메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2010, Pages

Catastrophic thresholds: A synthesis of concepts, perspectives, and applications

Author keywords

Complexity science; Ecological resilience; Non equilibrium ecology; Self organized systems; Systems theory

Indexed keywords

CATASTROPHIC EVENT; COMPLEXITY; DATA INTERPRETATION; ECOLOGICAL THEORY; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE; RANGELAND;

EID: 77958453241     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17083087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/ES-03681-150337     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (47)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 0032969521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass patterns predict invasions and extinctions in transforming landscapes
    • Allen, C. R., E. A. Forys, and C. S. Holling. 1999. Body mass patterns predict invasions and extinctions in transforming landscapes. Ecosystems 2(2):114-121.
    • (1999) Ecosystems , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 114-121
    • Allen, C.R.1    Forys, E.A.2    Holling, C.S.3
  • 2
    • 28844489517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of discontinuities and functional groups to assess relative resilience in complex systems
    • Allen, C. R., L. Gunderson, and A. R. Johnson. 2005. The use of discontinuities and functional groups to assess relative resilience in complex systems. Ecosystems 8(8):958-966.
    • (2005) Ecosystems , vol.8 , Issue.8 , pp. 958-966
    • Allen, C.R.1    Gunderson, L.2    Johnson, A.R.3
  • 3
    • 77958485578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novelty, Adaptive Capacity, and Resilience?
    • [online] URL
    • Allen, C. R., and C. S. Holling. 2010. Novelty, Adaptive Capacity, and Resilience. Ecology and Society 15(3):24 [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss3/art24/).
    • (2010) Ecology and Society , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 24
    • Allen, C.R.1    Holling, C.S.2
  • 5
    • 0344925621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of process-related changes in plant patterns at extended spatial scales during early dryland desertification
    • Ares, J., H. Del Valle, and A. Bisigato. 2003. Detection of process-related changes in plant patterns at extended spatial scales during early dryland desertification. Global Change Biology 9(11):1643-1659.
    • (2003) Global Change Biology , vol.9 , Issue.11 , pp. 1643-1659
    • Ares, J.1    del Valle, H.2    Bisigato, A.3
  • 6
    • 33645863150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-organized vegetation patterning as a fingerprint of climate and human impact on semi-arid ecosystems
    • Barbier, N., P. Couteron, J. Lejoly, V. Deblauwe, and O. Lejeune. 2006. Self-organized vegetation patterning as a fingerprint of climate and human impact on semi-arid ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 94(3):537-547.
    • (2006) Journal of Ecology , vol.94 , Issue.3 , pp. 537-547
    • Barbier, N.1    Couteron, P.2    Lejoly, J.3    Deblauwe, V.4    Lejeune, O.5
  • 8
    • 28844453348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systems model approach to determining resilience surrogates for case studies
    • Bennett, E. M., G. S. Cumming, and G. D. Peterson. 2005. A systems model approach to determining resilience surrogates for case studies. Ecosystems 8(8):945-957.
    • (2005) Ecosystems , vol.8 , Issue.8 , pp. 945-957
    • Bennett, E.M.1    Cumming, G.S.2    Peterson, G.D.3
  • 9
    • 4344653662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land management in the American southwest: A stateand-transition approach to ecosystem complexity
    • Bestelmeyer, B. T., J. E. Herrick, J. R. Brown, D. A. Trujillo, and K. M. Havstad. 2004. Land management in the American southwest: a stateand-transition approach to ecosystem complexity. Environmental Management 34(1):38-51.
    • (2004) Environmental Management , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-51
    • Bestelmeyer, B.T.1    Herrick, J.E.2    Brown, J.R.3    Trujillo, D.A.4    Havstad, K.M.5
  • 10
    • 58849120172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turning back from the brink: Detecting an impending regime shift in time to avert it
    • Biggs, R., S. R. Carpenter, and W. A. Brock. 2009. Turning back from the brink: detecting an impending regime shift in time to avert it. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 106(3)826-831.
    • (2009) Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA , vol.106 , Issue.3 , pp. 826-831
    • Biggs, R.1    Carpenter, S.R.2    Brock, W.A.3
  • 11
    • 0041766739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: A critique of the current paradigms
    • Briske, D. D., S. D. Fuhlendorf, and F. E. Smeins. 2003. Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: a critique of the current paradigms. Journal of Applied Ecology 40(4):601-614.
