Hypothesizing that designer drugs containing cathinones ("bath salts") have profound neuro-inflammatory effects and dangerous neurotoxic response following human consumption

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 450-455

  Blum, Kenneth ^{a,c,d,e,f,g,h}   Foster Olive, M ^b   Wang, Kevin K W ^a   Febo, Marcelo ^a   Borsten, Joan ^c   Giordano, John ^d   Hauser, Mary ^e   Gold, Mark S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Malibu Beach Recovery Center   (United States)

^d Department of Holistic Research   (United States)

^e Dominion Diagnostics   (United States)

^f Path Foundation NY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

^h Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology IIOAB   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; CATHINONE; COCAINE; DESIGNER DRUG; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; METHAMPHETAMINE; METHYLENEDIOXYPYROVALERONE; METHYLONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGITATION; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CINGULATE GYRUS; DEATH; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INTOXICATION; DRUG USE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIMBIC CORTEX; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NULL HYPOTHESIS; ORBITAL CORTEX; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PSYCHOSIS; RAT; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SUICIDAL IDEATION; TACHYCARDIA;

ANIMALIA; MUSCOVY DUCK PARVOVIRUS; RODENTIA;

ALKALOIDS; BENZODIOXOLES; DESIGNER DRUGS; DOPAMINE PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; HUMANS; METHAMPHETAMINE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION; NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; PYRROLIDINES;

EID: 84881554012     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: 15322777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.06.007     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Karila L., Petit A., Cottencin O., Coscas S., Reynaud M. Synthetic drugs: the new low-cost landscape of drugs. Rev Prat 2012, 62(5):664-666.
2. Penders T.M., Gestring R.E., Vilensky D.A. Excited delirium following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts). Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012, 34(6):647-650.
3. Coppola M., Mondola R. 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online. Toxicol Lett 2012, 208(1):12-15.
4. Prosser J.M., Nelson L.S. The toxicology of bath salts: a review of synthetic cathinones. J Med Toxicol 2012, 8(1):33-42.
5. Robinson J.E., Agoglia A.E., Fish E.W., Krouse M.C., Malanga C.J. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and intracranial self-stimulation in C57BL/6J mice: comparison to cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2012, 234(1):76-81.
6. Simmler L.D., Buser T.A., Donzelli M., Schramm Y., Dieu L.H., Huwyler J., et al. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2012, 168(2):458-470.
7. Baumann M.H., Ayestas M.A., Partilla J.S., Sink J.R., Shulgin A.T., Daley P.F., et al. The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012, 37(5):1192-1203.
8. Hadlock G.C., Webb K.M., McFadden L.M., Chu P.W., Ellis J.D., Allen S.C., et al. 4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): neuropharmacological effects of a designer stimulant of abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011, 339(2):530-536.
9. Kehr J., Ichinose F., Yoshitake S., Goiny M., Sievertsson T., Nyberg F., et al. Mephedrone, compared with MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5-HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats. Br J Pharmacol 2011, 164(8):1949-1958.
10. Ramoz L., Lodi S., Bhatt P., Reitz A.B., Tallarida C., Tallarida R.J., et al. Mephedrone ("bath salt") pharmacology: insights from invertebrates. Neuroscience 2012, 208:79-84.
11. Lisek R., Xu W., Yuvasheva E., Chiu Y.T., Reitz A.B., Liu-Chen L.Y., et al. Mephedrone ('bath salt') elicits conditioned place preference and dopamine-sensitive motor activation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012, 126(1-2):257-262.
12. Robinson J.E., Agoglia A.E., Fish E.W., Krouse M.C., Malanga C.J. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and intracranial self-stimulation in C57BL/6J mice: comparison to cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2012, 234(1):76-81.
13. Watterson LR, Kufahl PR, Nemirovsky NE, Sewalia K, Grabenauer M, Thomas BF, et al. Potent rewarding and reinforcing effects of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Addict Biol. 2012. [Epub ahead of print]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00474.x.
14. Watterson L.B., Kufahl P.R., Nemirovsky N.E., Sewalia K., Grabenauer, et al. Evaluation of the abuse potential of MDVP and Methylone, two common synthetic cathinones found in bath salts" (abstract). J Addict Res Ther 2012, 3(4):101.
15. Angoa-Pérez M., Kane M.J., Francescutti D.M., Sykes K.E., Shah M.M., Mohammed A.M., et al. Mephedrone, an abused psychoactive component of 'bath salts' and methamphetamine congener, does not cause neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum. J Neurochem 2012, 120(6):1097-1107.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Emergency department visits after use of a drug sold as "bath salts"-Michigan, November 13, 2010-March 31, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011, 60(19):624-627.
17. Thornton S.L., Gerona R.R., Tomaszewski C.A. Psychosis from a Bath Salt product containing flephedrone and MDPV with serum, urine, and product quantification. J Med Toxicol 2012, 8(3):310-313.
18. Wieland D.M., Halter M.J., Levine C. Bath salts: they are not what you think. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2012, 50(2):17-21.
19. Meyer M.R., Vollmar C., Schwaninger A.E., Wolf E., Maurer H.H. New cathinone-derived designer drugs 3-bromomethcathinone and 3-fluoromethcathinone: studies on their metabolism in rat urine and human liver microsomes using GC-MS and LC-high-resolution MS and their detectability in urine. J Mass Spectrom 2012, 47(2):253-262.
20. Spiller H.A., Ryan M.L., Weston R.G., Jansen J. Clinical experience with and analytical confirmation of "bath salts" and "legal highs" (synthetic cathinones) in the United States. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011, 49(6):499-505.
21. Kobeissy F.H., Ottens A.K., Zhang Z.Q., Dave J.R., Tortella F.C., Hayes R.L., et al. Differential proteomic analysis of traumatic brain injury biomarker study using CAX-PAGE/RPLC-MSMS method. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006, 5(10):1887-1898.
22. Warren M.W., Kobeissy F.H., Liu M.C., Hayes R.L., Gold M.S., Wang K.K.W. Ecstasy toxicity: a comparison to methamphetamine and traumatic brain injury. J Addict Dis 2006, 25(4):115-123.
23. Warren M.W., Kobeissy F.H., Hayes R.L., Gold M.S., Wang K.K.W. Concurrent calpain and caspase-3 mediated proteolysis of αII-spectrin and tau in rat brain after methamphetamine exposure: a similar profile to traumatic brain injury. Life Sci 2005, 78(3):301-309.
24. Kobeissy F.H., Warren M., Ottens A.K., Zhang Z.Q., Liu M.C., Gold M.S., et al. