14006198)
7. Touho H et al. Relationship between abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis and postoperative intracranial hemorrhage in head injury. Neurosurgery. 1986;19(4):523-31. (Pubitemid 16006302)
8. Cortiana M et al. Coagulation abnormalities in patients with head injury. J Neurosurg Sci. 1986;30(3):133-8.
9. Olson JD et al. The incidence and significance of hemostatic abnormalities in patients with head injuries. Neurosurgery. 1989;24(6):825-32. (Pubitemid 19157087)
10. Stein SC et al. Delayed brain injury after head trauma: significance of coagulopathy. Neurosurgery. 1992;30(2):160-5.
11. Sorensen JV et al. Haemostatic activation in patients with head injury with and without simultaneous multiple trauma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1993;53(7):659-65. (Pubitemid 23350701)
12. Selladurai BM et al. Coagulopathy in acute head injury-a study of its role as a prognostic indicator. Br J Neurosurg. 1997;11(5):398-404. (Pubitemid 27440256)
13. Scherer RU, Spangenberg P. Procoagulant activity in patients with isolated severe head trauma. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(1):149-56. (Pubitemid 28028455)
14. Piek J et al. Extracranial complications of severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1992;77(6):901-7.
15. Murshid WR, Gader AG. The coagulopathy in acute head injury: comparison of cerebral versus peripheral measurements of haemostatic activation markers. Br J Neurosurg. 2002;16(4):362-9. (Pubitemid 35178581)
16. May AK et al. Coagulopathy in severe closed head injury: is empiric therapy warranted? Am Surg. 1997;63(3):233-6. discussion 236-7.
17. Kushimoto S et al. Implications of excessive fibrinolysis and α2- plasmin inhibitor deficiency in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(5):1084-9. discussion 1089-90.
18. Jacoby RC et al. Platelet activation and function after trauma. J Trauma. 2001;51(4):639-47. (Pubitemid 33029277)
19. Harhangi BS et al. Coagulation disorders after traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008;150(2):165-75. discussion 175.
20. Gando S, Nanzaki S, Kemmotsu O. Coagulofibrinolytic changes after isolated head injury are not different from those in trauma patients without head injury. J Trauma. 1999;46(6):1070-6. discussion 1076-7.
21. Lustenberger T et al. Time course of coagulopathy in isolated severe traumatic brain injury. Injury. 2010;41(9):924-8.
22. Bredbacka S, Edner G. Soluble fibrin and D-dimer as detectors of hypercoagulability in patients with isolated brain trauma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1994;6(2):75-82. (Pubitemid 24094177)
23. Van Beek JG et al. Prognostic value of admission laboratory parameters in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(2):315-28. (Pubitemid 46492153)
24. Kumura E et al. Coagulation disorders following acute head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1987;85(1-2):23-8. (Pubitemid 17053406)
25. Hulka F, Mullins RJ, Frank EH. Blunt brain injury activates the coagulation process. Arch Surg. 1996;131(9):923-7. discussion 927-8.
26. Carrick MM et al. Subsequent development of thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy in moderate and severe head injury: support for serial laboratory examination. J Trauma. 2005;58(4):725-9. discussion 729-30.
27. Brohi K et al. Acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma. 2003;54(6): 1127-30. (Pubitemid 36764882)
28. Tan JE et al. Patients who talk and deteriorate: A new look at an old problem. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004;33(4):489-93.
29. West KL, Adamson C, Hoffman M. Prophylactic correction of the international normalized ratio in neurosurgery: A brief review of a brief literature. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(1):9-18.
30. Kuo JR, Chou TJ, Chio CC. Coagulopathy as a parameter to predict the outcome in head injury patients - Analysis of 61 cases. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11(7):710-4.
31. MacLeod JB et al. Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma. J Trauma. 2003;55(1):39-44. (Pubitemid 36919234)
32. Cap AP, Spinella PC. Severity of head injury is associated with increased risk of coagulopathy in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2011;71(1 Suppl):78-81.
33. Halpern CH et al. Traumatic coagulopathy: The effect of brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(8):997-1001.
34. Kunio NR et al. Thrombelastography-identified coagulopathy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after traumatic brain injury. Am J Surg. 2012;203(5):584-8.
35. Schnuriger B et al. The impact of platelets on the progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2010;68(4):881-5.
36. Allard CB et al. Abnormal coagulation tests are associated with progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2009;67(5):959-67.
37. Gando S et al. Systemic activation of tissue-factor dependent coagulation pathway in evolving acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with trauma and sepsis. J Trauma. 1999;47(4):719-23. (Pubitemid 29489524)
38. Goodnight SH et al. Defibrination after brain-tissue destruction: A serious complication of head injury. N Engl J Med. 1974;290(19): 1043-7.
39. Kaufman HH et al. Delayed and recurrent intracranial hematomas related to disseminated intravascular clotting and fibrinolysis in head injury. Neurosurgery. 1980;7(5):445-9. (Pubitemid 11204860)
40. Ueda S et al. Correlation between plasma fibrin-fibrinogen degradation product values and CT findings in head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48(1):58-60. (Pubitemid 15080592)
41. Nekludov M et al. Platelet dysfunction in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(11):1699-706. (Pubitemid 351267789)
42. Sun Y et al. Validating the incidence of coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with traumatic brain injury - Analysis of 242 cases. Br J Neurosurg. 2011;25(3):363-8.
