The climate adaptation frontier

Sustainability (Switzerland)

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 1011-1035

  Preston, Benjamin L ^a   Dow, Kirstin ^b   Berkhout, Frans ^c  

^a OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Adaptive capacity; Climate change; Limits; Resilience; Sustainability

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; PARADIGM SHIFT; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 84882689439     PISSN: 20711050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/su5031011     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Adger, W.N.; Agrawala, S.; Mirza, M.M.Q.; O'Brien, K.; Pulhin, J.; Pulwarty, R.; Smit, B.; Takahashi, K. Assessment of Adaptation Practices, Options, Constraints and Capacity. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., Hanson, C.E., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2006; pp. 717-743.
2. Adger, W.N.; Dessai, S.; Goulden, M.; Hulme, M.; Lorenzoni, I.; Nelson, D.R.; Naess, L.O.; Wolf, J.; Wreford, A. Are there Social Limits to Adaptation to Climate Change? Climatic Change 2009, 93, 335-354.
3. Schipper, E.L.F.; Burton, I. Understanding Adaptation: Origins, Concepts, Practice and Policy. In The Earthscan Reader on Adaptation to Climate Change; Schipper, E.L.F., Burton, I., Eds.; Earthscan: London, UK, 2009; pp. 1-8.
4. Pielke, R.A., Jr.; Prins, G.; Rayner, S.; Sarewitz, D. Climate change 2007: Lifting the taboo on adaptation. Nature 2007, 445, 597-598.
5. Burton, I. Climate Change and the Adaptation Deficit. In The Earthscan Reader on Adaptation to Climate Change; Schipper, E.L.F., Burton, I., Eds.; Earthscan: London, UK, 2009; pp. 89-95.
6. Grasso, M. An Ethical Approach to Adaptation Finance. Glob. Environ. Change 2010, 20, 74-81.
7. Petherick, A. Enumerating adaptation. Nature Clim. Change 2012, 2, 228-229.
8. Adaptation Fund Board. Financial Status of the Adaptation Fund Trust Fund; AFB/EFC.8/7; Adaptation Fund Board: Bonn, Germany, 2012.
9. Lindseth, G. Local Level Adaptation to Climate Change: Discursive Strategies in the Norwegian Context. J. Environ. Pol. Plann. 2005, 7, 61-83.
10. Saavedra, C.; Budd, W.W. Climate Change and Environmental Planning: Working to Build Community Resilience and Adaptive Capacity in Washington State, USA. Habitat. Internat. 2009, 33, 246-252.
11. Dedekorkut, A.; Mustelin, J.; Howes, M.; Byrne, J. Tempering Growth: Planning for the Challenges of Climate Change and Growth Management in SEQ. Austral. Plan. 2010, 47, 203-215.
12. Preston, B.L.; Kay, R.C. Managing climate risk in human settlements. In Greenhouse 2009; Jubb, I., Holper, P., Cai, W., Eds.; CSIRO Press: Collingwood, UK, 2010; pp. 185-196.
13. Burton, P.; Mustelin, J. Planning for Unavoidable Climate Change: Is Public Participation the Key to Success? Urban Pol. Res. 2013, in press.
14. Measham, T.; Preston, B.; Smith, T.; Brooke, C.; Gorddard, R.; Withycombe, G.; Morrison, C. Adapting to climate change through local municipal planning: Barriers and challenges. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 2011, 16, 889-909.
15. Smit, B.; Pilifosova, O.; Burton, I.; Challenger, B.; Huq, S.; Klein, R.J.T.; Yohe, G.W.; Adger, W.N.; Downing, T.; Harvey, E.; Kane, S.; Parry, M.L.; et al. Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development and Equity. In Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., White, K.S., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2001; pp. 877-912.
16. Dessai, S.; Hulme, M. Does Climate Adaptation Policy Need Probabilities? Clim. Pol. 2004, 4, 107-128.
17. Campbell-Lendrum, D.; Corvalán, C.; Neira, M. Global Climate Change: Implications for International Public Health Policy. WHO Bull. 2007, 85, 235-237.
