메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 68, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 2015-2025

Vaginal concentrations of lactic acid potently inactivate HIV

Author keywords

Carboxylic acids; Female reproductive tract; Vaginal lactobacilli; Virucidal

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ANTIBODY; HYDROCHLORIC ACID; LACTIC ACID;

EID: 84881645337     PISSN: 03057453     EISSN: 14602091     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt156     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (134)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 61449159825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV infection of the genital mucosa in women
    • Hladik F, Hope TJ. HIV infection of the genital mucosa in women. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2009; 6: 20-8.
    • (2009) Curr HIV/AIDS Rep , vol.6 , pp. 20-28
    • Hladik, F.1    Hope, T.J.2
  • 2
    • 84868525568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding factors that modulate HIV infection at the female genital tract mucosae for the rationale design of microbicides
    • Saidi H, Jenabian MA, Belec L. Understanding factors that modulate HIV infection at the female genital tract mucosae for the rationale design of microbicides. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28: 1485-97.
    • (2012) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.28 , pp. 1485-1497
    • Saidi, H.1    Jenabian, M.A.2    Belec, L.3
  • 3
    • 0034044398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens
    • Boris S, Barbes C. Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens. Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 543-6.
    • (2000) Microbes Infect , vol.2 , pp. 543-546
    • Boris, S.1    Barbes, C.2
  • 4
    • 60149089459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barrier properties of mucus
    • Cone RA. Barrier properties of mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61: 75-85.
    • (2009) Adv Drug Deliv Rev , vol.61 , pp. 75-85
    • Cone, R.A.1
  • 5
    • 76249115874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanoparticles reveal that human cervicovaginal mucus is riddled with pores larger than viruses
    • Lai SK, Wang YY, Hida K et al. Nanoparticles reveal that human cervicovaginal mucus is riddled with pores larger than viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 598-603.
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.107 , pp. 598-603
    • Lai, S.K.1    Wang, Y.Y.2    Hida, K.3
  • 6
    • 70350306659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is trapped by acidic but not by neutralized human cervicovaginal mucus
    • Lai SK, Hida K, Shukair S et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is trapped by acidic but not by neutralized human cervicovaginal mucus. J Virol 2009; 83: 11196-200.
    • (2009) J Virol , vol.83 , pp. 11196-200
    • Lai, S.K.1    Hida, K.2    Shukair, S.3
  • 7
    • 84871877897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between lactobacilli, bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria, and HIV Type 1 RNA and DNA genital shedding in U
    • Mitchell C, Balkus JE, Fredricks D et al. Interaction between lactobacilli, bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria, and HIV Type 1 RNA and DNA genital shedding in U.S. and Kenyan women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29: 13-9.
    • (2013) S. and Kenyan women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.29 , pp. 13-19
    • Mitchell, C.1    Balkus, J.E.2    Fredricks, D.3
  • 8
    • 11144322917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female genital-tract HIV load correlates inversely with Lactobacillus species but positively with bacterial vaginosis and Mycoplasma hominis
    • Sha BE, Zariffard MR, Wang QJ et al. Female genital-tract HIV load correlates inversely with Lactobacillus species but positively with bacterial vaginosis and Mycoplasma hominis. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 25-32.
    • (2005) J Infect Dis , vol.191 , pp. 25-32
    • Sha, B.E.1    Zariffard, M.R.2    Wang, Q.J.3
  • 9
    • 79953836310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genital HIV-1 RNA predicts risk of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission
    • Baeten JM, Kahle E, Lingappa JR et al. Genital HIV-1 RNA predicts risk of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3: 77ra29.
    • (2011) Sci Transl Med , vol.3 , pp. 77-29
    • Baeten, J.M.1    Kahle, E.2    Lingappa, J.R.3
  • 10
    • 84874051662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human cervicovaginal mucus contains an activity that hinders HIV-1 movement
    • Shukair SA, Allen SA, Cianci GC et al. Human cervicovaginal mucus contains an activity that hinders HIV-1 movement. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6: 427-34.
