Device infections: Management and indications for lead extraction

Circulation

Volumn 128, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1031-1038

  Mulpuru, Siva K ^a   Pretorius, Victor G ^b   Birgersdotter Green, Ulrika M ^b  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiac pacing, artificial; Defibrillators, implantable; Infection

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ABLATION THERAPY; AGED; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; BLOOD CULTURE; CASE REPORT; CHEST TUBE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPLETE HEART BLOCK; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DEBRIDEMENT; DEVICE INFECTION; DEVICE REMOVAL; FEMALE; HEART ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; MEDICAL HISTORY; METHICILLIN SUSCEPTIBLE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MICROBIOLOGY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PACEMAKER; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PERICARDIAL DRAIN; PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PLEURA EFFUSION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REIMPLANTATION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURGICAL TRAINING; SYMPTOM; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT INDICATION; UROSEPSIS;

CARDIAC PACING, ARTIFICIAL; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; INFECTION;

AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; DEBRIDEMENT; DEVICE REMOVAL; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84883258531     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.000763     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Epstein AE, Dimarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice; American Association for Thoracic Surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5: 934-955.
2. Uslan DZ, Tleyjeh IM, Baddour LM, Friedman PA, Jenkins SM, St. Sauver JL, Hayes DL. Temporal trends in permanent pacemaker implantation: a population-based study. Am Heart J. 2008;155: 896-903.
3. Zhan C, Baine WB, Sedrakyan A, Steiner C. Cardiac device implantation in the United States from 1997 through 2004: a population-based analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(suppl 1): 13-19.
4. Mond HG, Irwin M, Morillo C, Ector H. The world survey of cardiac pacing and cardioverter defibrillators: calendar year 2001. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27: 955-964.
5. Voigt A, Shalaby A, Saba S. Rising rates of cardiac rhythm management device infections in the United States: 1996 through 2003. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48: 590-591.
6. Chu VH, Crosslin DR, Friedman JY, Reed SD, Cabell CH, Griffiths RI, Masselink LE, Kaye KS, Corey GR, Reller LB, Stryjewski ME, Schulman KA, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with prosthetic devices: costs and outcomes. Am J Med. 2005;118: 1416.
7. Uslan DZ, Crane SJ, Steckelberg JM, Cockerill FR 3rd, St. Sauver JL, Wilson WR, Baddour LM. Age-and sex-associated trends in bloodstream infection: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167: 834-839.
8. Smith PN, Vidaillet HJ, Hayes JJ, Wethington PJ, Stahl L, Hull M, Broste SK. Infections with nonthoracotomy implantable cardioverter defibrillators: can these be prevented? Endotak Lead Clinical Investigators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21(pt 1): 42-55.
9. Lai KK, Fontecchio SA. Infections associated with implantable cardioverter defibrillators placed transvenously and via thoracotomies: epidemiology, infection control, and management. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27: 265-269.
10. Duval X, Selton-Suty C, Alla F, Salvador-Mazenq M, Bernard Y, Weber M, Lacassin F, Nazeyrolas P, Chidiac C, Hoen B, Leport C; Association pour l'Etude et la Prevention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse. Endocarditis in patients with a permanent pacemaker: a 1-year epidemiological survey on infective endocarditis due to valvular and/or pacemaker infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39: 68-74.
11. Arber N, Pras E, Copperman Y, Schapiro JM, Meiner V, Lossos IS, Militianu A, Hassin D, Pras E, Shai A. Pacemaker endocarditis: report of 44 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1994;73: 299-305.
12. Uslan DZ, Sohail MR, St Sauver JL, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Stoner SM, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Baddour LM. Permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator infection: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167: 669-675.
13. Lekkerkerker JC, van Nieuwkoop C, Trines SA, van der Bom JG, Bernards A, van de Velde ET, Bootsma M, Zeppenfeld K, Jukema JW, Borleffs JW, Schalij MJ, van Erven L. Risk factors and time delay associated with cardiac device infections: Leiden device registry. Heart. 2009;95: 715-720.
14. Klug D, Balde M, Pavin D, Hidden-Lucet F, Clementy J, Sadoul N, Rey JL, Lande G, Lazarus A, Victor J, Barnay C, Grandbastien B, Kacet S; PEOPLE Study Group. Risk factors related to infections of implanted pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large prospective study. Circulation. 2007;116: 1349-1355.
