Geographical Distribution of Chagas Disease

American Trypanosomiasis

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 83-114

  Patterson, James S ^a   Guhl, Felipe ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES   (Colombia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882402581     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384876-5.00005-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Abad-Franch F., Monteiro F.A. Biogeography and evolution of Amazonian triatomines (Heteroptera: Reduviidae): implications for Chagas disease surveillance in humid forest ecoregions. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2007, 102:57-69.
2. Abad-Franch F., Aguilar H.M., Paucar A., Lorosa E.S., Noireau F. Observations on the domestic ecology of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Triatominae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2002, 97:199-202.
3. Abad-Franch F., Palomeque F.S., Aguilar H.M., Miles M.A. Field ecology of sylvatic Rhodnius populations (Heteroptera, Triatominae): risk factors for palm tree infestation in western Ecuador. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2005, 10:1258-1266.
4. Abad-Franch F., Monteiro F.A., Jaramillo O.N., Gurgel-Goncalves R., Dias F.B., Diotaiuti L. Ecology, evolution, and the long-term surveillance of vector-borne Chagas disease: a multi-scale appraisal of the tribe Rhodniini (Triatominae). Acta Trop. 2009, 110:159-177.
5. Abad-Franch F., Ferraz G., Campos C., Palomeque F.S., Grijalva M.J., Aguuilar H.M., et al. Modeling disease vector occurrence when detection is imperfect: infestation of Amazonian palm trees by triatomine bugs at three spatial scales. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2010, 4:e620. doi:610.1371/journal.pntd.0000620.
6. Aguilar H.M., Abad-Franch F., Dias J.C., Junqueira A.C., Coura J.R. Chagas disease in the Amazon region. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2007, 102(Suppl. 1):47-56.
7. Anderson J.M., Lai J.E., Dotson E.M., Cordon-Rosales C., Ponce C., Norris D.E., et al. Identification and characterization of microsatellite markers in the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2002, 1:243-248.
8. Andrieu, D., Kaiser, C., Ourednik, A., 2010. ScapeToad. In: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, 361DEGRES, Lausanne, Chôros Laboratory, EPFL-ENAC-INTER.
9. Anon Recommendations from a satellite meeting. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1999, 94:429-432.
10. Arboleda S., Gorla D.E., Porcasi X., Saldana A., Calzada J., Jaramillo O.N. Development of a geographical distribution model of Rhodnius pallescens Barber, 1932 using environmental data recorded by remote sensing. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2009, 9:441-448.
11. Bargues M.D., Marcilla A., Ramsey J.M., Dujardin J.P., Schofield C.J., Mas-Coma S. Nuclear rDNA-based molecular clock of the evolution of triatominae (Hemiptera: reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2000, 95:567-573.
12. Bargues M.D., Klisiowicz D.R., Panzera F., Noireau F., Marcilla A., Perez R., et al. Origin and phylogeography of the Chagas disease main vector Triatoma infestans based on nuclear rDNA sequences and genome size. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2006, 6:46-62.
13. Bargues M.D., Klisiowicz D.R., Gonzalez-Candelas F., Ramsey J.M., Monroy C., Ponce C., et al. Phylogeography and genetic variation of Triatoma dimidiata, the main Chagas disease vector in Central America, and its position within the genus Triatoma. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2008, 2:e233.
14. Beard C.B., Pye G., Steurer F.J., Rodriguez R., Campman R., Peterson A.T., et al. Chagas disease in a domestic transmission cycle in southern Texas, USA. Emerging Infect. Dis. 2003, 9:103-105.
15. Beltrao Hde B., Cerroni Mde P., Freitas D.R., Pinto A.Y., Valente Vda C., Valente S.A., et al. Investigation of two outbreaks of suspected oral transmission of acute Chagas disease in the Amazon region, Para State, Brazil, in 2007. Trop. Doct. 2009, 39:231-232.
16. Bern C., Montgomery S.P. An estimate of the burden of Chagas disease in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009, 49:e52-e54.
17. Braga M.V., Lima M.M. Feeding and defecation patterns of nymphs of Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer, 1773) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), and its potential role as vector for Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1999, 94:127-129.
18. Brisse S., Verhoef J., Tibayrenc M. Characterisation of large and small subunit rRNA and mini-exon genes further supports the distinction of six Trypanosoma cruzi lineages. Int. J. Parasitol. 2001, 31:1218-1226.