18. Carter, T.R. Local Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. In The Future Climatic Window: Local Impacts of Climate Change; Seggau Castle: Leibnitz, Germany, 2007.
19. IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., Hanson C.E., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007; p. 976.
20. IPCC. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.-K., Allen, S.K., Tignor, M., Midgley, P.M., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 2012; p. 582.
21. Heltberg, R.; Siegel, P.B.; Jorgensen, S.L. Addressing Human Vulnerability to Climate Change: Toward a "No Regrets" Approach. Glob. Environ. Change 2009, 19, 89-99.
22. Hallegatte, S. Strategies to Adapt to an Uncertain Climate Change. Glob. Environ. Change 2009, 19, 240-247.
23. Fung, F.; Lopez, A.; New, M. Water Availability in +2 °C and +4 °C Worlds. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010, 369, 99-116.
24. Stafford, S.M.; Horrocks, L.; Harvey, A.; Hamilton, C. 2011: Rethinking Adaptation for a 4 °C World. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2011, 369, 196-216.
25. Thornton, P.K.; Jones, P.G.; Ericksen, P.J.; Challinor, A.J. Agriculture and Food Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa in a 4 °C World. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2011, 369, 117-136.
26. Dow, K.; Berkhout, F.; Preston, B.L.; Klein, R.J.T.; Midgley, G.; Shaw, R. Limits to Adaptation. Nature Clim. Change 2013, in press.
27. Meinshausen, M.; Meinshausen, N.; Hare, W.; Raper, S.C.B.; Frieler, K.; Knutti, R.; Frame, D.J.; Allen, M.R. Greenhouse-Gas Emission Targets for Limiting Global Warming to 2 °C. Nature 2009, 458, 1158-1163.
28. Van Viet, J.; van der Berg, M.; Schaeffer, M.; van Vuuren, D.P.; den Elzen, M.; Hof, A.F.; Beltran, A.M.; Meinshausen, M. Copenhagen Accord Pledges Imply Higher Costsfor Staying Below 2 °C Warming. Clim. Change 2012, 113, 551-561.
29. Rockström, J.; Steffen, W.; Noone, K.; Persson, Å.; Chapin, F.S., III.; Lambin, E.; Lenton, T.M.; Scheffer, M.; Folke, C.; Schellnhuber, H.; et al. Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Ecol. Soc. 2009, 14, 32.
30. Rockström, J.; Steffen, W.; Noone, K.; Persson, Å.; Chapin, F.S., III.; Lambin, E.; Lenton, T.M.; Scheffer, M.; Folke, C.; Schellnhuber, H.; et al. A Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Nature 2009, 461, 472-475.
31. O'Brien, K.; Wolf, J. A Values-Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change. WIREs Clim. Change 2010, 1, 232-242.
32. O'Brien, K. Do Values Subjectively Define the Limits to Climate Change Adaptation? In Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance; O'Brien, K., Adger, W.N., Lorenzoni, I., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2010; pp. 164-180.
33. Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Mumby, P.J.; Hooten, A.J.; Steneck, R.S.; Greenfield, P.; Gomez, E.; Harvell, C.D.; Sale, P.F.; Edwards, A.J.; Caldeira, K.; et al. Coral Reefs under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science 2007, 318, 1737-1742.
34. Foster, P. The Potential Negative Impacts of Global Climate Change on Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. Earth Sci. Rev. 2001, 55, 73-106.
35. Brandt, J.P. The Extent of the North American Boreal Zone. Environ. Rev. 2009, 17, 101-161.
36. Riegl, B.M.; Purkis, S.J.; Al-Cibahy, A.S.; Abdel-Moati, M.A.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Present Limits to Heat-Adaptability in Corals and Population-Level Responses to Climate Extremes. PLoS One 2011, 6, e24802.
