Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections

Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 637-654

  Taylor, Abraham R ^a  

^a PENN STATE MILTON S HERSHEY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistant; Methicillin resistant; MRSA; Review; Staphylococcus aureus

Indexed keywords

CEFTAROLINE; CEFTOBIPROLE; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; DAPTOMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; GENTAMICIN; LINEZOLID; MIKAMYCIN B; MINOCYCLINE; RIFAMPICIN; TELAVANCIN; TETRACYCLINE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ANEMIA; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL ARTHRITIS; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; BONE INFECTION; BRAIN ABSCESS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ENDOCARDITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS; LABORATORY TEST; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; OSTEOMYELITIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN INFECTION; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT; MRSA; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

ABSCESS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTEREMIA; ENDOCARDITIS; HUMANS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; PNEUMONIA; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; RISK FACTORS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84882261313     PISSN: 00954543     EISSN: 1558299X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.002     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Klevens R.M., Morrison M.A., Nadle J., et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAm Med Assoc 2007, 298:1763-1771.
2. Jarvis W.R., Schlosser J., Chinn R.Y., et al. National prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpatients at US healthcare facilities, 2006. Am J Infect Control 2007, 35:631-637.
3. Jarvis W.R., Jarvis A.A., Chinn R.Y. National prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpatients at United States health care facilities, 2010. Am J Infect Control 2012, 40:194-200.
4. Noskin G.A., Rubin R.J., Schentag J.J., et al. The burden of Staphylococcus aureus infections on hospitals in the United States: an analysis of the 2000 and 2001 nationwide inpatient sample database. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:1756-1761.
5. McCraig L.F., McDonald L.C., Mandal S., et al. Staphylococcus aureus-associated skin and soft tissue infections in ambulatory care. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12(11):1715-1723.
6. Moran G.J., Krishnadasan A., Gorwitz R.J., et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. NEngl J Med 2006, 355:666-674.
7. Gorwitz RJ, Jernigan DB, Powers JH, etal. Participants in the CDC-Convened Experts' Meeting on Management of MRSA in the Community. Strategies for clinical management of MRSA in the community: summary of an experts' meeting convened by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. Available at: Accessed February 17, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca.html.
8. Morrison M.A., Hageman J.C., Klevens R.M. Case definition for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. JHosp Infect 2006, 62:241.
9. CDC Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections: diagnosis and testing 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available at:, Accessed February 17, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/diagnosis/index.html.
10. Francis J.S., Doherty M.C., Lopatin U., et al. Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:100-107.
11. Kaplan S.L. Implications of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired pathogen in pediatric patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2005, 19:747-757.
12. Adem P.V., Montgomery C.P., Husain A.N., et al. Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in children. NEngl J Med 2005, 353:1245-1251.
13. Kuehnert M.J., Kruszon-Moran D., Hill H.A., et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. JInfect Dis 2006, 193:172-179.
14. Creech C.B., Kernodle D.S., Alsentzer A., et al. Increasing rates of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005, 24(7):617-621.
15. Seigel J.D., Rhinehart E., Jackson M., et al. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control 2007, 35:S165-S193. Available at:, Accessed February 19, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/mdro/mdro_0.html.
16. Ellingson K., Muder R.R., Jain R., et al. Sustained reduction in the clinical incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization or infection associated with a multifaceted infection control intervention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011, 32(1):1-8.
17. Huang S.S., Yokoe D.S., Hinrichsen V.L., et al. Impact of routine intensive care unit surveillance cultures and resultant barrier precautions on hospital-wide methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:971-988.
18. Robicsek A., Beaumont J.L., Paule S.M., et al. Universal surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 affiliated hospitals. Ann Intern Med 2008, 148(6):409-418.
19. Cooper B.S., Stone S.P., Kibbler C.C., et al. Systematic review of isolation policies inthe hospital management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review of the literature with epidemiological and economic modeling. Health Technol Assess 2003, 7(39):1-194.
20. Cooper B.S., Stone S.P., Kibbler C.C., et al. Isolation measures in the hospital management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): systematic review of the literature. BMJ 2004, 329(7465):533.