19. Brown E.L., Roellig D.M., Gompper M.E., Monello R.J., Wenning K.M., Gabriel M.W., et al. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi among eleven potential reservoir species from six states across the Southern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases 2009, Ahead of print: DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0009.
20. Burgos J.M., Altcheh J., Bisio M., Duffy T., Valadares H.M., Seidenstein M.E., et al. Direct molecular profiling of minicircle signatures and lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream populations causing congenital Chagas disease. Int. J. Parasitol. 2007, 37:1319-1327.
21. Campbell-Lendrum D.H., Angulo V.M., Esteban L., Tarazona Z., Parra G.J., Restrepo M., et al. House-level risk factors for triatomine infestation in Colombia. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 36:866-872.
22. Carreira J.C., Jansen A.M., de Nazareth Meirelles M., Costa e Silva F., Lenzi H.L. Trypanosoma cruzi in the scent glands of Didelphis marsupialis: the kinetics of colonization. Exp. Parasitol. 2001, 97:129-140.
23. Castro A.M., Vinaud M., Teixeira A. Chagas disease: a global health problem. Emerging Chagas Disease 2009, Bentham Books. A. Teixeira, M. Vinaud, A.M. Castro (Eds.).
24. CDC Blood donor screening for Chagas disease-United States. Centers for disease control and prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2007, 56:141-143.
25. Chagas, C., 1909. Nova tripanozomiaze humana: estudos sobre a morfolojia e o ciclo evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n. Gen., n. sp., Ajente Etiolojico de Nova Entidade Morbida do Homem. In, 1, scielo, pp. 159-218.
26. Chapman M.D., Baggaley R.C., Godfrey-Fausset P.F., Malpas T.J., White G., Canese J., et al. Trypanosoma cruzi from the Paraguayan Chaco: isoenzyme profiles of strains isolated at Makthlawaiya. J. Protozool. 1984, 31:482-486.
27. Cohen J.E., Gurtler R.E. Modeling household transmission of American trypanosomiasis. Science 2001, 293:694-698.
28. Costa J., Peterson A.T., Beard C.B. Ecologic niche modeling and differentiation of populations of Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911, the most important Chagas' disease vector in northeastern Brazil (hemiptera, reduviidae, triatominae). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002, 67:516-520.
29. Costa J., Almeida C.E., Dotson E.M., Lins A., Vinhaes M., Silveira A.C., et al. The epidemiologic importance of Triatoma brasiliensis as a Chagas disease vector in Brazil: a revision of domiciliary captures during 1993-1999. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2003, 98:443-449.
30. Coura J.R., Junqueira A.C., Fernandes O., Valente S.A., Miles M.A. Emerging Chagas disease in Amazonian Brazil. Trends Parasitol. 2002, 18:171-176.
31. Cruz-Reyes A., Pickering-Lopez J.M. Chagas disease in Mexico: an analysis of geographical distribution during the past 76 years-a review. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2006, 101:345-354.
32. Cuba C.A.C., Abad-Franch F., Rodriguez J.R., Vasquez F.V., Velasquez L.P., Miles M.A. The triatomines of northern Peru, with emphasis on the ecology and infection by trypanosomes of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Triatominae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2002, 97:175-183.
33. de Freitas J.M., Augusto-Pinto L., Pimenta J.R., Bastos-Rodrigues L., Goncalves V.F., Teixeira S.M., et al. Ancestral genomes, sex, and the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Pathog. 2006, 2:e24.
34. DeGeer C. Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire des Insectes 1773, vol. 3. Pierrer Hesselberg, Stockholm, p. 696.
35. Diotaiuti L., Pereira A.S., Loiola C.F., Fernandes A.J., Schofield J.C., Dujardin J.P., et al. Interrelation of sylvatic and domestic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in areas with and without domestic vectorial transmission in Minas-Gerais, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1995, 90:443-448.
36. Dorn P.L., Perniciaro L., Yabsley M.J., Roellig D.M., Balsamo G., Diaz J., et al. Autochthonous transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, Louisiana. Emerging Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:605-607.
37. Dujardin J.P., Munoz M., Chavez T., Ponce C., Moreno J., Schofield C.J. The origin of Rhodnius prolixus in Central America. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1998, 12:113-115.
