Voluntary food fortification in the United States: Potential for excessive intakes

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 67, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 592-597

  Sacco, J E ^a   Dodd, K W ^b   Kirkpatrick, S I ^b   Tarasuk, V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

NHANES; tolerable upper intake level; voluntary food fortification

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; COPPER; FOLIC ACID; IRON; PHOSPHORUS; PYRIDOXINE; RETINOL; SELENIUM; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN D; ZINC;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CALCIUM INTAKE; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FEMALE; FOOD INTAKE; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; IRON INTAKE; MALE; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES; VITAMIN INTAKE; VOLUNTARY FOOD FORTIFICATION;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CALCIUM, DIETARY; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DEFICIENCY DISEASES; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; FOOD, FORTIFIED; FOOD-PROCESSING INDUSTRY; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE (U.S.); MALE; MICRONUTRIENTS; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITION SURVEYS; RISK; UNITED STATES; VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS;

EID: 84882455970     PISSN: 09543007     EISSN: 14765640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.51     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003.
2. United States Government. Code of Federal Regulations. Food and drugs: nutritional quality guidelines for foods. Fortification Policy: 21CFR104. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch. cfm?fr104.20. Accessed 12 October 2012.
3. United States Government. Code of Federal Regulations. Food and drugs: food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption. Special Dietary and Nutritional Additives: 21CFR172. Available at: http://www. accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart172 FR1Node21:3.0.1.1.3.4 (accessed 02 October 2012).
4. Fulgoni 3rd VL, Keast DR, Bailey RL, Foods DwyerJ. Fortificants, and supplements: where do Americans get their nutrients? J Nutr 2011; 141: 1847-1854.
5. Berner LA, Clydesdale FM, Douglass JS. Fortification contributed greatly to vitamin and mineral intakes in the United States, 1989-1991. J Nutr 2001; 131: 2177.
6. Kulik RF. Position of the American Dietetic Association: fortification and nutritional supplements. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105: 1300.
7. Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Cleveland L. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2001-2002: usual nutrient intakes from food compared to dietary reference intakes. USDA, Agricultural Research Service 2005.
8. Devaney B, Crepinsek M, Fortson K, Quay L. Review of Dietary Reference Intakes for Selected Nutrients: Challenges and Implications for Federal Food and Nutrition Policy. Mathematica Policy Research January 2007; 28.
9. Institute of Medicine (IOM)Food and Nutrition Board (FNB). (ed) Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. The National Acadamies Press: Washington, DC, 2004.
10. Arsenault JE, Brown KH. Zinc intake of US preschool children exceeds new Dietary Reference Intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 1011.
11. Bailey RL, McDowell MA, Dodd KW, Gahche JJ, Dwyer JT, Picciano MF. Total folate and folic acid intakes from foods and dietary supplements of US children aged 1-13 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 353-358.
12. Yeung LF, Cogswell ME, Carriquiry AL, Bailey LB, Pfeiffer CM, Berry RJ. Contributions of enriched cereal-grain products, ready-To-eat cereals, and supplements to folic acid and vitamin B-12 usual intake and folate and vitamin B-12 status in US children: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003-2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93: 172-185.
13. Yang Q, Cogswell ME, Hamner HC, Carriquiry A, Bailey LB, Pfeiffer CM et al. Folic acid source, usual intake, and folate and vitamin B-12 status in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 64-72.
14. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Strategies to reduce sodium intake in the United States Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.
15. Dodd KW, Guenther PM, Freedman LS, Subar AF, Kipnis V, Midthune D et al. Statistical methods for estimating usual intake of nutrients and foods: a review of the theory. J Am Diet Assoc 2006 10; 106: 1640-1650. (Pubitemid 44415594)
16. Zhang S, Midthune D, Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, Kipnis V, Dodd KW et al. A new multivariate measurement error model with zero-inflated dietary data, and its application to dietary assessment. Ann Appl Stat 2011; 5: 1456-1487.
17. Tooze JA, Kipnis V, Buckman DW, Carroll RJ, Freedman LS, Guenther PM et al. A mixed-effects model approach for estimating the distribution of usual intake of nutrients: the NCI method. Stat Med 2010; 29: 2857-2868.
18. Tooze JA, Midthune D, Dodd KW, Freedman LS, Krebs-Smith SM, Subar AF et al. A new statistical method for estimating the usual intake of episodically consumed foods with application to their distribution. J Am Diet Assoc 2006 ; 106: 1575-1587. (Pubitemid 44415586)
19. Verkaik-Kloosterman J, Dodd KW, Dekkers AL, van 't Veer P, OckéMC. A three-part, mixed-effects model to estimate the habitual total vitamin D intake distribution from food and dietary supplements in Dutch young children. J Nutr 2011; 141: 2055-2063.
20. Taylor CL, Meyers LD. Perspectives and progress on upper levels of intake in the United States. J Nutr 2012; 142: 2207S-2211SS.
21. Munro IC. Setting tolerable upper intake levels for nutrients. J Nutr 2006; 136: 490S-492S. (Pubitemid 43228307)
22. Carriquiry AL, Camañ o-Garcia G. Evaluation of dietary intake data using the tolerable upper intake levels. J Nutr 2006; 136: 507S-513S. (Pubitemid 43228310)
23. Zlotkin S. A critical assessment of the upper intake levels for infants and children. J Nutr 2006; 136: 502S-506S. (Pubitemid 43228309)
24. Hannon EM, Kiely M, Flynn A. The impact of voluntary fortification of foods on micronutrient intakes in Irish adults. Br J Nutr 2007; 97: 1177.
25. Flynn A, Hirvonen T, Mensink GB, Ocke MC, Serra-Majem L, Stos K et al. Intake of selected nutrients from foods, from fortification and from supplements in various European countries. Food Nutr Res 2009; 53: DOI: 3402/fnr.v53i0.2038.
26. Galvin MA, Kiely M, Flynn A. Impact of ready-To-eat breakfast cereal (RTEBC) consumption on adequacy of micronutrient intakes and compliance with dietary recommendations in Irish adults. Public Health Nutr 2003; 6: 351.
27. Gibson SA. Micronutrient intakes, micronutrient status and lipid profiles among young people consuming different amounts of breakfast cereals: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People aged 4 to 18 years. Public Health Nutr 2003; 6: 815.
28. USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, 4.1 Beltsville, MD: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, 2010.
29. Briefel RR, McDowell MA, Alaimo K, Caughman CR, Bischof AL, Carroll MD et al. Total energy intake of the US population: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62(5 Suppl): 1072S-1080S.
30. Dwyer J, Picciano MF, Raiten DJ. Estimation of usual intakes: what we eat in America-NHANES. J Nutr 2003; 133: 609S-623S. (Pubitemid 36172927)
31. Johnson MA, Smith MM, JT Edmonds. Copper, iron, zinc, and manganese in dietary supplements, infant formulas, and ready-To-eat breakfast cereals. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 1035S-1040S. (Pubitemid 28198829)
32. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. National Academies Press: Washington, D.C, 2000.
33. Shakur YA, Tarasuk V, Corey P, O'Connor DL. Vitamin and mineral supplement consumption in Canada: do supplement users differ from non-users in terms of nutrient inadequacy and risk of high intakes? J Nutr 2012; 142: 534-540.