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 601-614
    • Briske, D.D.1    Fuhlendorf, S.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 12
    • 22744441364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State-and-transition models, thresholds, and rangeland health: A synthesis of ecological concepts and perspectives
    • Briske, D. D., S. D. Fuhlendorf, and F. E. Smeins. 2005. State-and-transition models, thresholds, and rangeland health: a synthesis of ecological concepts and perspectives. Rangeland Ecology and Management 58(1):1-10.
    • (2005) Rangeland Ecology and Management , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Briske, D.D.1    Fuhlendorf, S.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 13
    • 33749179214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unified framework for assessment and application of ecological thresholds
    • Briske, D. D., S. D. Fuhlendorf, and F. E. Smeins. 2006. A unified framework for assessment and application of ecological thresholds. Rangeland Ecology and Management 59(3):225-236.
    • (2006) Rangeland Ecology and Management , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 225-236
    • Briske, D.D.1    Fuhlendorf, S.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 15
    • 33751318038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variance as a leading indicator of regime shift in ecosystem services?
    • [online] URL
    • Brock, W. A. and S. R. Carpenter. 2006. Variance as a leading indicator of regime shift in ecosystem services. Ecology and Society 11(2):9 [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art9/.
    • (2006) Ecology and Society , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 9
    • Brock, W.A.1    Carpenter, S.R.2
  • 17
    • 77954427364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial correlation as leading indicator of catastrophic shifts
    • [online] DOI 10.1007/sl2080-0 09-0060-6
    • Dakos, V., E. H. van Nes, R. Donangelo, H. Fort and M. Scheffer. 2009. Spatial correlation as leading indicator of catastrophic shifts. Theoretical Ecology 3:163-174 [online] DOI 10.1007/sl2080-0 09-0060-6.
    • (2009) Theoretical Ecology , vol.3 , pp. 163-174
    • Dakos, V.1    van Nes, E.H.2    Donangelo, R.3    Fort, H.4    Scheffer, M.5
  • 18
    • 0023504374 scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium and non-equilibrium concepts in ecological models
    • DeAngelis, D. L. and J. C. Waterhouse. 1987. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium concepts in ecological models. Ecological Monographs 57(1):1-21.
    • (1987) Ecological Monographs , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-21
    • deAngelis, D.L.1    Waterhouse, J.C.2
  • 19
    • 0001116268 scopus 로고
    • Changing concepts of the balance of nature
    • Egerton, F. N. 1973. Changing concepts of the balance of nature. Quarterly Review of Biology 48(2):322-350.
    • (1973) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 322-350
    • Egerton, F.N.1
  • 20
    • 0000187169 scopus 로고
    • Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development
    • Ellis, J. E. and D. M. Swift. 1988. Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: alternate paradigms and implications for development. Journal of Range Management 41(6):450-459.
    • (1988) Journal of Range Management , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 450-459
    • Ellis, J.E.1    Swift, D.M.2
  • 22
    • 33746208456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analysis
    • Folke, C. 2006. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analysis. Global Environmental Change 16(3):253-267.
    • (2006) Global Environmental Change , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 253-267
    • Folke, C.1
  • 24
    • 69149110841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Panarchy: Discontinuities reveal similarities in the dynamic system structure of ecological and social systems
    • [online] URL
    • Garmestani, A. S., C. R. Allen, and L. H. Gunderson. 2009. Panarchy: discontinuities reveal similarities in the dynamic system structure of ecological and social systems. Ecology and Society 14(1):15. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art15/.
    • (2009) Ecology and Society , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 15
    • Garmestani, A.S.1    Allen, C.R.2    Gunderson, L.H.3
  • 28
    • 77951716336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regime shifts in ecological systems can occur with no warning
    • [online] doi, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01439.x
    • Hastings, A. and D. B. Wysham. 2010. Regime shifts in ecological systems can occur with no warning. Ecology Letters 13(4):464-472. [online] doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01439.x.
    • (2010) Ecology Letters , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 464-472
    • Hastings, A.1    Wysham, D.B.2
  • 30
    • 0000672695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surprise for science, resilience for ecosystems, and incentives for people
    • Holling, C. S. 1996. Surprise for science, resilience for ecosystems, and incentives for people. Ecological Applications 6(3):733-735.