38. Dumonteil E., Gourbiere S. Predicting Triatoma dimidiata abundance and infection rate: a risk map for natural transmission of Chagas disease in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2004, 70:514-519.
39. Ekkens D.B. Nocturnal flights of Triatoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Sabino Canyon, Arizona. J. Med. Entomol. 1981, 18:211-227.
40. Falla A., Herrera C., Fajardo A., Montilla M., Vallejo G.A., Guhl F. Haplotype identification within Trypanosoma cruzi I in Colombian isolates from several reservoirs, vectors and humans. Acta Trop. 2009, 110:15-21.
41. Feliciangeli M.D., Campbell-Lendrum D., Martinez C., Gonzalez D., Coleman P., Davies C. Chagas disease control in Venezuela: lessons for the Andean region and beyond. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19:44-49.
42. Fernandes A.J., Chiari E., Rodrigues R.R., Dias J.C.P., Romanha A.J. The importance of the opossum (Didelphis albiventris) as a reservoir for Trypanosoma cruzi in bambui, Minas-Gerais state. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991, 86:81-85.
43. Fitzpatrick S., Feliciangeli M.D., Sanchez-Martin M.J., Monteiro F.A., Miles M.A. Molecular genetics reveal that sylvatic Rhodnius prolixus do colonise rural houses. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2008, 2:e210.
44. Fitzpatrick S., Watts P.C., Feliciangeli M.D., Miles M.A., Kemp S.J. A panel of ten microsatellite loci for the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Infect. Genet. Evol. 2009, 9:206-209.
45. Forattini O.P., Ferreira O.A., Da Rocha e Silva E.O., Rabello E.X., dos Santos J.L. Ecological aspects of American trypanosomiasis. II. Distribution and local dispersion of triatominae in natural and artificial ecotopes. Rev. Saude Publica 1971, 5:163-192.
46. Gascon J., Bern C., Pinazo M.J. Chagas disease in Spain, the United States and other non-endemic countries. Acta Trop. 2010, 115:22-27.
47. Gastner M.T., Newman M.E. From the cover: diffusion-based method for producing density-equalizing maps. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:7499-7504.
48. Gaunt M., Miles M. The ecotopes and evolution of triatomine bugs (triatominae) and their associated trypanosomes. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2000, 95:557-565.
49. Gonzalez-Granado L.I., Rojo-Conejo P., Ruiz-Contreras J., Gonzalez-Tome M.I. Chagas disease travels to Europe. Lancet 2009, 373:2025.
50. Gorla D. Variables ambientales registradas por sensores remotos como indicadores de la distribución geográfica de Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Ecol. Aust. 2002, 12:117-127.
51. Gorla D.E., Dujardin J.P., Schofield C.J. Biosystematics of old world Triatominae. Acta Trop. 1997, 63:127-140.
52. Guerri-Guttenberg R.A., Grana D.R., Ambrosio G., Milei J. Chagas cardiomyopathy: Europe is not spared!. Eur. Heart J. 2008, 29:2587-2591.
53. Guhl F. Chagas disease in Andean countries. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2007, 102(Suppl. 1):29-38.
54. Guhl F., Schofield C.J. International Workshop on Chagas Disease surveillance in the Amazon Region. Proceedings ECLAT-AMCHA 2004, 174. Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. F. Guhl, C.J. Schofield (Eds.).
55. Guhl F., Aguilera G., Pinto N., Vergara D. Updated geographical distribution and ecoepidemiology of the triatomine fauna (Reduviidae: Triatominae) in Colombia. Biomedica 2007, 27(Suppl. 1):143-162.
56. Guhl F., Pinto N., Aguilera G. Sylvatic triatominae: a new challenge in vector control transmission. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2009, 104(Suppl. 1):71-75.
57. Gurgel-Goncalves R., Cuba C.A. Predicting the potential geographical distribution of Rhodnius neglectus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) based on ecological niche modeling. J. Med. Entomol. 2009, 46:952-960.
58. Guzman-Tapia Y., Ramirez-Sierra M.J., Dumonteil E. Urban infestation by Triatoma dimidiata in the city of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7:597-606.
59. Hall C.A., Polizzi C., Yabsley M.J., Norton T.M. Trypanosoma cruzi prevalence and epidemiologic trends in lemurs on St. Catherines Island, Georgia. J. Parasitol. 2007, 93:93-96.