37. Adger, W.N.; Arnell, N.W.; Tomkins, E.L. Successful Adaptation to Climate Change across Scales. Glob. Environ. Change 2005, 15, 77-86.
38. Barnett, J.; Adger, W.N. Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict. Polit. Geogr. 2007, 26, 639-655.
39. Stockholm Resilience Centre. Resilience dictionary. Stockholm, Sweden, 2007. Available online: http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/whatisresilience/resiliencedictionary.4.aeea46911a3127427980004355.html/ (accessed on 30 October 2012).
40. Gallopin, G.C. Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Glob. Environ. Change 2006, 16, 293-303.
41. Hegerl, G.C.; Zwiers, F.W.; Braconnot, P.; Gillett, N.P.; Luo, Y.; Marengo Orsini, J.A.; Nicholls, N.; Penner, J.E.; Stott, P.A. Understanding and Attributing Climate Change. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007; pp. 663-746.
42. Trenberth, K.E.; Jones, P.D.; Ambenje, P.; Bojariu, R.; Easterling, D.; Klein Tank, A.; Parker, D.; Rahimzadeh, F.; Renwick, J.A.; Rusticucci, M.; et al. Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007; pp. 235-336.
43. Wetherland, R.T.; Stouffer, R.J.; Dixon, K.W. Committed Warming and Its Implications for Climate Change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28, 1535-1538.
44. Mastrandrea, M.D.; Schneider, S.H. Probabilistic Integrated Assessment of "Dangerous" Climate Change. Science 2004, 304, 571-575.
45. Friedlingstein, P.; Solomon, S. Contributions of Past and Present Human Generations to Committed Warming Caused by Carbon Dioxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 10832-10836.
46. Wigley, T.M.L. The Climate Change Commitment. Science 2005, 307, 1766-1769.
47. Hare, B.; Meinshausen, M. How Much Warming Are We Committed to and How Much Can Be Avoided? Clim. Change 2006, 75, 111-149.
48. Armour, K.C.; Roe, G.H. Climate Commitment in an Uncertain World. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38, L01707.
49. Pielke, R.A., Jr. Future Economic Damage from Tropical Cyclones: Sensitivities to Societal and Climate Changes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2007, 365, 2717-2729.
50. Pielke, R.A., Jr.; Gratz, J.; Landsea, C.W.; Collins, D.; Saunders, M.A.; Musulin, R. Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900-2005. Nat. Haz. Rev. 2008, 9, 29-42.
51. Diffenbaugh, N.S.; Giorgi, F.; Raymond, L.; Bi, X. Indicators of 21st century Socioeconomic Exposure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 104, 20195-20198.
52. Baldassarre, G.; Montanari, A.; Lins, H.; Koutsoyiannis, D.; Brandimarte, L.; Blöschl, G. Flood Fatalities in Africa: From Diagnosis to Mitigation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 37, L22402.
53. Bouwer, L.M. Have disaster losses increased due to anthropogenic climate change? Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 2011, 92, 46.
54. Preston, B.L. Local Path Dependence in Socioeconomic Exposure to Climate Extremes and the Vulnerability Commitment. Global Environ. Change 2013, in press.
55. Chhetri, N.B.; Easterling, W.E.; Terando, A.; Mearns, L. Modeling Path Dependence in Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 2010, 100, 894-907.
56. Libecap, G.D. Institutional Path Dependence in Climate Adaptation: Coman's "Some Unsettled Problems of Irrigation"; National Bureau of Economic Research: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010; pp. 1-27.
57. Nakicenovic, N.; Alcamo, J.; Davis, G.; de Vries, B.; Fenhann, J.; Gaffin, S.; Gregory, S.; Grübler, A.; Jung, T.Y.; Kram, T.; et al. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2000; p. 599.
58. Moss, R.H.; Edmonds, J.A.; Hibbard, K.A.; Manning, M.R.; Rose, S.K.; van Vuuren, D.P.; Carter, T.R.; Emori, S.; Kainuma, M.; Kram, T.; et al. The Next Generation of Scenarios for Climate Change Research and Assessment. Nature 2010, 463, 747-756.
