Systemic cancer therapy: Achievements and challenges that lie ahead

Frontiers in Pharmacology

Volumn 4 MAY, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Palumbo, Michael O ^a   Kavan, Petr ^a   Miller Jr , Wilson H ^a   Panasci, Lawrence ^a   Assouline, Sarit ^a   Johnson, Nathalie ^a   Cohen, Victor ^a   Patenaude, Francois ^a   Pollak, Michael ^a   Jagoe, R Thomas ^a   Batist, Gerald ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Hormonal therapy; Immunotherapy; Systemic therapy; Targeted therapy; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ANTHRACYCLINE; ANTIANDROGEN; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; AXITINIB; BLEOMYCIN; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CRIZOTINIB; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DACARBAZINE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; IMATINIB; IRINOTECAN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; MERCAPTOPURINE; METHOTREXATE; OXALIPLATIN; PAZOPANIB; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TAMOXIFEN; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RESISTANCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVOR; CANCER THERAPY; CARDIOTOXICITY; CHILDHOOD CANCER; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; COLON CANCER; CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CYTOPENIA; DIARRHEA; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SPECIFICITY; EDEMA; EWING SARCOMA; FATIGUE; FRACTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; HEART DISEASE; HODGKIN DISEASE; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERPLASIA; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TOXICITY; LOCAL THERAPY; LONG TERM CARE; LUNG INJURY; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MEDULLOBLASTOMA; MELANOMA; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE CRAMP; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; NAUSEA; OSTEOPOROSIS; OSTEOSARCOMA; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN TOXICITY; SYSTEMIC CANCER THERAPY; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TESTIS CANCER; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THYROID DISEASE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UTERINE CERVIX DISEASE; UTERINE HYPERPLASIA; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VOMITING;

EID: 84881591682     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16639812     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00057     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Adam, R., Wicherts, D. A., de Haas, R. J., Ciacio, O., Lévi, F., Paule, B., et al. (2009). Patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases: is there a possibility of cure? J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 1829-1835.
2. Aisenberg, A. C., Finkelstein, D. M., Doppke, K. P., Koerner, F. C., Boivin, J.-F., and Willett, C. G. (1997). High risk of breast carcinoma after irradiation of young women with Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 79, 1203-1210.
3. Aleman, B. M., van den Belt-Dusebout, A. W., Klokman, W. J., Van't Veer, M. B., Bartelink, H., van Leeuwen, F. E., et al. (2003). Long-term cause-specific mortality of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 3431-3439.
4. Amir, E., Seruga, B., Niraula, S., Carlsson, L., and Ocaña, A. (2011). Toxicity of adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 103, 1299-1309.
5. Andre, T., Boni, C., Mounedji-Boudiaf, L., Navarro, M., Tabernero, J., Hickish, T., et al. (2004). Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 2343-2351.
6. Andre, T., Boni, C., Navarro, M., Tabernero, J., Hickish, T., Topham, C., et al. (2009). Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 3109-3116.
7. Anninga, J. K., Gelderblom, H., Fiocco, M., Kroep, J. R., Taminiau, A. H., Hogendoorn, P. C., et al. (2011). Chemotherapeutic adjuvant treatment for osteosarcoma: where do we stand? Eur. J. Cancer 47, 2431-2445.
8. Bacci, G., Briccoli, A., Picci, P., and Ferrari, S. (1995). Metachronous pulmonary metastases resection in patients with Ewing's sarcoma initially treated with adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur. J. Cancer 31A, 999-1001.
9. Bacci, G., Rocca, M., Salone, M., Balladelli, A., Ferrari, S., Palmerini, E., et al. (2008). High grade osteosarcoma of the extremities with lung metastases at presentation: treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and simultaneous resection of primary and metastatic lesions. J. Surg. Oncol. 98, 415-420.
10. Beadle, G. P., Baade, P., and Fritschi, L. (2009). Acute myeloid leukemia after breast cancer: a population-based comparison with hematological malignancies and other cancers. Ann. Oncol. 20, 103-109.