    • (2013) Mucosal Immunol , vol.6 , pp. 427-434
    • Shukair, S.A.1    Allen, S.A.2    Cianci, G.C.3
  • 11
    • 79952750340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women
    • Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z et al. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108 Suppl 1: 4680-7.
    • (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL 1 , pp. 4680-4687
    • Ravel, J.1    Gajer, P.2    Abdo, Z.3
  • 12
    • 84860720391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota
    • Gajer P, Brotman RM, Bai G et al. Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4: 132ra52.
    • (2012) Sci Transl Med , vol.4 , pp. 132-152
    • Gajer, P.1    Brotman, R.M.2    Bai, G.3
  • 13
    • 53749108250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
    • Allsworth JE, Lewis VA, Peipert JF. Viral sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 791-6.
    • (2008) Sex Transm Dis , vol.35 , pp. 791-796
    • Allsworth, J.E.1    Lewis, V.A.2    Peipert, J.F.3
  • 14
    • 0030789484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 infection associated with abnormal vaginal flora morphology and bacterial vaginosis
    • Sewankambo N, Gray RH, Wawer MJ et al. HIV-1 infection associated with abnormal vaginal flora morphology and bacterial vaginosis. Lancet 1997; 350: 546-50.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 546-550
    • Sewankambo, N.1    Gray, R.H.2    Wawer, M.J.3
  • 15
    • 80054119213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by gram stain among women in Rakai, Uganda
    • Thoma ME, Gray RH, Kiwanuka N et al. The natural history of bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by gram stain among women in Rakai, Uganda. Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 1040-5.
    • (2011) Sex Transm Dis , vol.38 , pp. 1040-1045
    • Thoma, M.E.1    Gray, R.H.2    Kiwanuka, N.3
  • 16
    • 0026088584 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation
    • Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 297-301.
    • (1991) J Clin Microbiol , vol.29 , pp. 297-301
    • Nugent, R.P.1    Krohn, M.A.2    Hillier, S.L.3
  • 17
    • 38449118740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection is associated with altered vaginal flora and an increased susceptibility to multiple sexually transmitted infections
    • Kaul R, Nagelkerke NJ, Kimani J et al. Prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection is associated with altered vaginal flora and an increased susceptibility to multiple sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 1692-7.
    • (2007) J Infect Dis , vol.196 , pp. 1692-1697
    • Kaul, R.1    Nagelkerke, N.J.2    Kimani, J.3
  • 18
    • 7344236840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV
    • Taha TE, Hoover DR, Dallabetta GA et al. Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV. AIDS 1998; 12: 1699-706.
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 1699-1706
    • Taha, T.E.1    Hoover, D.R.2    Dallabetta, G.A.3
  • 19
    • 49849099241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies
    • Atashili J, Poole C, Ndumbe PM et al. Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies. AIDS 2008; 22: 1493-501.
    • (2008) AIDS , vol.22 , pp. 1493-1501
    • Atashili, J.1    Poole, C.2    Ndumbe, P.M.3
  • 20
    • 84864703034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis among African couples
    • Cohen CR, Lingappa JR, Baeten JM et al. Bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis among African couples. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001251.
    • (2012) PLoS Med , vol.9
    • Cohen, C.R.1    Lingappa, J.R.2    Baeten, J.M.3
  • 21
    • 0016710713 scopus 로고
    • Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections
    • Stamey TA, Timothy MM. Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. I. The role of vaginal pH. J Urol 1975; 114: 261-3.
    • (1975) I. The role of vaginal pH. J Urol , vol.114 , pp. 261-263
    • Stamey, T.A.1    Timothy, M.M.2
  • 22
    • 0022313278 scopus 로고
    • The relation between vaginal pH and the microbiological status in vaginitis
    • Hanna NF, Taylor-Robinson D, Kalodiki-Karamanoli M et al. The relation between vaginal pH and the microbiological status in vaginitis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92: 1267-71.
    • (1985) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.92 , pp. 1267-1271
    • Hanna, N.F.1    Taylor-Robinson, D.2    Kalodiki-Karamanoli, M.3
  • 23
    • 79960558598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide
    • O'Hanlon DE, Moench TR, Cone RA. In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 200.