59. Boden, T.; Marland, G.; Andres, B. Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751-2008. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory: Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 2010, Online Database. Available online: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/global.1751_2008.ems/ (accessed on 31 October 2012).
60. Friedlingstein, P.; Houghton, R.A.; Marland, G.; Hacker, J.; Boden, T.A.; Conway, T.J.; Canadell, J.G.; Raupach, M.R.; le Quere, C. Update on CO2 Emissions. Nature Geosci. 2010, 3, 811-812.
61. Keeling, C.D.; Piper, S.C.; Bacastow, R.B.; Whalen, M.; Whorf, T.P.; Heimann, M.; Meijer, H.A. Atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 Exchange with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000: Observations and Carbon Cycle Implications. In A History of Atmospheric CO2 and its effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems; Ehleringer, J.R., Cerling, T.E., Dearing, M.D., Eds.; Springer Verlag: New York, NY, USA, 2005; pp. 83-113.
62. Changnon, S.A.; Changnon, D. Record-High Losses for Weather Disasters in the United States during the 1990s: How Excessive and Why? Nat. Hazards 1999, 18, 287-300.
63. Changnon, S.A.; Easterling, D.R. Disaster Management. U.S. Policies Pertaining to Weather and Climate Extremes. Science 2000, 289, 2053-2055.
64. Changnon, S.A.; Hewings, G.J.D. Losses from Weather Extremes in the United States. Nat. Hazards Rev. 2001, 2, 113-123.
65. Changnon, S.A. Shifting Economic Impacts from Weather Extremes in the United States: A result of Societal Changes, not Global Warming. Nat. Hazards 2003, 29, 273-290.
66. Folke, C.; Colding, J.; Berkes, F. Building Resilience for Adaptive Capacity in Social-Ecological Systems. In Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change; Berkes, F., Colding, J., Folke, C., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2002.
67. Yohe, G.W.; Tol, R.S.J. Indicators for Social and Economic Coping Capacity-Moving towards a Working Definition of Adaptive Capacity. Glob. Envrion. Change 2002, 1, 25-40.
68. Cutter, S.L.; Emrich, C. Are Natural Hazards and Disaster Losses in the U.S. Increasing? EOS. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 2005, 86, 381, 388-389.
69. Munich, R. Natural Catastrophes 2010 Analyses, Assessments, Positions; Munich Re: Munich, Germany, 2011.
70. UNU-IHDP (United Nations University-International Human Dimensions Programme) and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). In Inclusive Wealth Report 2012. Measuring Progress toward Sustainability; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2012.
71. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). A Practical Framework for Planning Pro-Development Climate Policy; United Nations Environment Programme: Nairobi, Nigeria, 2011; p. 143.
72. NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration). Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100-Yr Coastal Floodplain [("coastal+riverine") Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA)]. Spatial Trends in Coastal Socioeconomics, Online database. Available online: http://coastalsocioeconomics.noaa.gov/download/download2.html/ (accessed on 30 August 2011).
73. Bierwagen, B.G.; Theobald, D.M.; Pyke, C.R.; Choates, A.; Groth, P.; Thomas, J.V.; Morefield, P. National Housing and Impervious Surface Scenarios for Integrated Climate Impact Assessments. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 20887-20892.
74. Burton, I. Climate Change and the Adaptation Deficit; Occasional Paper 1, Adaptation and Impacts Research Group, Meteorological Service of Canada: Downsview, UK, 2004.
75. Burton, I. Adapt and thrive: policy options for reducing the climate change adaptation deficit. Policy Options 2005, 33-38.
76. Burton, I.; May, E. The Adaptation Deficit in Water Resource Management. IDS Bull. 2004, 35, 31-37.
77. McGray, H.; Hammill, H.; Bradley, R.; Schipper, E.L.; Parry, J.-E. Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development; World Resources Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 2007.