11. Berry, D. A., Cirrincione, C., Henderson, I. C., Citron, M. L., Budman, D. R., Goldstein, L. J., et al. (2006). Estrogen-receptor status and outcomes of modern chemotherapy for patients with node-positive breast cancer. JAMA 295, 1658-1667.
12. Blanke, C. D., Demetri, G. D., von Mehren, M., Heinrich, M. C., Eisenberg, B., Fletcher, J. A., et al. (2008). Long-term results from a randomized phase II trial of standard- versus higher-dose imatinib mesylate for patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors expressing KIT. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 620-625.
13. Bokemeyer, C., Berger, C. C., Hartmann, J. T., Kollmannsberger, C., Schmoll, H. J., Kuczyk, M. A., et al. (1998). Analysis of risk factors for cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in patients with testicular cancer. Br. J. Cancer 77, 1355-1362.
14. Bowers, D. C., Liu, Y., Leisenring, W., McNeil, E., Stovall, M., Gurney, J. G., et al. (2006). Late-occurring stroke among long-term survivors of childhood leukemia and brain tumors: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 5277-5282.
15. Bowles, E. J., Wellman, R., Feigelson, H. S., Onitilo, A. A., Freedman, A. N., Delate, T., et al. (2012). Risk of heart failure in breast cancer patients after anthracycline and trastuzumab treatment: a retrospective cohort study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 104, 1293-1305.
16. Brydoy, M., Oldenburg, J., Klepp, O., Bremnes, R. M., Wist, E. A., Wentzel-Larsen, T., et al. (2009). Observational study of prevalence of long-term Raynaud-like phenomena and neurological side effects in testicular cancer survivors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 101, 1682-1695.
17. Castellino, S. M., Geiger, A. M., Mertens, A. C., Leisenring, W. M., Tooze, J. A., Goodman, P., et al. (2011). Morbidity and mortality in long-term survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Blood 117, 1806-1816.
18. Chabner, B. A., and Roberts, T. G. Jr. (2005). Timeline: chemotherapy and the war on cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5, 65-72.
19. Chapman, P. B., Hauschild, A., Robert, C., Haanen, J. B., Ascierto, P., Larkin, J., et al. (2011). Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2507-2516.
20. Chia, S. K., Speers, C. H., D'Yachkova, Y., Kang, A., Malfair-Taylor, S., Barnett, J., et al. (2007). The impact of new chemotherapeutic and hormone agents on survival in a population-based cohort of women with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 110, 973-979.
21. Choueiri, T. K., Schutz, F. A., Je, Y., Rosenberg, J. E., and Bell- munt, J. (2010). Risk of arterial thromboembolic events with sunitinib and sorafenib: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 2280-2285.
22. Chow, E. J., Friedman, D. L., Yasui, Y., Whitton, J. A., Stovall, M., Robison, L. L., et al. (2007). Decreased adult height in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Pediatr. 150, 370.e1-375.e1.
23. Cuppone, F., Bria, E., Verma, S., Pritchard, K. I., Gandhi, S., Carlini, P., et al. (2008). Do adjuvant aromatase inhibitors increase the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Cancer 112, 260-267.
24. Deininger, M., O'Brien, S. G., Guilhot, F., Goldman, J. M., Hochhaus, A., Hughes, T. P., et al. (2009). International randomized study of interferon Vs STI571 (IRIS) 8-year follow up: sustained survival and low risk for progression or events in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) treated withiImatinib (abstract 1126). Blood 114, 126.
25. Devarahally, S. R., Severson, R. K., Chuba, P., Thomas, R., Bhambhani, K., and Hamre, M. R. (2003). Second malignant neoplasms after primary central nervous system malignancies of childhood and adolescence. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 20, 617-625.
26. Dores, G. M., Metayer, C., Curtis, R. E., Lynch, C. F., Clarke, E. A., Glimelius, B., et al. (2002). Second malignant neoplasms among long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease: a population-based evaluation over 25 years. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 3484-3494.
27. Dowsett, M., Cuzick, J., Ingle, J., Coates, A., Forbes, J., Bliss, J., et al. (2010). Meta-analysis of breast cancer outcomes in adjuvant trials of aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 509-518.