    • (2011) BMC Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 200
    • O'Hanlon, D.E.1    Moench, T.R.2    Cone, R.A.3
  • 24
    • 0033023953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A vaginal fluid simulant
    • Owen DH, Katz DF. A vaginal fluid simulant. Contraception 1999; 59: 91-5.
    • (1999) Contraception , vol.59 , pp. 91-95
    • Owen, D.H.1    Katz, D.F.2
  • 25
    • 0015611603 scopus 로고
    • Continuous measurement by radio-telemetry of vaginal pH during human coitus
    • Fox CA, Meldrum SJ, Watson BW. Continuous measurement by radio-telemetry of vaginal pH during human coitus. J Reprod Fertil 1973; 33: 69-75.
    • (1973) J Reprod Fertil , vol.33 , pp. 69-75
    • Fox, C.A.1    Meldrum, S.J.2    Watson, B.W.3
  • 26
    • 84861385390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of storage conditions for human vaginal microbiome studies
    • Bai G, Gajer P, Nandy M et al. Comparison of storage conditions for human vaginal microbiome studies. PloS One 2012; 7: e36934.
    • (2012) PloS One , vol.7
    • Bai, G.1    Gajer, P.2    Nandy, M.3
  • 27
    • 0034817210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins of vaginal acidity: high D/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source
    • Boskey ER, Cone RA, Whaley KJ et al. Origins of vaginal acidity: high D/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1809-13.
    • (2001) Hum Reprod , vol.16 , pp. 1809-1813
    • Boskey, E.R.1    Cone, R.A.2    Whaley, K.J.3
  • 28
    • 0032879164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid production by vaginal flora in vitro is consistent with the rate and extent of vaginal acidification
    • Boskey ER, Telsch KM, Whaley KJ et al. Acid production by vaginal flora in vitro is consistent with the rate and extent of vaginal acidification. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 5170-5.
    • (1999) Infect Immun , vol.67 , pp. 5170-5175
    • Boskey, E.R.1    Telsch, K.M.2    Whaley, K.J.3
  • 29
    • 0014979427 scopus 로고
    • The glycogen content of human vaginal epithelial tissue
    • Gregoire AT, Kandil O, Ledger WJ. The glycogen content of human vaginal epithelial tissue. Fertil Steril 1971; 22: 64-8.
    • (1971) Fertil Steril , vol.22 , pp. 64-68
    • Gregoire, A.T.1    Kandil, O.2    Ledger, W.J.3
  • 30
    • 0021011875 scopus 로고
    • Physiology and ecology of the vagina
    • Paavonen J. Physiology and ecology of the vagina. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1983; 40: 31-5.
    • (1983) Scand J Infect Dis Suppl , vol.40 , pp. 31-35
    • Paavonen, J.1
  • 31
    • 84862908625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of lower genital tract glycogen and lactic acid levels in women and macaques: implications for HIV and SIV susceptibility
    • Mirmonsef P, Gilbert D, Veazey RS et al. A comparison of lower genital tract glycogen and lactic acid levels in women and macaques: implications for HIV and SIV susceptibility. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28: 76-81.
    • (2012) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.28 , pp. 76-81
    • Mirmonsef, P.1    Gilbert, D.2    Veazey, R.S.3
  • 32
    • 0026561435 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between Trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal flora in a mouse model
    • Meysick KC, Garber GE. Interactions between Trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal flora in a mouse model. J Parasitol 1992; 78: 157-60.
    • (1992) J Parasitol , vol.78 , pp. 157-160
    • Meysick, K.C.1    Garber, G.E.2
  • 33
    • 0025847568 scopus 로고
    • Viricidal effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on human immunodeficiency virus type 1: possible role in heterosexual transmission
    • KlebanoffSJ, Coombs RW. Viricidal effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on human immunodeficiency virus type 1: possible role in heterosexual transmission. J Exp Med 1991; 174: 289-92.