60. Harry M., Poyet G., Romana C.A., Solignac M. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the bloodsucking bug Rhodnius pallescens (Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Mol. Ecol. 1998, 7:1784-1786.
61. Harry M., Dupont L., Romana C., Demanche C., Mercier A., Livet A., et al. Microsatellite markers in Triatoma pseudomaculata (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae), Chagas' disease vector in Brazil. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2008, 8:672-675.
62. Herrera C., Bargues M.D., Fajardo A., Montilla M., Triana O., Vallejo G.A., et al. Identifying four Trypanosoma cruzi I isolate haplotypes from different geographic regions in Colombia. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2007, 7:535-539.
63. Herrera C., Guhl F., Falla A., Fajardo A., Montilla M., Vallejo G.A., et al. Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships within Trypanosoma cruzi I isolated in Colombia based on miniexon gene sequences. J. Parasitol. Res. 2009, 2009, Article ID 897364, doi:897310.891155/892009/897364.
64. Herrera L., Pinho A.R., Viegas C., Lorosa E., Xavier S.C.C., Emperaire L., et al. Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle in Joao Costa, Piaui, Brazil, an endemic area of Chagas disease. Acta Parasitol. 2003, 48:294-300.
65. Herwaldt B.L., Grijalva M.J., Newsome A.L., McGhee C.R., Powell M.R., Nemec D.G., et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose the fifth reported US case of autochthonous transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, in Tennessee, 1998. J. Infect. Dis. 2000, 181:395-399.
66. Hoare C.A. The Trypanosomes of Mammals 1972, Blackwell, Oxford.
67. Hypsa V., Tietz D.F., Zrzavy J., Rego R.O.M., Galvao C., Jurberg J. Phylogeny and biogeography of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): molecular evidence of a new world origin of the Asiatic clade. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2002, 23:447-457.
68. Ibarra-Cerdena C.N., Sanchez-Cordero V., Townsend Peterson A., Ramsey J.M. Ecology of North American Triatominae. Acta Trop. 2009, 110:178-186.
69. Kollien A.H., Schaub G.A. Development of Trypanosoma cruzi after starvation and feeding of the vector-a review. Tokai J. Exp. Clin. Med. 1998, 23:335-340.
70. Lehane M.J., Schofield C.J. Field experiments of dispersive flight by Triatoma infestans. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1981, 75:399-400.
71. Lennox H.A., Karcz D.A., Tales H., El Masri M. Chagas disease: clinical overview and implications for nursing. Medsurg Nurs. 2007, 16:229-235. quiz 236.
72. Lent H., Wygodzinsky P. Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance as vectors of Chagas' disease. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1979, 163:123-520.
73. Lescure F.X., Canestri A., Melliez H., Jaureguiberry S., Develoux M., Dorent R., et al. Chagas disease, France. Emerging Infect. Dis. 2008, 14:644-646.
74. Llewellyn M.S., Lewis M.D., Acosta N., Yeo M., Carrasco H.J., Segovia M., et al. Trypanosoma cruzi IIc: phylogenetic and phylogeographic insights from sequence and microsatellite analysis and potential impact on emergent Chagas disease. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2009, 3:e510.
75. Llewellyn M.S., Miles M.A., Carrasco H.J., Lewis M.D., Yeo M., Vargas J., et al. Genome-scale multilocus microsatellite typing of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing unit I reveals phylogeographic structure and specific genotypes linked to human infection. PLoS Pathol. 2009, 5:e1000410.
76. Macario-Rebelo R.J.M., Alves G.A., Lorosa E.S., Pereira Y.N.O., Silva F.S., Lopes de Barros V.L. Distribucao das especies do genero Triatoma Laporte, 1833 (Reduviidae, Triatominae) no estado de Maranhao Brazil. Entomología y Vectores 1999, 6:91-109.
77. Machado C.A., Ayala F.J. Nucleotide sequences provide evidence of genetic exchange among distantly related lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2001, 98:7396-7401.
78. Machado E.M.M., Fernandes A.J., Murta S.M.F., Vitor R.W.A., Camilo D.J., Pinheiro S.W., et al. A study of experimental reinfection by Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001, 65:958-965.
79. Marcet P.L., Mora M.S., Cutrera A.P., Jones L., Gurtler R.E., Kitron U., et al. Genetic structure of Triatoma infestans populations in rural communities of Santiago del Estero, northern Argentina. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2008, 8:835-846.