28. Davies, C., Godwin, J., Gray, R., Clarke M., Cutter D., et al. (2011). Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). 378, 771-784.
29. Efficace, F., Baccarani, M., Breccia, M., Alimena, G., Rosti, G., Cottone, F., et al. (2011). Health-related quality of life in chronic myeloid leukemia patients receiving long-term therapy with imatinib compared with the general population. Blood 118, 4554-4560.
30. Escudier, B., Eisen, T., Stadler, W. M., Szczylik, C., Oudard, S., Staehler, M., et al. (2009). Sorafenib for treatment of renal cell carcinoma: final efficacy and safety results of the phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 3312-3318.
31. Fossa, S. D., Aass, N., Winderen, M., Börmer, O. P., and Olsen, D. R. (2002). Long-term renal function after treatment for malignant germ-cell tumours. Ann. Oncol. 13, 222-228.
32. Fouladi, M., Chintagumpala, M., Ashley, D., Kellie, S., Gururangan, S., Hassall, T., et al. (2008). Amifostine protects aga- inst cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in children with average-risk medulloblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 3749-3755.
33. Fouladi, M., Gilger, E., Kocak, M., Wallace, D., Buchanan, G., Reeves, C., et al. (2005). Intellectual and functional outcome of children 3 years old or younger who have CNS malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 7152-7160.
34. Fukuoka, M., Wu, Y. L., Thongprasert, S., Sunpaweravong, P., Leong, S. S., Sriuranpong, V., et al. (2011). Biomarker analyses and final overall survival results from a phase III, randomized, open-label, first-line study of gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in clinically selected patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in Asia (IPASS). J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 2866-2874.
35. Gambacorti-Passerini, C., Antolini, L., Mahon, F. X., Guilhot, F., Deininger, M., Fava, C., et al. (2011). Multicenter independent assessment of outcomes in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 103, 553-561.
36. Gatta, G., Capocaccia, R., Stiller, C., Kaatsch, P., Berrino, F., Terenziani, M., et al. (2005). Childhood cancer survival trends in Europe: a EUROCARE Working Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 3742-3751.
37. Gennari, A., Conte, P., Rosso, R., Orlandini, C., and Bruzzi, P. (2005). Survival of metastatic breast carcinoma patients over a 20-year period: a retrospective analysis based on individual patient data from six consecutive studies. Cancer 104, 1742-1750.
38. Gilman, A., and Philips, F. S. (1946). The biological actions and therapeutic applications of the B-chloroethyl amines and sulfides. Science 103, 409-436.
39. Ginsberg, J. P., Goodman, P., Leisenring, W., Ness, K. K., Meyers, P. A., Wolden, S. L., et al. (2010). Long-term survivors of childhood Ewing sarcoma: report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 102, 1272-1283.
40. Hodgson, D. C., Gilbert, E. S., Dores, G. M., Schonfeld, S. J., Lynch, C. F., Storm, H., et al. (2007). Long-term solid cancer risk among 5-year survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Clin. oncol. 25, 1489-1497.
41. Hodi, F. S., O'Day, S. J., McDermott, D. F., Weber, R. W., Sosman, J. A., Haanen, J. B., et al. (2010). Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 711-723.
42. Hudes, G., Carducci, M., Tomczak, P., Dutcher, J., Figlin, R., Kapoor, A., et al. (2007). Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 2271-2281.
43. Hurwitz, H., Fehrenbacher, L., Novotny, W., Cartwright, T., Hainsworth, J., Heim, W., et al. (2004). Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 2335-2342.
44. Hussain, M., Tangen, C. M., Higano, C. S., Crawford, E. D., Liu, G., Wilding, G., et al. (2012). Intermittent (IAD) versus continuous androgen deprivation (CAD) in hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer (HSM1PC) patients (pts): results of S9346 (INT-0162), an international phase III trial (abstract #4). J. Clin. Oncol.
45. Iacovelli, R., Palazzo, A., Mezi, S., Morano, F., Naso, G., and Cortesi, E. (2012). Incidence and risk of pulmonary toxicity in patients treated with mTOR inhibitors for malignancy. A meta-analysis of published trials. Acta Oncol. 51, 873-879.