    • (1996) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 733-735
    • Holling, C.S.1
  • 31
    • 16844381983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept and utility of 'ecological thresholds' in biodiversity conservation
    • Huggett, A. J. 2005. The concept and utility of 'ecological thresholds' in biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 124(3):301-310.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.124 , Issue.3 , pp. 301-310
    • Huggett, A.J.1
  • 32
    • 0033178314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relevance of non-equilibrium concepts to arid and semi-arid grazing systems
    • Illius, A. W. and T. G. O'Connor. 1999. On the relevance of non-equilibrium concepts to arid and semi-arid grazing systems. Ecological Applications 9(3):798-813.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 798-813
    • Illius, A.W.1    O'Connor, T.G.2
  • 33
    • 69149098923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural length scales of ecological systems: Applications at community and ecosystem levels
    • [online] URL
    • Johnson, C. R. 2009. Natural length scales of ecological systems: applications at community and ecosystem levels. Ecology and Society 14(1):7. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art7/
    • (2009) Ecology and Society , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 7
    • Johnson, C.R.1
  • 34
    • 34249798324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The implications of scaling approaches for understanding resilience and reorganization in ecosystems
    • Kerkhoff, A. J. and B. J. Enquist. 2007. The implications of scaling approaches for understanding resilience and reorganization in ecosystems. BioScience 57(6):489-499.
    • (2007) BioScience , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 489-499
    • Kerkhoff, A.J.1    Enquist, B.J.2
  • 36
    • 85073602730 scopus 로고
    • Rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) population dynamics: Insights from catastrophe theory
    • Lockwood, J. A. and D. R. Lockwood. 1991. Rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) population dynamics: insights from catastrophe theory. Environmental Entomology 20(4):970-980.
    • (1991) Environmental Entomology , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 970-980
    • Lockwood, J.A.1    Lockwood, D.R.2
  • 37
    • 0027869251 scopus 로고
    • A unified paradigm of rangeland ecosystem dynamics through the application of catastrophe theory
    • Lockwood, J. A. and D. R. Lockwood. 1993. A unified paradigm of rangeland ecosystem dynamics through the application of catastrophe theory. Journal of Range Management 46(4):282-288.
    • (1993) Journal of Range Management , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 282-288
    • Lockwood, J.A.1    Lockwood, D.R.2
  • 38
    • 0039614112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of self organized criticality in insect populations
    • Lockwood, D. R. and J. A. Lockwood. 1997. Evidence of self organized criticality in insect populations. Complexity 2(4):49-58.
    • (1997) Complexity , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 49-58
    • Lockwood, D.R.1    Lockwood, J.A.2
  • 39
    • 50149104180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grasshopper population ecology: Catastrophe, criticality, and critique
    • [online] URL
    • Lockwood, D. R. and J. A. Lockwood. 2008. Grasshopper population ecology: catastrophe, criticality, and critique. Ecology and Society 13(1):34. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art34/
    • (2008) Ecology and Society , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 34
    • Lockwood, D.R.1    Lockwood, J.A.2
  • 40
    • 0034102109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A scaling rule for landscape patches and how it applies to conserving soil resources in savannas
    • Ludwig J. A., J. A.Wiens, and D. J. Tongway. 2000. A scaling rule for landscape patches and how it applies to conserving soil resources in savannas. Ecosystems 3:84-97.
    • (2000) Ecosystems , vol.3 , pp. 84-97
    • Ludwig, J.A.1    Wiens, J.A.2    Tongway, D.J.3
  • 41
    • 84892435708 scopus 로고
    • Some long-run properties of geophysical records
    • Mandelbrot, B. B. and J. R. Wallis. 1969. Some long-run properties of geophysical records. Water Resources Research 5(2):321-340.
    • (1969) Water Resources Research , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 321-340
    • Mandelbrot, B.B.1    Wallis, J.R.2
  • 42
    • 0000890960 scopus 로고
    • Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states
    • May, R. M. 1977. Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. Nature 269(5628):471-477.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.269 , Issue.5628 , pp. 471-477
    • May, R.M.1
  • 43
    • 8144223532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamic regime concept for ecosystem management and restoration
    • Mayer, A. L. and M. Rietkerk. 2004. The dynamic regime concept for ecosystem management and restoration. BioScience 54(11):1013-1020.