    • (1991) J Exp Med , vol.174 , pp. 289-292
    • Klebanoff, S.J.1    Coombs, R.W.2
  • 34
    • 77952311366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervicovaginal fluid and semen block the microbicidal activity of hydrogen peroxide produced by vaginal lactobacilli
    • O'Hanlon DE, Lanier BR, Moench TR et al. Cervicovaginal fluid and semen block the microbicidal activity of hydrogen peroxide produced by vaginal lactobacilli. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 120.
    • (2010) BMC Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 120
    • O'Hanlon, D.E.1    Lanier, B.R.2    Moench, T.R.3
  • 35
    • 79951583085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of acidification in the inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by vaginal lactobacilli during anaerobic growth
    • Graver MA, Wade JJ. The role of acidification in the inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by vaginal lactobacilli during anaerobic growth. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2011; 10: 8.
    • (2011) Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob , vol.10 , pp. 8
    • Graver, M.A.1    Wade, J.J.2
  • 36
    • 0025690508 scopus 로고
    • Acid sensitivity of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1: clinical implications
    • Ongradi J, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Pistello M et al. Acid sensitivity of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1: clinical implications. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990; 6: 1433-6.
    • (1990) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.6 , pp. 1433-1436
    • Ongradi, J.1    Ceccherini-Nelli, L.2    Pistello, M.3
  • 37
  • 38
    • 0022261869 scopus 로고
    • Disinfection and inactivation of the human T lymphotropic virus type III/Lymphadenopathy-associated virus
    • Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskoski SL. Disinfection and inactivation of the human T lymphotropic virus type III/Lymphadenopathy-associated virus. J Infect Dis 1985; 152: 400-3.
    • (1985) J Infect Dis , vol.152 , pp. 400-403
    • Martin, L.S.1    McDougal, J.S.2    Loskoski, S.L.3
  • 39
    • 0029077099 scopus 로고
    • The activity of candidate virucidal agents, low pH and genital secretions against HIV-1 in vitro
    • O'Connor TJ, Kinchington D, Kangro HO et al. The activity of candidate virucidal agents, low pH and genital secretions against HIV-1 in vitro. Int J STD AIDS 1995; 6: 267-72.
    • (1995) Int J STD AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 267-272
    • O'Connor, T.J.1    Kinchington, D.2    Kangro, H.O.3
  • 40
    • 33750943859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of non-clade B primary HIV-1 isolates to mildly acidic pH
    • Connor RI. Sensitivity of non-clade B primary HIV-1 isolates to mildly acidic pH. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43: 499-501.
    • (2006) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.43 , pp. 499-501
    • Connor, R.I.1
  • 41
    • 66049139947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic identity, biological phenotype, and evolutionary pathways of transmitted/founder viruses in acute and early HIV-1 infection
    • Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Salazar MG, Keele BF et al. Genetic identity, biological phenotype, and evolutionary pathways of transmitted/founder viruses in acute and early HIV-1 infection. J Exp Med 2009; 206: 1273-89.
    • (2009) J Exp Med , vol.206 , pp. 1273-1289
    • Salazar-Gonzalez, J.F.1    Salazar, M.G.2    Keele, B.F.3
  • 42
    • 0036090585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy
    • Wei X, Decker JM, Liu H et al. Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 1896-905.
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 1896-1905
    • Wei, X.1    Decker, J.M.2    Liu, H.3
  • 43
    • 77957870262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure activity relationship of dendrimer microbicides with dual action antiviral activity
    • Tyssen D, Henderson SA, Johnson A et al. Structure activity relationship of dendrimer microbicides with dual action antiviral activity. PloS One 2010; 5: e12309.
    • (2010) PloS One , vol.5
    • Tyssen, D.1    Henderson, S.A.2    Johnson, A.3
  • 44
    • 0034796289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from brain and lymphoid tissues predicts neurotropism independent of coreceptor specificity
    • Gorry PR, Bristol G, Zack JA et al. Macrophage tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from brain and lymphoid tissues predicts neurotropism independent of coreceptor specificity. J Virol 2001; 75: 10073-89.
    • (2001) J Virol , vol.75 , pp. 10073-10789
    • Gorry, P.R.1    Bristol, G.2    Zack, J.A.3
  • 45
    • 44649102135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection
    • Keele BF, Giorgi EE, Salazar-Gonzalez JF et al. Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 7552-7.
