Photo-electrochemical production of hydrogen

Sustainable Energy Technologies: Options and Prospects

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 121-142

  Van De Krol, Roel ^a   Schoonman, Joop ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

devices; metal oxides; photocatalysis; photoelectrochemistry; semiconductors; Solar hydrogen production

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883150406     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6724-2_6     Document Type: Chapter

References (65)

1. Lewis, N. S. and Nocera, D. G., Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 2006, 15729).
2. Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization, Report of the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, 2005.
3. Khaselev, O., Bansal, A. and Turner, J. A., High-efficiency integrated multi-junction photovoltaic/electrolysis systems for hydrogen production, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 26, 127 (2001).
4. Morrison, S. R., Electrochemistry of Semiconductor and Oxidized Metal Electrodes, Plenum Press, New York, 1980.
5. Memming, R., Semiconductor Electrochemistry, Wiley, 2000.
6. Basu, P. K., Theory of Optical Processes in Semiconductors, Oxford University Press, 1997.
7. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, Wiley, New York, 1986.
8. Weber, M. F. and Dignam, M. J., Efficiency of splitting water with semiconducting photoelectrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131, 1984, 1258.
9. Murphy, A. B., Barnes, P. R. F., Randeniya, L. K., Plumb, I. C., Grey, I. E., Horne, M. D. and Glasscock, J. A., Efficiency of solar water splitting using semiconductor electrodes, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 31, 2006, 1999.
10. Bolton, J. R., Strickler, S. J. and Connolly, J. S., Limiting and realizable efficiencies of solar photolysis of water, Nature 316, 1985, 495.
11. Weber, M. F. and Dignam, M. J., Splitting water with semiconducting photoelectrodes - Efficiency considerations, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 11, 1986, 225.
12. 3 photo-anodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130, 1983, 860.
13. 3 electrodes, Solar Energy Mater. 6, 1982, 323.
14. Fujishima, A. and Honda, K., Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode, Nature 238, 1972, 37.
15. 3 anodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 1976, 241.
16. Brus, L., Electronic wave-functions in semiconductor clusters - Experiment and theory, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 1986, 2555.
17. 3 ultrafine nanorod arrays, Adv. Mater. 17, 2005, 2320.
18. McEvoy, A. J., Etman, M. and Memming, R., Interface charging and intercalation effects on d-band transition-metal diselenide photoelectrodes, J. Electroanal. Chem. 190, 1985, 225.
19. 4 powder from layered vanadates at room temperature and its photocatalytic and photophysical properties, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 1999, 11459.
20. 4 thin-film electrodes under visible light and significant effect of Ag ion treatment, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 2006, 11352.
21. 3+, Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 70, 2001, 1.
22. 4 active under visible light irradiation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 356, 2002, 221.
23. 7 (R = Y, rare earth), Topics Catal. 22, 2003, 107.
24. 2 evolution under UV and visible light irradiation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 373, 2003, 191.
25. 4 (100) surface, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 2006, 9188.
26. Takata, T., Furumi, Y., Shinohara, K., Tanaka, A., Hara, M., Kondo, J. N. and Domen, K., Photocatalytic decomposition of water on spontaneously hydrated layered perovskites, Chem. Mater. 9, 1997, 1063.
27. Grätzel, M., Photoelectrochemical cells, Nature 414, 2001, 338.
28. Santato, C., Ulmann, M. and Augustynski, J., Photoelectrochemical properties of nanostructured tungsten trioxide films, J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 2001, 936.
29. 3 thin-film electrodes, J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 1999, 7184.
30. 3 photoanodes for efficient water splitting by sunlight: Nanostructure-directing effect of Si-doping, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 2006, 4582.
31. Khaselev, O. and Turner, J. A., A monolithic photovoltaic- photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting, Science 280, 1998, 425.
32. Licht, S., Multiple band gap semiconductor/electrolyte solar energy conversion, J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 2001, 6281.
33. 2-catalyzed AlGaAs/Si photoelectrolysis, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 2000, 8920.
34. Algora, C., Ortiz, E., Rey-Stolle, I., Diaz, V., Pena, R., Andreev, V. M., Khvostikov, V. P. and Rumyantsev, V. D., A GaAs solar cell with an efficiency of 26.2% at 1000 suns and 25.0% at 2000 suns, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 48, 2001, 840.