78. Repetto, R. The Climate Crisis and the Adaptation Myth; Working Paper 13; Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies: New Haven, CT, USA, 2008.
79. Parry, M.; Arnell, N.; Berry, P.; Dodman, D.; Fankhauser, S.; Hope, C.; Kovats, S.; Nicholls, R.; Satterthwaite, D.; Tiffin, R.; Wheeler, T. Assessing the Costs of Adaptation to Climate Change: A review of the UNFCCC and Other Recent Estimates; International Institute for Environment and Development and Grantham Institute for Climate Change: London, UK, 2009.
80. ULI (Urban Land Institute). Infrastructure 2011. A Strategic Priority; Urban Land Institute and Ernst and Young: Washington, DC, USA, 2011.
81. Barnett, J.; O'Neill, S. Maladaptation. Glob. Environ. Change 2010, 20, 211-213.
82. United Nations (UN). Millennium Development Goals: 2012 Progress Chart; United Nations: New York, 2012. Available online: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/2012_Progress_E.pdf (accessed on 29 October 2012).
83. Lenton, T.; Held, H.; Kriegler, E.; Hall, J.; Lucht, W.; Rahmstorf, S.; Hoachim, S. Tipping Points in the Earth's Climate System. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 1786-1793.
84. Peng, S.; Huang, J.; Sheehy, J.E.; Laza, R.C.; Visperas, R.M.; Zhong, X.; Centeno, G.C.; Khush, G.S.; Cassman, K.G. Rice Yields Decline with Higher Night Temperature from Global Warming. Proc. Nat .Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 9971-9975.
85. Sheehan, P.; Jones, R.N.; Jolley, A.; Preston, B.L.; Clarke, M.; Durack, P.J.; Islam, S.M.N.; Whetton, P.H. Climate Change and the New World Economy: Implications for the Nature and Timing of Policy Responses. Glob. Environ. Change 2008, 18, 380-396.
86. Meze-Hausken, E. On the (Im-)possibilities of Defining Human Climate Thresholds. Clim. Change 2008, 89, 299-324.
87. Briske, D.D.; Washington-Allen, R.A.; Johnson, C.R.; Lockwood, J.A.; Lockwood, D.R.; Stringham, T.K.; Shugart, H.H. Catastrophic Thresholds: A Synthesis of Concepts, Perspectives, and Applications. Ecol. Soc. 2010, 15, 37.
88. Akçakaya, H.R.; Butchart, S.H.M.; Mace, G.M.; Stuart, S.N.; Hilton-Taylor, C. Use and Misuse of the IUCN Red List Criteria in Projecting Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity. Glob. Change Biol. 2006, 12, 2037-2043.
89. Ragen, T.J.; Huntington, H.P.; Hovelsrud, G.K. Conservation of Arctic Marine Mammals Faced with Climate Change. Ecol. App. 2008, 18, S166-S174.
90. Fordham, D.A.; Akçakaya, H.R.; Araújo, M.B.; Elith, J.; Keith, D.A.; Pearson, R.; Auld, T.D.; Mellin, C.; Morgan, J.W.; Regan, T.J.; et al. Plant Extinction Risk under Climate Change: Are Forecast Range Shifts Alone a Good Indicator of Species Vulnerability to Global Warming? Glob. Change Biol. 2012, 18, 1357-1371.
91. Lobell, D.B.; Field, C.B.; Cahill, K.N.; Bonfils, C. Impacts of Future Climate Change on California Perennial Crop Yields: Model Projections with Climate and Crop Uncertainties. Ag. Forest Meteor. 2006, 141, 208-218.
92. Leary, N.; Averyt, K.; Hewitson, B.; Marengo, J. Crossing Thresholds in Regional Climate Research: Synthesis of the IPCC Expert Meeting on Regional Impacts, Adaptation, Vulnerability, and Mitigation. Clim. Res. 2009, 40, 121-131.