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.105 , pp. 7552-7557
    • Keele, B.F.1    Giorgi, E.E.2    Salazar-Gonzalez, J.F.3
  • 46
    • 23244448649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations that abrogate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase dimerization affect maturation of the reverse transcriptase heterodimer
    • Wapling J, Moore KL, Sonza S et al. Mutations that abrogate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase dimerization affect maturation of the reverse transcriptase heterodimer. J Virol 2005; 79: 10247-57.
    • (2005) J Virol , vol.79 , pp. 10247-10257
    • Wapling, J.1    Moore, K.L.2    Sonza, S.3
  • 47
    • 38049028352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N348I in the connection domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confers zidovudine and nevirapine resistance
    • Yap SH, Sheen CW, Fahey J et al. N348I in the connection domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confers zidovudine and nevirapine resistance. PLoS Med 2007; 4: e335.
    • (2007) PLoS Med , vol.4
    • Yap, S.H.1    Sheen, C.W.2    Fahey, J.3
  • 48
    • 80052844387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPL7013 Gel (VivaGel(R)) retains potent HIV-1 and HSV-2 inhibitory activity following vaginal administration in humans
    • Price CF, Tyssen D, Sonza S et al. SPL7013 Gel (VivaGel(R)) retains potent HIV-1 and HSV-2 inhibitory activity following vaginal administration in humans. PloS One 2011; 6: e24095.
    • (2011) PloS One , vol.6
    • Price, C.F.1    Tyssen, D.2    Sonza, S.3
  • 49
    • 20544446960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the physical and chemical properties of human semen and the formulation of a semen simulant
    • Owen DH, Katz DF. A review of the physical and chemical properties of human semen and the formulation of a semen simulant. J Androl 2005; 26: 459-69.
    • (2005) J Androl , vol.26 , pp. 459-469
    • Owen, D.H.1    Katz, D.F.2
  • 50
    • 0036729840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 isolates are more susceptible to L-lactate than to D-lactate
    • McWilliam Leitch EC, Stewart CS. Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 isolates are more susceptible to L-lactate than to D-lactate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68: 4676-8.
    • (2002) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.68 , pp. 4676-4678
    • McWilliam Leitch, E.C.1    Stewart, C.S.2
  • 51
    • 0032452737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of fermentation acids on bacterial growth
    • Russell JB, Diez-Gonzalez F. The effects of fermentation acids on bacterial growth. Adv Microb Physiol 1998; 39: 205-34.
    • (1998) Adv Microb Physiol , vol.39 , pp. 205-234
    • Russell, J.B.1    Diez-Gonzalez, F.2
  • 52
    • 0034016238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactic acid permeabilizes gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the outer membrane
    • Alakomi HL, Skytta E, Saarela M et al. Lactic acid permeabilizes gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the outer membrane. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66: 2001-5.
    • (2000) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.66 , pp. 2001-2005
    • Alakomi, H.L.1    Skytta, E.2    Saarela, M.3
  • 53
    • 0037319693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of lactic acid and NaCl on creatine kinase from rabbit muscle
    • Tang HM, Ou WB, Zhou HM. Effects of lactic acid and NaCl on creatine kinase from rabbit muscle. Biochem Cell Biology 2003; 81: 1-7.
    • (2003) Biochem Cell Biology , vol.81 , pp. 1-7
    • Tang, H.M.1    Ou, W.B.2    Zhou, H.M.3
  • 54
    • 84855221338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel vaginal microflora colonization model providing new insight into microbicide mechanism of action
    • Fichorova RN, Yamamoto HS, Delaney ML et al. Novel vaginal microflora colonization model providing new insight into microbicide mechanism of action. mBio 2011; 2: e00168-11.
    • (2011) mBio , vol.2
    • Fichorova, R.N.1    Yamamoto, H.S.2    Delaney, M.L.3
  • 55
    • 80053358048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of lactic acid on endogenous and viral RNA-induced immune mediator production by vaginal epithelial cells
    • Mossop H, Linhares IM, Bongiovanni AM et al. Influence of lactic acid on endogenous and viral RNA-induced immune mediator production by vaginal epithelial cells. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 840-6.