43. Taylor Jr FB et al. Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 2001;86(5):1327-30.
44. Rizoli S et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in the first 24 h after trauma: The association between ISTH score and anatomopathologic evidence. J Trauma. 2011;71(5 Suppl 1): 441-7.
45. Shaz BH et al. Pathophysiology of early trauma-induced coagulopathy: emerging evidence for hemodilution and coagulation factor depletion. J Trauma. 2011;70(6):1401-7.
46. Nekludov M et al. Coagulation abnormalities associated with severe isolated traumatic brain injury: cerebral arterio-venous differences in coagulation and inflammatory markers. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(1):174-80. (Pubitemid 46214423)
47. Oertel M et al. Progressive hemorrhage after head trauma: predictors and consequences of the evolving injury. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(1): 109-16. (Pubitemid 34229995)
48. Servadei F et al. Evolving brain lesions in the first 12 h after head injury: Analysis of 37 comatose patients. Neurosurgery. 1995;37(5): 899-906. discussion 906-7.
49. Stein SC et al. Delayed and progressive brain injury in closed-head trauma: radiological demonstration. Neurosurgery. 1993;32(1):25- 30. discussion 30-1.
50. Tian HL et al. D-dimer as a predictor of progressive hemorrhagic injury in patients with traumatic brain injury: Analysis of 194 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 2010;33(3):359-65. discussion 365-6.
51. Engels PT et al. The natural history of trauma-related coagulopathy: implications for treatment. J Trauma. 2011;71(5 Suppl 1):S448-55.
52. Smith JS et al. The role of early follow-up computed tomography imaging in the management of traumatic brain injury patients with intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2007;63(1):75-82. (Pubitemid 47057565)
53. Kurland D et al. Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: A review. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(1): 19-31.
54. Maegele M. Coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury: incidence, pathogenesis, and treatment options. Transfusion. 2013;53 Suppl 1: 28S-37S.
55. Narayan RK et al. Progression of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: A prospective observational study. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(6):629-39. (Pubitemid 351918434)
56. Engstrom M et al. Thrombocytopenia predicts progressive hemorrhage after head trauma. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22(2):291-6. (Pubitemid 40333522)
57. Kaufman HH et al. Delayed intracerebral hematoma due to traumatic aneurysm caused by a shotgun wound: A problem in prophylaxis. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(2):181-4.
58. van der Sande JJ, Emeis JJ, Lindeman J. Intravascular coagulation: A common phenomenon in minor experimental head injury. J Neurosurg. 1981;54(1):21-5. (Pubitemid 11215054)
59. Stein SC et al. Association between intravascular microthrombosis and cerebral ischemia in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery. 2004;54(3):687-91. discussion 691. (Pubitemid 38298743)
60. Stein SC, Smith DH. Coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1(4):479-88. (Pubitemid 41278339)
61. Lustenberger T et al. Early coagulopathy after isolated severe traumatic brain injury: relationship with hypoperfusion challenged. J Trauma. 2010;69(6):1410-4.
62. De Loughery TG. Coagulation defects in trauma patients: etiology, recognition, and therapy. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20(1):13-24. (Pubitemid 38167290)
63. Spahn DR, Rossaint R. Coagulopathy and blood component transfusion in trauma. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95(2):130-9. (Pubitemid 41487135)
64. Cohen MJ et al. Early coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury: The role of hypoperfusion and the protein C pathway. J Trauma. 2007;63(6):1254-61. discussion 1261-2.
65. Osterud B, Bjorklid E. Sources of tissue factor. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006;32(1):11-23.
66. Gando S et al. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor response does not correlate with tissue factor-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in trauma patients. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(2):262-6. (Pubitemid 32171768)
67. Gando S, Tedo I, Kubota M. Posttrauma coagulation and fibrinolysis. Crit Care Med. 1992;20(5):594-600.
68. Gando S, Nakanishi Y, Tedo I. Cytokines and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in posttrauma disseminated intravascular coagulation: relationship to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(11):1835-42.
69. Bredbacka S et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in neurosurgical patients: diagnosis by new laboratory methods. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1992;4(2):128-33. (Pubitemid 23062100)
70. Levi M. Pathogenesis and treatment of DIC. Thromb Res. 2005;115 Suppl 1:54-5.
71. Stein SC, Spettell CM. Delayed and progressive brain injury in children and adolescents with head trauma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1995;23(6):299-304. (Pubitemid 26135647)
72. Stein SC et al. Intravascular coagulation: Amajor secondary insult in nonfatal traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2002;97(6):1373-7. (Pubitemid 35424293)
73. Siljander P et al. Platelet adhesion enhances the glycoprotein VI-dependent procoagulant response: involvement of p38 MAP kinase and calpain. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(4):618-27. (Pubitemid 32323397)
74. Fox JE et al. Role of the membrane skeleton in preventing the shedding of procoagulant-rich microvesicles from the platelet plasma membrane. J Cell Biol. 1990;111(2):483-93.