15. Mela T, McGovern BA, Garan H, Vlahakes GJ, Torchiana DF, Ruskin J, Galvin JM. Long-term infection rates associated with the pectoral versus abdominal approach to cardioverter-defibrillator implants. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88: 750-753.
16. Trappe HJ, Pfitzner P, Klein H, Wenzlaff P. Infections after cardioverterdefibrillator implantation: observations in 335 patients over 10 years. Br Heart J. 1995;73: 20-24.
17. Bloom H, Heeke B, Leon A, Mera F, Delurgio D, Beshai J, Langberg J. Renal insufficiency and the risk of infection from pacemaker or defibrillator surgery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29: 142-145.
18. Salman L, Asif A. Renal failure and cardiac rhythm device infection [comment]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:E92.
19. Da Costa A, Kirkorian G, Cucherat M, Delahaye F, Chevalier P, Cerisier A, Isaaz K, Touboul P. Antibiotic prophylaxis for permanent pacemaker implantation: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 1998;97: 1796-1801.
20. Bertaglia E, Zerbo F, Zardo S, Barzan D, Zoppo F, Pascotto P. Antibiotic prophylaxis with a single dose of cefazolin during pacemaker implantation: incidence of long-term infective complications. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29: 29-33.
21. Cox JN. Pathology of cardiac pacemakers and central catheters. Curr Top Pathol. 1994;86: 199-271.
22. Vuong C, Otto M. Staphylococcus epidermidis infections. Microbes Infect. 2002;4: 481-489.
23. Darouiche RO. Device-associated infections: a macroproblem that starts with microadherence. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33: 1567-1572.
24. Bayston R, Penny SR. Excessive production of mucoid substance in staphylococcus SIIA: a possible factor in colonisation of Holter shunts. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 1972;27: 25-28.
25. Sohail MR, Uslan DZ, Khan AH, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Stoner SM, Baddour LM. Risk factor analysis of permanent pacemaker infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45: 166-173.
26. Massoure PL, Reuter S, Lafitte S, Laborderie J, Bordachard P, Clementy J, Roudaut R. Pacemaker endocarditis: clinical features and management of 60 consecutive cases. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30: 12-19.
27. Sohail MR, Uslan DZ, Khan AH, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Stoner S, Baddour LM. Management and outcome of permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infections. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49: 1851-1859.
28. Jan E, Camou F, Texier-Maugein J, Whinnett Z, Caubet O, Ploux S, Pellegrin JL, Ritter P, Metayer PL, Roudaut R, Haissaguerre M, Bordachar P. Microbiologic characteristics and in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobials in a large population of patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23: 375-381.
29. Lewis AB, Hayes DL, Holmes DR Jr, Vlietstra RE, Pluth JR, Osborn MJ. Update on infections involving permanent pacemakers: characterization and management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985;89: 758-763.
30. Karchmer AW, Longworth DL. Infections of intracardiac devices. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002;16: 477-505, xii.
31. Chamis AL, Peterson GE, Cabell CH, Corey GR, Sorrentino RA, Greenfield RA, Ryan T, Reller LB, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation. 2001;104: 1029-1033.
32. Uslan DZ, Dowsley TF, Sohail MR, Hayes DL, Friedman PA, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Baddour LM. Cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33: 407-413.
33. Le KY, Sohail MR, Friedman PA, Uslan DZ, Cha SS, Hayes DL, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Baddour LM; Mayo Cardiovascular Infections Study Group. Clinical features and outcomes of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections due to staphylococcal species. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110: 1143-1149.
34. Uslan DZ, Sohail MR, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Baddour LM. Frequency of permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter- defibrillator infection in patients with gram-negative bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43: 731-736.
35. Chua JD, Wilkoff BL, Lee I, Juratli N, Longworth DL, Gordon SM. Diagnosis and management of infections involving implantable electrophysiologic cardiac devices. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133: 604-608.
36. Cacoub P, Leprince P, Nataf P, Hausfater P, Dorent R, Wechsler B, Bors V, Pavie A, Piette JC, Gandjbakhch I. Pacemaker infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82: 480-484.
37. Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC, Knight BP, Levison ME, Lockhart PB, Masoudi FA, Okum EJ, Wilson WR, Beerman LB, Bolger AF, Estes NA 3rd, Gewitz M, Newburger JW, Schron EB, Taubert KA; American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in Young; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care; American Heart Association. Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121: 458-477.