46. Ise, T., Kishi, K., Imashuku, S., Tsukada, M., Tsukimoto, I., Tsujino, G., et al. (1986). Testicular histology and function following long-term chemotherapy of acute leukemia in children and outcome of the patients who received testicular biopsy. Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 8, 288-293.
47. Joensuu, H., Eriksson, M., Sundby Hall, K., Hartmann, J. T., Pink, D., Schütte, J., et al. (2012). One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a randomized trial. JAMA 307, 1265-1272.
48. Karapetis, C. S., Khambata-Ford, S., Jonker, D. J., O'Callaghan, C. J., Tu, D., Tebbutt, N. C., et al. (2008). K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1757-1765.
49. Kozloff, M., Yood, M. U., Berlin, J., Flynn, P. J., Kabbinavar, F. F., Purdie, D. M., et al. (2009). Clinical outcomes associated with bevacizumab-containing treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the BRiTE observational cohort study. Oncologist 14, 862-870.
50. Kwak, E. L., Bang, Y. J., Camidge, D. R., Shaw, A. T., Solomon, B., Maki, R. G., et al. (2010). Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 1693-1703.
51. Lacouture, M. E., Reilly, L. M., Gerami, P., and Guitart, J. (2008). Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Ann. Oncol. 19, 1955-1961.
52. Laughton, S. J., Merchant, T. E., Sklar, C. A., Kun, L. E., Fouladi, M., Broniscer, A., et al. (2008). Endocrine outcomes for children with embryonal brain tumors after risk-adapted craniospinal and conformal primary-site irradiation and high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue on the SJMB-96 trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 1112-1118.
53. Liu, W., Makrauer, F. L., Qamar, A. A., Jänne, P. A., and Odze, R. D. (2007). Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to erlotinib. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 917-920.
54. Marty, M., Cognetti, F., Maraninchi, D., Snyder, R., Mauriac, L., Tubiana-Hulin, M., et al. (2005). Randomized phase II trial of the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab combined with docetaxel in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer administered as first-line treatment: the M77001 study group. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 4265-4274.
55. Masi, G., Loupakis, F., Pollina, L., Vasile, E., Cupini, S., Ricci, S., et al. (2009). Long-term outcome of initially unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) followed by radical surgery of metastases. Ann. Surg. 249, 420-425.
56. Mincey, B. A., Duh, M. S., Thomas, S. K., Moyneur, E., Marynchencko, M., Boyce, S. P., et al. (2006). Risk of cancer treatment-associated bone loss and fractures among women with breast cancer receiving aromatase inhibitors. Clin. Breast Cancer 7, 127-132.
57. Mok, T. S., Wu, Y. L., Thongprasert, S., Yang, C. H., Chu, D. T., Saijo, N., et al. (2009). Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 947-957.
58. Motzer, R. J., Escudier, B., Oudard, S., Hutson, T. E., Porta, C., Bracarda, S., et al. (2008). Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 372, 449-456.
59. Motzer, R. J., Escudier, B., Oudard, S., Hutson, T. E., Porta, C., Bracarda, S., et al. (2010). Phase 3 trial of everolimus for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results and analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer 116, 4256-4265.
60. Motzer, R. J., Hutson, T. E., Tomczak, P., Michaelson, M. D., Bukowski, R. M., Oudard, S., et al. (2009). Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 3584-3590.
61. Motzer, R. J., Hutson, T. E., Tomczak, P., Michaelson, M. D., Bukowski, R. M., Rixe, O., et al. (2007). Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 115-124.
62. Neglia, J. P., Meadows, A. T., Robison, L. L., Kim, T. H., Newton, W. A., Ruymann, F. B., et al. (1991). Second neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 1330-1336.
63. Nesbit, M. E. Jr., Gehan, E. A., Burgert, E. O. Jr., Vietti, T. J., Cangir, A., Tefft, M., et al. (1990). Multimodal therapy for the management of primary, nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of bone: a long-term follow-up of the First Intergroup study. J. Clin. Oncol. 8, 1664-1674.
64. Ng, A. K., Bernardo, M. P., Weller, E., Backstrand, K. H., Silver, B., Marcus, K. C., et al. (2002). Long-term survival and competing causes of death in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's disease treated at age 50 or younger. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 2101-2108.