    • (2011) Obstet Gynecol , vol.118 , pp. 840-846
    • Mossop, H.1    Linhares, I.M.2    Bongiovanni, A.M.3
  • 56
    • 79951480283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactic acid stimulates interleukin-23 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide
    • Witkin SS, Alvi S, Bongiovanni AM et al. Lactic acid stimulates interleukin-23 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. FEMS Immunol Medical Microbiol 2011; 61: 153-8.
    • (2011) FEMS Immunol Medical Microbiol , vol.61 , pp. 153-158
    • Witkin, S.S.1    Alvi, S.2    Bongiovanni, A.M.3
  • 57
    • 0037314682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A self-sampling method to obtain large volumes of undiluted cervicovaginal secretions
    • Boskey ER, Moench TR, Hees PS et al. A self-sampling method to obtain large volumes of undiluted cervicovaginal secretions. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 107-9.
    • (2003) Sex Transm Dis , vol.30 , pp. 107-109
    • Boskey, E.R.1    Moench, T.R.2    Hees, P.S.3
  • 58
    • 79551578453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early events in sexual transmission of HIV and SIV and opportunities for interventions
    • Haase AT. Early events in sexual transmission of HIV and SIV and opportunities for interventions. Annu Rev Med 2011; 62: 127-39.
    • (2011) Annu Rev Med , vol.62 , pp. 127-139
    • Haase, A.T.1
  • 59
    • 0034051289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simian immunodeficiency virus rapidly penetrates the cervicovaginal mucosa after intravaginal inoculation and infects intraepithelial dendritic cells
    • Hu J, Gardner MB, Miller CJ. Simian immunodeficiency virus rapidly penetrates the cervicovaginal mucosa after intravaginal inoculation and infects intraepithelial dendritic cells. J Virol 2000; 74: 6087-95.
    • (2000) J Virol , vol.74 , pp. 6087-6095
    • Hu, J.1    Gardner, M.B.2    Miller, C.J.3
  • 60
    • 84859701470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-chain fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production alone and in combination with toll-like receptor ligands
    • Mirmonsef P, Zariffard MR, Gilbert D et al. Short-chain fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production alone and in combination with toll-like receptor ligands. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 391-400.
    • (2012) Am J Reprod Immunol , vol.67 , pp. 391-400
    • Mirmonsef, P.1    Zariffard, M.R.2    Gilbert, D.3
  • 62
    • 34250314096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis
    • Falagas ME, Betsi GI, Athanasiou S. Probiotics for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: 657-64.
    • (2007) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.13 , pp. 657-664
    • Falagas, M.E.1    Betsi, G.I.2    Athanasiou, S.3
  • 63
    • 84859235750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of oral metronidazole with vaginal clindamycin or vaginal probiotic for bacterial vaginosis: randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial
    • Bradshaw CS, Pirotta M, De Guingand D et al. Efficacy of oral metronidazole with vaginal clindamycin or vaginal probiotic for bacterial vaginosis: randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial. PloS One 2012; 7: e34540.
    • (2012) PloS One , vol.7
    • Bradshaw, C.S.1    Pirotta, M.2    De Guingand, D.3
  • 64
    • 65549086207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 is decreased by sexual activity and endogenous lactobacilli
    • Antonio MA, Meyn LA, Murray PJ et al. Vaginal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 is decreased by sexual activity and endogenous lactobacilli. J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1506-13.
    • (2009) J Infect Dis , vol.199 , pp. 1506-1513
    • Antonio, M.A.1    Meyn, L.A.2    Murray, P.J.3
  • 65
    • 33645057952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole with Lactacyd vaginal gel in bacterial vaginosis
    • Decena DC, Co JT, Manalastas RM Jr et al. Metronidazole with Lactacyd vaginal gel in bacterial vaginosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2006; 32: 243-51.