38. Sarrazin JF, Philippon F, Tessier M, Guimond J, Molin F, Champagne J, Nault I, Blier L, Nadeau M, Charbonneau L, Trottier M, O'Hara G. Usefulness of fluorine-18 positron emission tomography/computed tomography for identification of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59: 1616-1625.
39. Love CJ. Update on indications, techniques, and complications of cardiac implantable device lead extraction. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2012;14: 565-570.
40. Wilkoff BL, Love CJ, Byrd CL, Bongiorni MG, Carrillo RG, Crossley GH 3rd, Epstein LM, Friedman RA, Kennergren CE, Mitkowski P, Schaerf RH, Wazni OM; Heart Rhythm Society; American Heart Association. Transvenous lead extraction: Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus on facilities, training, indications, and patient management: this document was endorsed by the American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Rhythm. 2009;6: 1085-1104.
41. Byrd CL, Schwartz SJ, Hedin NB, Goode LB, Fearnot NE, Smith HJ. Intravascular lead extraction using locking stylets and sheaths. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1990;13(pt 2): 1871-1875.
42. Wilkoff BL, Byrd CL, Love CJ, Hayes DL, Sellers TD, Schaerf R, Parsonnet V, Epstein LM, Sorrentino RA, Reiser C. Pacemaker lead extraction with the laser sheath: results of the Pacing Lead Extraction With the Excimer Sheath (PLEXES) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33: 1671-1676.
43. Byrd CL, Wilkoff BL, Love CJ, Sellers TD, Reiser C. Clinical study of the laser sheath for lead extraction: the total experience in the United States. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25: 804-808.
44. Varahan SL, Pretorius V, Birgersdotter-Green U. The cardiac implantable device has been extracted: what next? J Innovations Cardiac Rhythm Manage. 2011;2: 367-370.
45. Braun MU, Rauwolf T, Bock M, Kappert U, Boscheri A, Schnabel A, Strasser RH. Percutaneous lead implantation connected to an external device in stimulation-dependent patients with systemic infection: a prospective and controlled study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29: 875-879.
46. Klein HU, Meltendorf U, Reek S, Smid J, Kuss S, Cygankiewicz I, Jons C, Szymkiewicz S, Buhtz F, Wollbrueck A, Zareba W, Moss AJ. Bridging a temporary high risk of sudden arrhythmic death: experience with the wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD). Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33: 353-367.
47. Saxena V, Hwang CW, Huang S, Eichbaum Q, Ingber D, Orgill DP. Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114: 1086-1096.
48. Baddour LM; Infectious Diseases Society of America's Emerging Infections Network. Long-term suppressive antimicrobial therapy for intravascular device-related infections. Am J Med. Sci. 2001;322: 209-212.
49. Lopez JA. Conservative management of infected pacemaker and implantable defibrillator sites with a closed antimicrobial irrigation system. Europace. 2013;15: 541-545.
50. Puri R, Psaltis PJ, Nelson AJ, Sanders P, Young GD. Povidone-iodine irrigation: a possible alternative to lead extraction. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2011;11: 115-119.
51. Berul CI, Van Hare GF, Kertesz NJ, Dubin AM, Cecchin F, Collins KK, Cannon BC, Alexander ME, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Friedman RA. Results of a multicenter retrospective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry of pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51: 1685-1691.
52. Cohen MI, Bush DM, Gaynor JW, Vetter VL, Tanel RE, Rhodes LA. Pediatric pacemaker infections: twenty years of experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;124: 821-827.
53. de Bie MK, van Rees JB, Thijssen J, Borleffs CJ, Trines SA, Cannegieter SC, Schalij MJ, van Erven L. Cardiac device infections are associated with a significant mortality risk. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9: 494-498.
54. Baman TS, Gupta SK, Valle JA, Yamada E. Risk factors for mortality in patients with cardiac device-related infection. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2: 129-134.
55. Sohail MR, Henrikson CA, Braid-Forbes MJ, Forbes KF, Lerner DJ. Mortality and cost associated with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171: 1821-1828.
56. Le KY, Sohail MR, Friedman PA, Uslan DZ, Cha SS, Hayes DL, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Baddour LM; Mayo Cardiovascular Infections Study Group. Impact of timing of device removal on mortality in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8: 1678-1685.
57. de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, Nishioka SA, Varejão T, Uipe D, Pedrosa AA, Costa R, D'Avila A, Danik SB. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2: 29-34.
58. Darouiche R, Mosier M, Voigt J. Antibiotics and antiseptics to prevent infection in cardiac rhythm management device implantation surgery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35: 1348-1360.