65. Nguyen, P. L., Je, Y., Schutz, F. A., Hoffman, K. E., Hu, J. C., Parekh, A., et al. (2011). Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 306, 2359-2366.
66. O'Sullivan, J. M., Huddart, R. A., Norman, A. R., Nicholls, J., Dearnaley, D. P., and Horwich, A. (2003). Predicting the risk of bleomycin lung toxicity in patients with germ-cell tumours. Ann. Oncol. 14, 91-96.
67. Ou, S. H., Azada, M., Dy, J., and Stiber, J. A. (2011). Asymptomatic profound sinus bradycardia (heart rate
68. Packer, R. J., Gajjar, A., Vezina, G., Rorke-Adams, L., Burger, P. C., Robertson, P. L., et al. (2006). Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 4202-4208.
69. Partridge, A. H., and Ruddy, K. J. (2007). Fertility and adjuvant treatment in young women with breast cancer. Breast 16(Suppl. 2), S175-S181.
70. Pellegrinotti, M., Fimognari, F. L., Franco, A., Repetto, L., and Pastorelli, R. (2009). Erlotinib-induced hepatitis complicated by fatal lactic acidosis in an elderly man with lung cancer. Ann. Pharmacother. 43, 542-545.
71. Perez, E. A., Suman, V. J., Davidson, N. E., Sledge, G. W., Kaufman, P. A., Hudis, C. A., et al. (2008). Cardiac safety analysis of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel with or without trastuzumab in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 adjuvant breast cancer trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 1231-1238.
72. Postma, T. J., Vermorken, J. B., Liefting, A. J., Pinedo, H. M., and Heimans, J. J. (1995). Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Ann. Oncol. 6, 489-494.
73. Pui, C. H., Behm, F. G., Raimondi, S. C., Dodge, R. K., George, S. L., Rivera, G. K., et al. (1989). Secondary acute myeloid leukemia in children treated for acute lymphoid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 136-142.
74. Pui, C. H., Sandlund, J. T., Pei, D., Campana, D., Rivera, G. K., Ribeiro, R. C., et al. (2004). Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of total therapy study XIIIB at St Jude Children's Research Hospital. Blood 104, 2690-2696.
75. Relling, M. V., Rubnitz, J. E., Rivera, G. K., Boyett, J. M., Hancock, M. L., Felix, C. A., et al. (1999). High incidence of secondary brain tumours after radiotherapy and antimetabolites. Lancet 354, 34-39.
76. Rini, B. I., Escudier, B., Tomczak, P., Kaprin, A., Szczylik, C., Hutson, T. E., et al. (2011). Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 378, 1931-1939.
77. Rini, B. I., Tamaskar, I., Shaheen, P., Salas, R., Garcia, J., Wood, L., et al. (2007). Hypothyroidism in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99 81-83.
78. Robert, C., Thomas, L., Bondarenko, I., O'Day, S., Weber, J., Garbe, C., et al. (2011). Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2517-2526.
79. Rosell, R., Carcereny, E., Gervais, R., Vergnenegre, A., Massuti, B., Felip, E., et al. (2012). Erlotinib versus standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for European patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (EURTAC): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 13, 239-246.
80. Rutkowski, S., Bode, U., Deinlein, F., Ottensmeier, H., Warmuth-Metz, M., Soerensen, N., et al. (2005). Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 978-986.
81. Sankila, R., Garwicz, S., Olsen, J. H., Döllner, H., Hertz, H., Kreuger, A., et al. (1996). Risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms among 1,641 Hodgkin's disease patients diagnosed in childhood and adolescence: a population-based cohort study in the five Nordic countries. Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries and the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 1442-1446.
82. Schaapveld, M., Visser, O., Louwman, M. J., de Vries, E. G., Willemse, P. H., Otter, R., et al. (2008). Risk of new primary nonbreast cancers after breast cancer treatment: a Dutch population-based study. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 1239-1246.
83. Schmitz, N., Pfistner, B., Sextro, M., Sieber, M., Carella, A. M., Haenel, M., et al. (2002). Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin's disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 359, 2065-2071.