93. Christensen, L.; Krogman, N. Social Thresholds and Their Translation into Social-Ecological Management Practices. Eco. Soc. 2012, 17, 5. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04499-170105/ (accessed on 29 October 2012).
94. Chameides, B. NC Sea Level Rise Bill Rises to the Status of Law. Sci. Am. 2012, Available online: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nc-sea-level-rise-bill-rises-to-the/ (accessed on 29 October 2012).
95. New South Wales. Coastal Protection Amendment Bill 2012; New South Wales State Government: Sydney, Australia, 2012.
96. Park, S.E.; Marshall, N.A.; Jakku, E.; Dowd, A.M.; Howden, S.M; Mendham, E.; Fleming, A. Informing Adaptation Responses to Climate Change through Theories of Transformation. Glob. Environ. Change 2012, 22, 115-126.
97. Haddad, B.M. Ranking the Adaptive Capacity of Nations to Climate Change When Socio-Political Goals are Explicit. Global Environ. Change 2005, 15, 165-176.
98. United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2005.
99. United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 1948.
100. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The Convention on Biological Diversity; UNEP: Cambridge, UK, 1992.
101. Preston, B.L. Equitable Climate Policy in a Dangerous World. In Climate Change and Social Justice; Moss, J., Ed.; Melbourne University Press: Carlton, Australia, 2009; pp. 224-245.
102. Tompkins, E.L.; Eakin, H. Managing Private and Public Adaptation to Climate Change. Global Environ. Change 2012, 22, 3-11.
103. Bardsley, D.K.; Hugo, G.J. Migration and Climate Change: Examining Thresholds of Change to Guide Effective Adaptation Decision-Making. Pop. Environ. 2010, 32, 238-262.
104. Thomsen, D.C.; Smith, T.F.; Keys, N. Adaptation or Manipulation? Unpacking Climate Change Response Strategies. Ecol. Soc. 2012, 17, 20. Available at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss3/art20/ (accessed on 29 October 2012).
105. Ainslie, G.W. Specious Reward: A Behavioral Theory of Impulsiveness and Impulsive Control. Psychol. Bull. 1975, 82, 463-496.
106. Ainslie, G. Breakdown of Will; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2001.
107. Frederick, S.; Loewenstein, G.; O'Donoghue, T. Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review. J. Econ. Lit. 2002, 40, 351-401.
108. Newell, R.G.; Pizer, W.A. Uncertain Discount Rates in Climate Policy Analysis. Energy Pol. 2004, 32, 519-529.
109. Heal, G. The Economics of Climate Change: A Post-Stern Perspective. Clim. Change 2009, 96, 275-297.
110. Stern, N. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review; H.M. Treasury: London, UK, 2006.
111. McClure, S.M.; Laibson, D.I.; Loewenstein, G.; Cohen, J.D. Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards. Science 2004, 306, 503-507.
112. McClure, S.M.; Ericson, K.M.; Laibson, D.I.; Loewenstein, G.; Cohen, J.D. Time Discounting for Primary Rewards. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27, 5796-5804.
113. Wittmann, M.; Leland, D.S.; Paulus, M.P. Time and Decision Making: Differential Contribution of the Posterior Insular Cortex and the Striatum during a Delay Discounting Task. Exp. Brain Res. 2007, 179, 643-653.
114. Loewenstein, G.; Rick, S.; Cohen, J.D. Neuroeconomics. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2008, 59, 647-672.
115. Xu, L.; Liang, Z.-Y.; Wang, K.; Jianga, T. Neural Mechanism of Intertemporal Choice: From Discounting Future Gains to Future losses. Brain Res. 2009, 1261, 65-74.
116. Productivity Commission. Australia's Urban Water Sector; Final Inquiry Report, Report No. 55; Canberra, Australia, 2011.
117. Morgan, M.G.; Kandlikar, M.; Risbey, J.; Dowlatabadi, H. Why Conventional Tools for Policy Analysis Are often Inadequate for Problems of Global Change. Clim. Change 1999, 41, 1573-1580.