80. Marcili A., Lima L., Valente V.C., Valente S.A., Batista J.S., Junqueira A.C., et al. Comparative phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi TCIIc: new hosts, association with terrestrial ecotopes, and spatial clustering. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2009, 9:1265-1274.
81. Marcili A., Valente V.C., Valente S.A., Junqueira A.C., da Silva F.M., Pinto A.Y., et al. Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazilian Amazonia: lineages TCI and TCIIa in wild primates, Rhodnius spp. and in humans with Chagas disease associated with oral transmission. Int. J. Parasitol. 2009, 39:615-623.
82. Marcilla A., Bargues M.D., Ramsey J.M., Magallon-Gastelum E., Salazar-Schettino P.M., Abad-Franch F., et al. The ITS-2 of the nuclear rDNA as a molecular marker for populations, species, and phylogenetic relationships in Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2001, 18:136-142.
83. Marcilla A., Bargues M.D., Abad-Franch F., Panzera F., Carcavallo R.U., Noireau F., et al. Nuclear rDNA ITS-2 sequences reveal polyphyly of Panstrongylus species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2002, 1:225-235.
84. McEwen P.K., Lehane M.J. Factors influencing flight initiation in the triatomine bug Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Insect Sci. Appl. 1993, 14:461-464.
85. Mello C.B., Azambuja P., Garcia E.S., Ratcliffe N.A. Differential in vitro and in vivo behavior of three strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in the gut and hemolymph of Rhodnius prolixus. Exp. Parasitol. 1996, 82:112-121.
86. Milei J., Mautner B., Storino R., Sanchez J.A., Ferrans V.J. Does Chagas disease exist as an undiagnosed form of cardiomyopathy in the United States. Am. Heart J. 1992, 123:1732-1735.
87. Milei J., Guerri-Guttenberg R.A., Grana D.R., Storino R. Prognostic impact of Chagas disease in the United States. Am. Heart J. 2009, 157:22-29.
88. Miles M.A., Toye P.J., Oswald S.C., Godfrey D.G. The identification by isoenzyme patterns of two distinct strain-groups of Trypanosoma cruzi, circulating independently in a rural area of Brazil. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1977, 71:217-225.
89. Miles M.A., Souza A., Povoa M., Shaw J.J., Lainson R., Toye P.J. Isozymic heterogeneity of Trypanosoma cruzi in the first autochthonous patients with Chagas' disease in Amazonian Brazil. Nature 1978, 272:819-821.
90. Miles M.A., Souza A., Povoa M., Shaw J.J., Lainson R., Toye P.J. Isozymic heterogeneity of Trypanosoma cruzi in 1st autochthonous patients with Chagas disease in Amazonian Brazil. Nature 1978, 272:819-821.
91. Miles M.A., Povoa M.M., Prata A., Cedillos R.A., Desouza A.A., Macedo V. Do radically dissimilar Trypanosoma cruzi strains (zymodemes) cause Venezuelan and Brazilian forms of Chagas disease. Lancet 1981, 1:1338-1340.
92. Miles M.A., Apt B.W., Widmer G., Povoa M.M., Schofield C.J. Isozyme heterogeneity and numerical taxonomy of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from Chile. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1984, 78:526-535.
93. Miles M.A., Feliciangeli M.D., de Arias A.R. Science, medicine, and the future-American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) and the role of molecular epidemiology in guiding control strategies. Br. Med. J. 2003, 326:1444-1448.
94. Miles M.A., Llewellyn M.S., Lewis M.D., Yeo M., Baleela R., Fitzpatrick S., et al. The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: looking back and to the future. Parasitol. 2009, 136:1509-1528.
95. Monteiro F.A., Barrett T.V., Fitzpatrick S., Cordon-Rosales C., Feliciangeli D., Beard C.B. Molecular phylogeography of the Amazonian Chagas disease vectors Rhodnius prolixus and R. robustus. Mol. Ecol. 2003, 12:997-1006.
96. Nishimura A., Ueno Y., Fujiwara S., Nushida H., Tatsuno Y. An autopsy case of sudden death due to Chagas' disease. Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi 1997, 51:39-43.
97. Noireau F., Dujardin J.P. Flight and nutritional status of sylvatic Triatoma sordida and Triatoma guasayana. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2001, 96:385-389.