    • (2004) BioScience , vol.54 , Issue.11 , pp. 1013-1020
    • Mayer, A.L.1    Rietkerk, M.2
  • 44
    • 67650158783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, Vermont, USA
    • Meadows, D. H. 2008. Thinking in systems: A primer. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, Vermont, USA.
    • (2008) Thinking in systems: A primer
    • Meadows, D.H.1
  • 45
    • 77952814907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term degradation of Sahelian rangeland detected by 27 years of field study in Senegal
    • Miehe, S., J. Kluge, H. von Wehrden and V. Retzer. 2010. Long-term degradation of Sahelian rangeland detected by 27 years of field study in Senegal. Journal of Applied Ecology 47(3):692-700.
    • (2010) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 692-700
    • Miehe, S.1    Kluge, J.2    von Wehrden, H.3    Retzer, V.4
  • 49
    • 0001874689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale
    • Peterson, G., C. R. Allen, and C. S. Holling. 1998. Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale. Ecosystems 1(1):6-18.
    • (1998) Ecosystems , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-18
    • Peterson, G.1    Allen, C.R.2    Holling, C.S.3
  • 50
    • 0001306911 scopus 로고
    • The shifting paradigm in ecology
    • in R. L. Knight and S.F. Bates, editors, Island Press, Washington D.C., USA
    • Pickett, S. T. A. and R. S. Ostfeld. 1995. The shifting paradigm in ecology. Pages 261-278 in R. L. Knight and S.F. Bates, editors. A New Century for Natural Resource Management. Island Press, Washington D.C., USA.
    • (1995) A New Century for Natural Resource Management , pp. 261-278
    • Pickett, S.T.A.1    Ostfeld, R.S.2
  • 51
    • 50249164802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fertility island formation and evolution in dryland ecosystems
    • [online] URL
    • Ridolfi, L., F. Laio, and P. D'Odorico. 2008. Fertility island formation and evolution in dryland ecosystems. Ecology and Society 13(1):5. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art5/
    • (2008) Ecology and Society , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 5
    • Ridolfi, L.1    Laio, F.2    D'Odorico, P.3
  • 53
    • 34548633128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive feedbacks promote power law clustering of Kalahari vegetation
    • Scanlon, T. M., K. K. Caylor, S. A. Levin, and I. Rodríguez-Iturbe. 2007. Positive feedbacks promote power law clustering of Kalahari vegetation. Nature 449(7159):209-212.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.449 , Issue.7159 , pp. 209-212
    • Scanlon, T.M.1    Caylor, K.K.2    Levin, S.A.3    Rodríguez-Iturbe, I.4
  • 55
    • 0242629042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: Linking theory to observation
    • Scheffer, M. and S. Carpenter. 2003. Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18(12):648-656.
    • (2003) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.18 , Issue.12 , pp. 648-656
    • Scheffer, M.1    Carpenter, S.2
  • 58
    • 0037348709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State and transition modeling: An ecological process approach
    • Stringham, T. K., W. C. Krueger, and P. L. Shaver. 2003. State and transition modeling: an ecological process approach. Journal of Range Management 56(2):106-113.
    • (2003) Journal of Range Management , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 106-113
    • Stringham, T.K.1    Krueger, W.C.2    Shaver, P.L.3
  • 59
    • 64749093619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold models in restoration and conservation: A developing framework
    • Suding, K. N. and R. J. Hobbs. 2009. Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24(5):271-279.
    • (2009) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 271-279
    • Suding, K.N.1    Hobbs, R.J.2
  • 60
    • 73849127389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When to spray: A time-scale calculus approach to controlling the impact of West Nile virus
    • [online] URL
    • Thomas, D., M. Weedermann, L. Billings, J. Hoffacker, and R. A. Washington-Allen. 2009. When to spray: a time-scale calculus approach to controlling the impact of West Nile virus. Ecology and Society 14(2):21. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art21/
    • (2009) Ecology and Society , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 21
    • Thomas, D.1    Weedermann, M.2    Billings, L.3    Hoffacker, J.4    Washington-Allen, R.A.5
  • 61
    • 4143105661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large species shifts triggered by small forces
    • van Nes, E. H. and M. Scheffer. 2004. Large species shifts triggered by small forces. American Naturalist 164(2):255-266.
    • (2004) American Naturalist , vol.164 , Issue.2 , pp. 255-266
    • van Nes, E.H.1    Scheffer, M.2
  • 62
    • 11244319271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds in ecological and social-ecological systems: A developing data base
    • [online] URL
    • Walker, B. and J. A. Meyers. 2004. Thresholds in ecological and social-ecological systems: a developing data base. Ecology and Society 9(2):3. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art3/.