118. Yohe, G.W. More Trouble for Cost-Benefit Analysis. Clim. Change 2003, 56, 235-244.
119. Spash, C.L. The Economics of Climate Change Impacts ala Stern: Novel and Nuanced or Rhetorically Restricted. Ecol. Econ. 2007, 63, 706-713.
120. Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Federal Programs; Circular A-94, White House Office of Management and Budget: Washington, DC, USA, 1994.
121. Nidumolu, U.B.; Hayman, P.T.; Howden, S.M.; Alexander, B.M. Re-Evaluating the Margin of the South Australian Grain Belt in a Changing Climate. Clim. Res. 2012, 51, 249-260.
122. Howden, S.M.; Hayman, P. The Distribution of Cropping under Climate Change: Goyder's Line. In Proceedings of the Greenhouse 2005 Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 14-17 December 2005.
123. Wheaton, E.E.; Maciver, D.C. A Framework and Key Questions for Adapting to Climate Variability Change. Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Change 1999, 4, 215-225.
124. Yuen, E.J.; Jovicich, S.S. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments as Catalysts for Social Learning: Four Case Studies in South-Eastern Australia. Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Change 2012, doi: 10.1007/s11027-012-9376-4.
125. Pelling, M. Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation; Routledge: Oxon, UK, 2011; p. 203.
126. Kates, R.W.; Travis, W.R.; Wilbanks, T.J. Transformational Adaptation When Incremental Adaptations to Climate Change Are Insufficient. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1115521109.
127. O'Neill, S.; Handmer, J. Responding to Bushfire Risk: The Need for Transformative Adaptation. Environ. Res. Lett. 2012, 7, 014018.
128. Helmer, M.; Hilhorst, D. Natural Disasters and Climate Change. Disasters 2006, 30, 1-4.
129. Verheyen, R.; Roderick, P. Beyond Adaptation. The Legal Duty to Pay Compensation for Climate Change Damage; WWF-UK: Surrey, UK, 2008.
130. Warner, K.; Zakieldeen, S.H. Loss and Damage Due to Climate Change: An Overview of the UNFCCC Negotiations; European Capacity Building Institute: Oxford, UK, 2012.
131. Renn, O. Risk Governance. Coping with Uncertainty in a Complex World; Earthscan: London, UK, 2008.
132. Renn, O.; Klinke, A. Complexity, Uncertainty and Ambiguity in Inclusive Risk Governance. In Risk and Social Theory in Environmental Management; Measham, T., Lockie, S., Eds.; CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood, Australia, 2012; pp. 59-76.
133. Clark, T.W. The Policy Process: A Practical Guide for Natural Resource Professionals; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 2002; p. 215.
134. Brunner, R.D.; Steelman, T.A.; Coe-Juell, L.; Cromley, C.M.; Edwards, C.M.; Tucker, D.W. Adaptive Governance: Integrating Science, Policy, and Decision-Making; Columbia University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2005; p. 319
135. Folke, C.; Hahn, T.; Olsson, P.; Norberg, J. Adaptive Governance as Social-Ecological Systems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2005, 30, 441-473.
136. Nelson, D.R.; Adger, W.N.; Brown, K. Adaptation to Environmental Change: Contributions of a Resilience Framework. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2007, 32, 395-419.
137. Lynch, A.H.; Tryhorn, L.; Abramson, R. Working at the Boundary: Facilitating Interdisciplinarity in Climate Change Adaptation Research. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 2008, 89, 169-179.
138. Nelson, R.; Howden, M.; Stafford Smith, M. Using Adaptive Governance to Rethink the Way Science Supports Australian Drought Policy. Environ. Sci. Pol. 2008, 11, 588-601.
139. Brunner, R.D.; Lynch, A.H. Adaptive Governance and Climate Change; American Meteorological Society: Boston, MA, USA, 2010; p. 404.