98. PAHO Estimación cuantitativa de la enfermedad de Chagas en las Américas 2006, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS/.HDM/CD/425-06.
99. Paricio-Talayero J.M., Benlloch-Muncharaz M.J., Collar-del-Castillo J.I., Rubio-Soriano A., Serrat-Perez C., Magraner-Egea J., et al. Epidemiological surveillance of vertically-transmitted Chagas disease at three maternity hospitals in the Valencian Community. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2008, 26:609-613.
100. Patterson J.S., Schofield C.J., Dujardin J.P., Miles M.A. Population morphometric analysis of the tropicopolitan bug Triatoma rubrofasciata and relationships with old world species of Triatoma: evidence of new world ancestry. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2001, 15:443-451.
101. Patterson J.S., Barbosa S.E., Feliciangeli M.D. On the genus Panstrongylus Berg 1879: evolution, ecology and epidemiological significance. Acta Trop. 2009, 110:187-199.
102. Pennington P.M., Paiz C., Grajeda L.M., Cordon-Rosales C. Short report: concurrent detection of Trypanosoma cruzi lineages I and II in domestic Triatoma dimidiata from Guatemala. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 80:239-241.
103. Perez de Ayala A., Perez-Molina J.A., Norman F., Lopez-Velez R. Chagasic cardiomyopathy in immigrants from Latin America to Spain. Emerging Infect. Dis. 2009, 15:607-608.
104. Phillips N.R., Bertram D.S. Laboratory studies of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in Rhodnius prolixus-larvae and adults in Triatoma infestans, T. protracta and T. maculata-adults. J. Med. Entomol. 1967, 4:168-174.
105. Pinto A.Y., Harada G.S., Valente V., Abud J.E., Gomes F., Souza G.C., et al. Cardiac attacks in patients with acute Chagas disease in a family micro-outbreak, in Abaetetuba, Brazilian Amazon. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2001, 34:413-419.
106. Pinto A.Y., Valente S.A., Valente Vda C., Ferreira A.G., Coura J.R. Acute phase of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon region: study of 233 cases from Para, Amapa and Maranhao observed between 1988 and 2005. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2008, 41:602-614.
107. Pinto A.Y., Ferreira A.G., Valente Vda C., Harada G.S., Valente S.A. Urban outbreak of acute Chagas disease in Amazon region of Brazil: four-year follow-up after treatment with benznidazole. Rev. Panam. Salud Publica 2009, 25:77-83.
108. Ponce C. Current situation of Chagas disease in Central America. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2007, 102(Suppl. 1):41-44.
109. Povoa M.M., Desouza A.A., Naiff R.D., Arias J.R., Naiff M.F., Biancardi C.B., et al. Chagas disease in the Amazon Basin IV. Host records of Trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes in the States of Amazonas and Rondonia, Brazil. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1984, 78:479-487.
110. Prata A. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2001, 1:92-100.
111. Rodriguero M.S., Gorla D.E. Latitudinal gradient in species richness of the new world Triatominae (Reduviidae). Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2004, 13:75-84.
112. Roellig D.M., Ellis A.E., Yabsley M.J. Genetically different isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi elicit different infection dynamics in raccoons (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). Int. J. Parasitol. 2009, 39:1603-1610.
113. Roellig D.M., McMillan K., Ellis A.E., Vandeberg J.L., Champagne D.E., Yabsley M.J. Experimental infection of two South American reservoirs with four distinct strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol. 2009, 1-8.
114. Rozendaal J.A. Vector Control: Methods for Use by Individuals and Communities 1997, World Health Organization, Geneva.
115. Ryckman R.E., Archbold E.F. The Triatominae and Triatominae borne trypanosomes of Asia, Africa, Australia and the East Indies. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecologists 1981, 6:43-166.
116. Samudio F., Ortega-Barria E., Saldana A., Calzada J. Predominance of Trypanosoma cruzi I among Panamanian sylvatic isolates. Acta Trop. 2007, 101:178-181.
117. Sanchez-Martin M.J., Feliciangeli M.D., Campbell-Lendrum D., Davies C.R. Could the Chagas disease elimination programme in Venezuela be compromised by reinvasion of houses by sylvatic Rhodnius prolixus bug populations?. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2006, 11:1585-1593.