    • (2004) Ecology and Society , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 3
    • Walker, B.1    Meyers, J.A.2
  • 63
    • 73849086553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in population abundance is associated with thresholds between scaling regimes
    • [online] URL
    • Wardwell, D. and C. R. Allen. 2009. Variability in population abundance is associated with thresholds between scaling regimes. Ecology and Society 14(2):42. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art42/.
    • (2009) Ecology and Society , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 42
    • Wardwell, D.1    Allen, C.R.2
  • 64
    • 77958494960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meeting review: Catastrophic thresholds, perspectives, definitions, and applications
    • Washington-Allen, R. A., and L. F. Salo. 2007. Meeting review: catastrophic thresholds, perspectives, definitions, and applications. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 88(2):219-225. http://www.esapubs.org/bulletin/current/apr07web_pdfs/print/apr07bulletin_meetreview.pdf)
    • (2007) Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America , vol.88 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-225
    • Washington-Allen, R.A.1    Salo, L.F.2
  • 65
    • 77958512378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to special feature on catastrophic thresholds, perspectives, definitions, and applications
    • [online] URL
    • Washington-Allen, R. A., L. F. Salo, D. D. Briske, and H. H. Shugart. 2010. Introduction to special feature on catastrophic thresholds, perspectives, definitions, and applications. Ecology and Society 15(3):38. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss3/art38/.
    • (2010) Ecology and Society , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 38
    • Washington-Allen, R.A.1    Salo, L.F.2    Briske, D.D.3    Shugart, H.H.4
  • 66
    • 74349119443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective assessment of soil stability on a landscape subject to commercial grazing
    • [online] URL: DOI 10.1007/s10661-008-0661-3
    • Washington-Allen, R.A., N. E. West, R. D. Ramsey, D. K. Phillips and H. H. Shugart. 2009. Retrospective assessment of soil stability on a landscape subject to commercial grazing. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 106 101-121. [online] URL: DOI 10.1007/s10661-008-0661-3.
    • (2009) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.106 , pp. 101-121
    • Washington-Allen, R.A.1    West, N.E.2    Ramsey, R.D.3    Phillips, D.K.4    Shugart, H.H.5
  • 67
    • 50149103438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of the ecological resilience of drylands using digital remote sensing
    • [online] URL
    • Washington-Allen, R. A., R. D. Ramsey, N. E. West, and B. E. Norton. 2008. Quantification of the ecological resilience of drylands using digital remote sensing. Ecology and Society 13(1):33. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art33/.
    • (2008) Ecology and Society , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 33
    • Washington-Allen, R.A.1    Ramsey, R.D.2    West, N.E.3    Norton, B.E.4
  • 69
    • 0030932272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology
    • West, G. B., J. H. Brown, and B. J. Enquist. 1997. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276(5309):122-126.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , Issue.5309 , pp. 122-126
    • West, G.B.1    Brown, J.H.2    Enquist, B.J.3
  • 70
    • 0024944976 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium
    • Westoby, M., B. H. Walker, and I. Noy-Meir. 1989. Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management 42(4):266-274.
    • (1989) Journal of Range Management , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 266-274
    • Westoby, M.1    Walker, B.H.2    Noy-Meir, I.3
  • 72
    • 77956801543 scopus 로고
    • Positivenegative feedback switches in plant communities
    • Wilson, J. B. and A. D. Q. Agnew. 1992. Positivenegative feedback switches in plant communities. Advances in Ecological Research 23:263-336.
    • (1992) Advances in Ecological Research , vol.23 , pp. 263-336
    • Wilson, J.B.1    Agnew, A.D.Q.2
  • 73
    • 0021755192 scopus 로고
    • Cellular automata as models of complexity
    • Wolfram, S. 1984. Cellular automata as models of complexity. Nature 311(5985) 419-424.
    • (1984) Nature , vol.311 , Issue.5985 , pp. 419-424
    • Wolfram, S.1
  • 74
    • 0030043339 scopus 로고
    • From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: A paradigm shift in ecology
    • Wu, J. and O. L. Loucks. 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 70(4):439-466.
    • (1995) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.70 , Issue.4 , pp. 439-466
    • Wu, J.1    Loucks, O.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.