75. Morel N et al. Generation of procoagulant microparticles in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2008;64(3):698-704. (Pubitemid 351366895)
76. Zhang J et al. Traumatic brain injury-associated coagulopathy. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(17):2597-605.
77. Falati S et al. Accumulation of tissue factor into developing thrombi in vivo is dependent upon microparticle P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and platelet P-selectin. J Exp Med. 2003;197(11):1585-98. (Pubitemid 36682554)
78. Giesen PL et al. Blood-borne tissue factor: Another view of thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96(5):2311-5. (Pubitemid 29117911)
79. Bianco F et al. Astrocyte-derived ATP induces vesicle shedding and IL-1 beta release from microglia. J Immunol. 2005;174(11):7268- 77. (Pubitemid 40705696)
80. Sinauridze EI et al. Platelet microparticle membranes have 50- To 100-fold higher specific procoagulant activity than activated platelets. Thromb Haemost. 2007;97(3):425-34. (Pubitemid 46437805)
81. Ruggeri ZM. Von Willebrand factor. Curr Opin Hematol. 2003;10(2):142-9. (Pubitemid 36207970)
82. Brouland JP et al. In vivo regulation of von Willebrand factor synthesis: von Willebrand factor production in endothelial cells after lung transplantation between normal pigs and von Willebrand factor-deficient pigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19(12): 3055-62.
83. Von Furlan M. Willebrand factor: molecular size and functional activity. Ann Hematol. 1996;72(6):341-8.
84. De Oliveira CO et al. Plasma von Willebrand factor levels correlate with clinical outcome of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(8):1331-8. (Pubitemid 47340093)
85. Tauchi R et al. ADAMTS-13 is produced by glial cells and upregulated after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett. 2012;517(1): 1-6.
86. Schwarzmaier SM et al. Temporal profile of thrombogenesis in the cerebral microcirculation after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(1):121-30.
87. de Groot PG. The role of von Willebrand factor in platelet function. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2002;28(2):133-8. (Pubitemid 34439203)
88. Rivera J et al. Platelet receptors and signaling in the dynamics of thrombus formation. Haematologica. 2009;94(5):700-11.
89. Lu D et al. Delayed thrombosis after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(12):1756-66. (Pubitemid 39587573)
90. Dietrich GV et al. Platelet function and adrenoceptors during and after induced hypotension using nitroprusside. Anesthesiology. 1996;85(6):1334-40. (Pubitemid 27014660)
91. Armstead WM et al. Platelet activating factor: A potent constrictor of cerebral arterioles in newborn pigs. Circ Res. 1988;62(1):1-7. (Pubitemid 18032067)
92. Fang W et al. Platelet activating factor induces blood brain barrier permeability alteration in vitro. J Neuroimmunol. 2011;230(1-2): 42-7.
93. Feuerstein G, Yue TL, Lysko PG. Platelet-activating factor. a putative mediator in central nervous system injury? Stroke. 1990;21(11 Suppl):90-4.
94. Satoh K et al. Increased levels of blood platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PAF-like lipids in patients with ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;85(2):122-7.
95. Maeda T et al. Hemodynamic depression and microthrombosis in the peripheral areas of cortical contusion in the rat: role of platelet activating factor. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1997;70:102-5. (Pubitemid 127502065)
96. Faden AI, Tzendzalian PA. Platelet-activating factor antagonists limit glycine changes and behavioral deficits after brain trauma. Am J Physiol. 1992;263(4 Pt 2):909-14.
97. Brohi K et al. Acute traumatic coagulopathy: initiated by hypoperfusion: modulated through the protein C pathway? Ann Surg. 2007;245(5):812-8. (Pubitemid 46684113)
98. Esmon CT. The protein C pathway. Chest. 2003;124(3 Suppl):26S-32S. (Pubitemid 37128433)
99. Knudson MM et al. Thromboembolism following multiple trauma. J Trauma. 1992;32(1):2-11.
100. Laroche M et al. Coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery. 2012;70(6):1334-45.
101. Andrew M, Vegh P, Johnston M, Bowker J, Ofosu F, Mitchell L. Maturation of the hemostatic system during childhood. Blood. 1992;80(8):1998-2005.
102. Hoffman R, Benz Jr EJ, Silberstein LE, Heslop H, Weitz JI, Anastasi J, editors. Hematology: basic principles and practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2013.
103. Duh SH, Cook JD. Laboratory reference range values. 2005. http://www.stedmansonline.com/webFiles/Dict-Stedmans28/APP17.pdf. Accessed 7 Sep 2012.
104. Grenander A, Bredbacka S, Rydvall A, et al. Antithrombin treatment in patients with traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2001;13:49-56. (Pubitemid 32104102)
105. Ries M, Klinge J, Rauch R. Age related reference values for activation markers of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in children. Thromb Res. 1997;85:341-4. (Pubitemid 27143809)
106. Andrew M, Vegh P, Johnston M, Bowker J, Ofosu F, Mitchell L. Development of the human coagulation system in the full term infant. Blood. 1998;70:165-72.