118. Sandoval-Ruiz C.A., Zumaquero-Rios J.L., Rojas-Soto O.R. Predicting geographic and ecological distributions of triatomine species in the southern Mexican state of Puebla using ecological niche modeling. J. Med. Entomol. 2008, 45:540-546.
119. Schmunis G.A. Epidemiology of Chagas disease in non-endemic countries: the role of international migration. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2007, 102(Suppl. 1):75-85.
120. Schmunis G.A., Yadon Z.E. Chagas disease: a Latin American health problem becoming a world health problem. Acta Trop. 2010, 115:14-21.
121. Schofield C.J. Triatominae-Biology & Control 1994, Eurocommunica Publications, Bognor Regis, West Sussex, UK.
122. Schofield C.J. Biosystematics of the Triatominae. Biosystematics of Haematophagous Insects 1988, Clarendon Press, Oxford. M.W. Service (Ed.).
123. Schofield C.J., Dias J.C.P. The southern cone initiative against Chagas disease. Adv. Parasitol. 1999, 42:1-27.
124. Schofield C.J., Diotaiuti L., Dujardin J.P. The process of domestication in Triatominae. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1999, 94:375-378.
125. Sekkides O. Infectious disease surveillance update. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2010, 10:77.
126. Simon S., McKay B. Developing world's parasites, disease hit. U.S. Wall Street J. 2009, A3(August):22-23.
127. Sjogren R.D., Ryckman R.E. Epizootiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in southwestern North America. 8. Nocturnal flights of Triatoma protracta (Uhler) as indicated by collections at black light traps (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). J. Med. Entomol. 1966, 3:81-92.
128. Sousa O.E., Samudio F., de Junca C., Calzada J.E. Molecular characterization of human Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from endemic areas in Panama. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2006, 101:455-457.
129. Steele L.S., MacPherson D.W., Kim J., Keystone J.S., Gushulak B.D. The sero-prevalence of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi in Latin American refugees and immigrants to Canada. J. Immig. Minority Health 2007, 9:43-47.
130. Strosberg A.M., Barrio K., Stinger V.H., Tashker J., Wilbur J.C., Wilson L., et al. Chagas disease: a Latin American nemesis. Inst. OneWorld Health Rep. 2007, 110.
131. Tibayrenc M., Miles M.A. A genetic comparison between Brazilian and Bolivian zymodemes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1983, 77:76-83.
132. Ueno Y., Nakamura Y., Takahashi M., Inoue T., Endo S., Kinoshita M., et al. A highly suspected case of chronic Chagas' heart disease diagnosed in Japan. Jpn. Circ. J. 1995, 59:219-223.
133. Valente S.A., da Costa Valente V., das Neves Pinto A.Y., de Jesus Barbosa Cesar M., dos Santos M.P., Miranda M.P., et al. Analysis of an acute Chagas disease outbreak in the Brazilian Amazon: human cases, triatomines, reservoir mammals and parasites. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 103:291-297.
134. Valente V.C., Valente S.A., Noireau F., Carrasco H.J., Miles M.A. Chagas disease in the Amazon basin: association of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with domestic pigs. J. Med. Entomol. 1998, 35:99-103.
135. Vallejo G.A., Guhl F., Schaub G.A. Triatominae-Trypanosoma cruzi/T. rangeli: vector-parasite interactions. Acta Trop. 2009, 110:137-147.
136. Vargas L.G., Zeledon R. Effect of fasting on Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). J. Med. Entomol. 1985, 22:683.
137. Westenberger S.J., Barnabe C., Campbell D.A., Sturm N.R. Two hybridization events define the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi. Genetics 2005, 171:527-543.
138. WHO, 1991. Control of Chagas disease. Technical Report Series 811, Report of a WHO Expert Committee, WHO, Geneva.
139. WHO, 2002. Control of Chagas disease. WHO Technical Report Series 905.
140. WHO, 2003. Posting date. [Online]. http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/chagas/diseaseinfo.htm.
141. Yeo M., Acosta N., Llewellyn M., Sanchez H., Adamson S., Miles G.A.J., et al. Origins of Chagas disease: Didelphis species are natural hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi I and armadillos hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II, including hybrids. Int. J. Parasitol. 2005, 35:225-233.
142. Zingales B., Andrade S.G., Briones M.R., Campbell D.A., Chiari E., Fernandes O., et al. A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2009, 104:1051-1054.