21. McGinigle K.L., Gourlay M.L., Buchanan I.B. The use of active surveillance cultures in adult ICUs to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-related morbidity, mortality and costs: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:1717-1725.
22. Kallen A.J., Mu Y., Bulens S., et al. Health care-associated invasive MRSA infections, 2005-2008. JAm Med Assoc 2010, 304(6):641-647.
23. Burton D.C., Edwards J.R., Horan T.C., et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus central line-associated bloodstream infections in US intensive care units, 1997-2007. JAm Med Assoc 2009, 301(7):727-736.
24. Bauer K.A., West J.E., Balada-Llasat J.M., et al. An antimicrobial stewardship program's impact with rapid polymerase chain reaction methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus/S. aureus blood culture test in patients with S. aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51:1074-1080.
25. Brown J., Paladino J.A. Impact of rapid methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus polymerase chain reaction testing on mortality and cost effectiveness in hospitalized patients with bacteraemia: a decision model. Pharmacoeconomics 2010, 28(7):567-575.
26. Malhotra-Kumar S., Haccuria K., Michiels M., et al. Current trends in rapid diagnostics for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus species. JClin Microbiol 2008, 46:1577.
27. Pape J., Wadlin J., Nachamkin I. Use of BBL CHROMagar MRSA medium for identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus directly from blood cultures. JClin Microbiol 2006, 44:2575.
28. Wolk D.M., Picton E., Johnson D., et al. Multicenter evaluation of the cepheid Xpert methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) test as a rapid screening method for detection of MRSA in nares. JClin Microbiol 2009, 47:758-764.
29. Wolk D.M., Struelens M.J., Pancholi P., et al. Rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in wound specimens and blood cultures: multicenter preclinical evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert MRSA/SA skin and soft tissue and blood culture assays. JClin Microbiol 2009, 47:823-826.
30. Geiger K., Brown J. Rapid testing for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: implications for antimicrobial stewardship. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013, 70:335-342.
31. Bhowmick T., Mirrett S., Reller L.B., et al. Controlled multicenter evaluation of a bacteriophage based method for the rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus in positive blood cultures. JClin Microbiol 2013, 51:1226-1230.
32. Romero-Gómez M.P., Quiles-Melero I., Navarro C., et al. Evaluation of the BinaxNOW PBP2a assay for the direct detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from positive blood cultures. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012, 72:282-284.
33. Tsuji B.T., Rybak M.J., Chenug C.M., et al. Community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a comparison of molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial activities of various agents. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007, 58:41-47.
34. Liu C., Bayer A., Cosgrove S.E., et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Disease Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52(3):e18-e55.
35. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Severe clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005, 54(47):1201-1205.
36. Raveh D., Rabinowitz B., Breuer G.S., et al. Risk factors for clostridium difficile toxin-positive nosocomial diarrhoea. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006, 28:231-237.
37. Naimi T.S., LeDell K.H., Como-Sabetti K., et al. Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAm Med Assoc 2003, 290:2976-2984.
38. Fridkin S.K., Hageman J.C., Morrison M., et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. NEngl J Med 2005, 352:1436-1444.
39. Strausbaugh L.J., Jacobson C., Sewell D.L., et al. Antimicrobial therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in residents and staff of a Veterans Affairs nursing home care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992, 13:151-159.
40. Howden B.P., Davie J.K., Johnson P.D., et al. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus, including vancomycin-intermediate and heterogenous vancomycin-intermediate strains: resistance mechanisms, laboratory detection, and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010, 23:99-139.
41. Chang S., Sievert D.M., Hageman J.C., et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. NEngl J Med 2003, 348:1342-1347.
42. Appelbaum P.C. Reduced glycopeptides susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007, 30:398-408.
43. Liu C., Chambers H.F. Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin: epidemiology, clinical significance, and critical assessment of diagnostic methods. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 2003, 47:1040-1045.
44. Moise-Broder P.A., Sakoulas G., Eliopoulos G.M., et al. Accessory gene regulator group II polymorphism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is predictive of failure of vancomycin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:1700-1705.
45. Ruhe J.J., Monson T., Bradsher R.W., et al. Use of long-acting tetracyclines for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infectiosn: case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:1429-1434.
46. Bismuth R., Zilhoa R., Sakamoto H., et al. Gene heterogeneity for tetracycline resistance in multidrug-resistant, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 1990, 34:1611-1614.