35. Rocheleau, R. E., Miller, E. L. and Misra, A., High-efficiency photoelectrochemical hydrogen production using multijunction amorphous silicon photoelectrodes, Energy & Fuels 12, 1998, 3.
36. Miller, E. L., Rocheleau, R. E. and Deng, X. M., Design considerations for a hybrid amorphous silicon/photoelectrochemical multijunction cell for hydrogen production, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 28, 2003, 615.
37. Miller, E. L., Paluselli, D., Marsen, B. and Rocheleau, R. E., Development of reactively sputtered metal oxide films for hydrogen-producing hybrid multijunction photoelectrodes, Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 88, 2005, 131.
38. Nanu, M., Schoonman, J. and Goossens, A., Inorganic nanocomposites of n- and p-type semiconductors: A new type of three-dimensional solar cell, Adv. Mater. 16, 2004, 453.
39. 2 nanocomposites, Adv. Funct. Mater. 15, 2005, 95.
40. Maruska, H. P. and Ghosh, A. K., Transition-metal dopants for extending the response of titanate photoelectrolysis anodes, Solar Energy Mater. 1, 1979, 237.
41. Borgarello, E., Kiwi, J., Grätzel, M., Pelizzetti, E. and Visca, M., Visible-light induced water cleavage in colloidal solutions of chromium-doped titanium-dioxide particles, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 1982, 2996.
42. Asahi, R., Morikawa, T., Ohwaki, T., Aoki, K. and Taga, Y., Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides, Science 293, 2001, 269.
43. Sakthivel, S. and Kisch, H., Daylight photocatalysis by carbon-modified titanium dioxide, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 2003, 4908.
44. Sakthivel, S. and Kisch, H., Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties of nitrogendoped titanium dioxide, Chem. Phys. Chem. 4, 2003, 487.
45. Chen, X. B., Lou, Y. B., Samia, A. C. S., Burda, C. and Gole, J. L., Formation of oxynitride as the photocatalytic enhancing site in nitrogen-doped titania nanocatalysts: Comparison to a commercial nanopowder, Adv. Funct. Mater. 15, 2005, 41.
46. 2 (anatase) photoelectrodes, J. Electroceram. 13, 2004, 177.
47. 2 by n-hexane treatment - Surface or bulk doping?, Appl. Surf. Sci. 252, 2006, 6342.
48. 2 powders as a visiblelight sensitive photocatalyst, Chem. Lett. 32, 2003, 772.
49. Lindgren, T., Mwabora, J. M., Avendano, E., Jonsson, J., Hoel, A., Granqvist, C. G. and Lindquist, S. E., Photoelectrochemical and optical properties of nitrogen doped titanium dioxide films prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 2003, 5709.
50. Lindgren, T., Lu, J., Hoel, A., Granqvist, C. G., Torres, G. R. and Lindquist, S. E., Photoelectrochemical study of sputtered nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide thin films in aqueous electrolyte, Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 84, 2004, 145.
51. 2, Chem. Vapor Depos. 4, 1998, 109.
52. 2 thin films with fractal morphologies, Presented at the 16th International Conference on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy (IPS-16), Uppsala, Sweden, 2006.
53. 3 films, Adv. Mater. 13, 2001, 511.
54. 3, with d (10) configuration, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 148, 2002, 85.
55. 3 (A = Li, Na, and K), J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 2001, 4285.
56. 3 (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba), J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 2003, 61.
57. Zou, Z. G., Ye, J. H., Sayama, K. and Arakawa, H., Direct splitting of water under visible light irradiation with an oxide semiconductor photocatalyst, Nature 414, 2001, 625.
58. Maeda, K., Teramura, K., Lu, D. L., Takata, T., Saito, N., Inoue, Y. and Domen, K., Photocatalyst releasing hydrogen from water - Enhancing catalytic performance holds promise for hydrogen production by water splitting in sunlight, Nature 440, 2006, 295.
59. Kim, J., Hwang, D. W., Kim, H. G., Bae, S. W., Lee, J. S., Li, W. and Oh, S. H., Highly efficient overall water splitting through optimization of preparation and operation conditions of layered perovskite photocatalysts, Topics Catal. 35, 2005, 295.
60. 7 (M = Nb and Ta) photocatalysts with layered perovskite structures: Factors affecting the photocatalytic activity, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 2000, 571.
61. 3 composite photocatalyst for stoichiometric water splitting under UV light irradiation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 384, 2004, 139.
62. 3 composite oxide semiconductors, Chem. Mater. 17, 2005, 3255.
63. 3/I-shuttle redox mediator under visible light irradiation, Chem. Commun. 23, 2001, 2416.
64. 3/I-shuttle redox mediator, Chem. Phys. Lett. 344, 2001, 339.
65. Harris, L. A. and Wilson, R. H., Semiconductors for photoelectrolysis, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 8, 1978, 99.