    • (2006) J Obstet Gynaecol Res , vol.32 , pp. 243-251
    • Decena, D.C.1    Co, J.T.2    Manalastas, R.M.3
  • 66
    • 0022592967 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of bacterial vaginosis with an acid cream: a comparison between the effect of lactate-gel and metronidazole
    • Andersch B, Forssman L, Lincoln K et al. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis with an acid cream: a comparison between the effect of lactate-gel and metronidazole. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1986; 21: 19-25.
    • (1986) Gynecol Obstet Invest , vol.21 , pp. 19-25
    • Andersch, B.1    Forssman, L.2    Lincoln, K.3
  • 67
    • 80052208004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a lactic acid plus lactoserum intimate liquid soap for external hygiene in the prevention of bacterial vaginosis recurrence after metronidazole oral treatment
    • Bahamondes MV, Portugal PM, Brolazo EM et al. Use of a lactic acid plus lactoserum intimate liquid soap for external hygiene in the prevention of bacterial vaginosis recurrence after metronidazole oral treatment. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2011; 57: 415-20.
    • (2011) Rev Assoc Med Bras , vol.57 , pp. 415-420
    • Bahamondes, M.V.1    Portugal, P.M.2    Brolazo, E.M.3
  • 68
    • 74249104684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting Trojan Horse leukocytes for HIV prevention
    • Anderson DJ, Politch JA, Nadolski AM et al. Targeting Trojan Horse leukocytes for HIV prevention. AIDS 2010; 24: 163-87.
    • (2010) AIDS , vol.24 , pp. 163-187
    • Anderson, D.J.1    Politch, J.A.2    Nadolski, A.M.3
  • 69
    • 0036150902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal transmission of cell-associated HIV-1 in the mouse is blocked by a topical, membrane-modifying agent
    • Khanna KV, Whaley KJ, Zeitlin L et al. Vaginal transmission of cell-associated HIV-1 in the mouse is blocked by a topical, membrane-modifying agent. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 205-11.
    • (2002) J Clin Invest , vol.109 , pp. 205-211
    • Khanna, K.V.1    Whaley, K.J.2    Zeitlin, L.3
  • 70
    • 77954704777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection of macaques after vaginal exposure to cell-associated simian immunodeficiency virus
    • Salle B, Brochard P, Bourry O et al. Infection of macaques after vaginal exposure to cell-associated simian immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 337-44.
    • (2010) J Infect Dis , vol.202 , pp. 337-344
    • Salle, B.1    Brochard, P.2    Bourry, O.3
  • 71
    • 0029998895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood and genital secretions: evidence for viral compartmentalization and selection during sexual transmission
    • Zhu T, Wang N, Carr A et al. Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood and genital secretions: evidence for viral compartmentalization and selection during sexual transmission. J Virol 1996; 70: 3098-107.
    • (1996) J Virol , vol.70 , pp. 3098-3107
    • Zhu, T.1    Wang, N.2    Carr, A.3
  • 72
    • 77953003196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origins of sexually transmitted HIV among men who have sex with men
    • Butler DM, DelportW, Kosakovsky Pond SL et al. The origins of sexually transmitted HIV among men who have sex with men. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2: 18re1.
    • (2010) Sci Transl Med , vol.2
    • Butler, D.M.1    Delport, W.2    Kosakovsky Pond, S.L.3
  • 73
    • 27644435540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low pH immobilizes and kills human leukocytes and prevents transmission of cell-associated HIV in a mouse model
    • Olmsted SS, Khanna KV, Ng EM et al. Low pH immobilizes and kills human leukocytes and prevents transmission of cell-associated HIV in a mouse model. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 79.
    • (2005) BMC Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 79
    • Olmsted, S.S.1    Khanna, K.V.2    Ng, E.M.3
  • 74
    • 79954804509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and effectiveness of BufferGel and 0.5% PRO2000 gel for the prevention of HIV infection in women
    • Abdool Karim SS, Richardson BA, Ramjee G et al. Safety and effectiveness of BufferGel and 0.5% PRO2000 gel for the prevention of HIV infection in women. AIDS 2011; 25: 957-66.
    • (2011) AIDS , vol.25 , pp. 957-966
    • Abdool Karim, S.S.1    Richardson, B.A.2    Ramjee, G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.