47. Schwartz B.S., Graber C.J., Diep B.A. Doxycycline, not minocycline, induces its own resistance in multidrug-resistant, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone USA300. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1483-1484.
48. Alausa K.O., Cooke A.R., Montefiore D., et al. Acomparative trial of minocycline and cloxacillin in the treatment of soft tissue infections due to tetracycline resistant Staphylococcus aureus. West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res 1976, 3:103-110.
49. Tsiodras S., Gold H.S., Sakoulas G. Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2001, 358:207-208.
50. Wigen C.L., Goetz M.B. Serotonin syndrome and linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:1651-1652.
51. Corne P., Marchandin H., Macia J.C., et al. Treatment failure of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with linezolid. Scand J Infect Dis 2005, 37:946-949.
52. Ruiz M.E., Guerrero I.C., Tuazon C.U. Endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: treatment failure with linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35:1018-1020.
53. Boucher H.W., Sakoulas G. Perspectives on daptomycin resistance, with emphasis on resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 54:601-608.
54. Marty F.M., Yeh W.W., Wennersten C.B., et al. Emergence of a clinical daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate during treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and osteomyelitis. JClin Microbiol 2006, 44:595-597.
55. Sakoulas G., Alder J., Thauvin-Eliopoulos C., et al. Induction of daptomycin heterogeneous susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus by exposure to vancomycin. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 2006, 50:2137-2145.
56. Patel J.B., Jevitt L.A., Hageman J., et al. An association between reduced susceptibility to daptomycin and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:1652-1653.
57. Kollef M.H. New antimicrobial agents for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Crit Care Resusc 2009, 11:282-286.
58. Kanafani Z.A., Corey G.R. Ceftaroline: a cephalosporin with expanded gram-positive activity. Future Microbiol 2009, 4:25-33.
59. Rajendran P.M., Young D., Maurer T., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cephalexin for treatment of uncomplicated skin abscesses in a population at risk for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 2007, 51:4044-4048.
60. Duong M., Markwell S., Peter J., et al. Randomized, controlled trial of antibiotics in the management of community-acquired skin abscesses in the pediatric patient. Ann Emerg Med 2010, 55:401-407.
61. Schmitz G.R., Bruner D., Pitotti R., et al. Randomized controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for uncomplicated skin abscesses in patients at risk for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Emerg Med 2010, 56:283-287.
62. Van Rijen M., Bonten M., Wenzel R., et al. Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, (4). CD006216.
63. Loeb M.B., Main C., Eady A., et al. Antimicrobial drugs for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, (4). CD003340.
64. Laupland K.B., Conly J.M. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and prophylaxis for infection with topical intranasal mupirocin: an evidenced-based review. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37(7):933-938.
65. Raz R., Miron D., Colonder R., et al. A1-year trial of nasal mupirocin in the prevention of recurrent staphylococcal nasal colonization and skin infection. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156(10):1109-1112.
66. Miro J.M., Anguera I., Cabell C.H., et al. Staphylococcus aureus native valve infective endocarditis: report of 566 episodes from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:507-514.
67. Fowler V.G., Miro J.M., Hoen B., et al. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAm Med Assoc 2005, 293:3012-3021.
68. Fowler V.G., Olsen M.K., Corey G.R., et al. Clinical identifiers of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:2066-2072.
69. Mermel L.A., Farr B.M., Sherertz R.J., et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:1249-1272.
70. Levine D.P., Fromm B.S., Reddy B.R. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:674-680.
71. Riedel D.J., Weekes E., Forrest G.N. Addition of rifampin to standard therapy for treatment of native valve infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 2008, 52:2463-2467.
72. Korzeniowski O., Sande M.A. Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1982, 97:496-503.
73. Baddour L.M., Wilson W.R., Bayer A.S., et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 2005, 111:e394-e434.
74. Cosgrove S.A., Fowler V.G. Management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(S5):S386-S393.
75. Jung Y.J., Koh Y., Hong S.B., et al. Effect of vancomycin plus rifampin in the treatment of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2010, 38:175-180.
76. Wunderink R.G., Cammarata S.K., Oliphant T.H., et al. Continuation of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Clin Ther 2003, 25:980-982.
77. Rubinstein E., Cammarata S.K., Oliphant T.H., et al. Linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:402-412.
78. Wunderink R.G., Rello J., Cammarata S.K., et al. Linezolid vs vancomycin: analysis of two double-blind studies of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 2003, 124:1789-1797.
79. Zimmerli W., Widmer A.F., Blatter M., et al. Role of rifampin for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Foreign-Body Infection (FBI) Study Group. JAm Med Assoc 1998, 279:1537-1541.
80. Gemmel C.G., Edwards D.I., Fraise A.P., et al. Guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK. JAntimicrob Chemother 2006, 57:589-608.