84. Shahinian, V. B., Kuo, Y. F., Freeman, J. L., and Goodwin, J. S. (2005). Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 154-164.
85. Siegel, R., Ward, E., Brawley, O., and Jemal, A. (2011). Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J. Clin. 61, 212-236.
86. Slamon, D. J., Leyland-Jones, B., Shak, S., Fuchs, H., Paton, V., Bajamonde, A., et al. (2001). Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 783-792.
87. Slamon, D., Eiermann, W., Robert, N., Pienkowski, T., Martin, M., Press, M., et al. (2011). Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 1273-1283.
88. Smith, M. R., Saad, F., Egerdie, B., Sieber, P. R., Tammela, T. L., Ke, C., et al. (2012). Sarcopenia during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, 3271-3276.
89. Sternberg, C. N., Davis, I. D., Mardiak, J., Szczylik, C., Lee, E., Wagstaff, J., et al. (2010). Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 1061-1068.
90. Swerdlow, A. J., Barber, J. A., Hudson, G. V., Cunningham, D., Gupta, R. K., Hancock, B. W., et al. (2000). Risk of second malignancy after Hodgkin's disease in a collaborative British cohort: the relation to age at treatment. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 498-509.
91. Van Cutsem, E., Peeters, M., Siena, S., Humblet, Y., Hendlisz, A., Neyns, B., et al. (2007). Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 1658-1664.
92. Van Cutsem, E., Siena, S., Humblet, Y., Canon, J. L., Maurel, J., Bajetta, E., et al. (2008). An open-label, single-arm study assessing safety and efficacy of panitumumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy. Ann. Oncol. 19, 92-98.
93. van der Pal, H. J., van Dalen, E. C., van Delden, E., van Dijk, I. W., Kok, W. E., Geskus, R. B., et al. (2012). High risk of symptomatic cardiac events in childhood cancer survivors. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, 1429-1437.
94. van Leeuwen, F. E., Klokman, W. J., Stovall, M., Dahler, E. C., van't Veer, M. B., Noordijk, E. M., et al. (2003). Roles of radiation dose, chemotherapy, and hormonal factors in breast cancer following Hodgkin's disease. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95, 971-980.
95. van Leeuwen, F. E., Klokman, W. J., Stovall, M., Hagenbeek, A., van den Belt-Dusebout, A. W., Noyon, R., et al. (1995). Roles of radiotherapy and smoking in lung cancer following Hodgkin's disease. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 1530-1537.
96. Verma, D., Kantarjian, H., Strom, S. S., Rios, M. B., Jabbour, E., Quintas-Cardama, A., et al. (2011). Malignancies occurring during therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and other hematologic malignancies. Blood 118, 4353-4358.
97. Viviani, S., Zinzani, P. L., Rambaldi, A., Brusamolino, E., Levis, A., Bonfante, V., et al. (2011). ABVD versus BEACOPP for Hodgkin's lymphoma when high-dose salvage is planned. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 203-212.
98. von der Weid, N., and Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group. (2001). Late effects in long-term survivors of ALL in childhood: experiences from the SPOG late effects study. Swiss Med. Wkly 131, 180-187.
99. Weickhardt, A. J., Rothman, M. S., Salian-Mehta, S., Kiseljak-Vassiliades, K., Oton, A. B., Doebele, R. C., et al. (2012). Rapid-onset hypogonadism secondary to crizotinib use in men with metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 118, 5302-5309.
100. Wilke, D. R., Parker, C., Andonowski, A., Tsuji, D., Catton, C., Gospodarowicz, M., et al. (2006). Testosterone and erectile function recovery after radiotherapy and long-term androgen deprivation with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. BJU Int. 97, 963-968.
101. Zhou, C., Wu, Y. L., Chen, G., Feng, J., Liu, X. Q., Wang, C., et al. (2011). Erlotinib versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (OPTIMAL, CTONG-0802): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 12, 735-742.
102. Zhu, X., Stergiopoulos, K., and Wu, S. (2009). Risk of hypertension and renal dysfunction with an angiogenesis inhibitor sunitinib: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 48, 9-17.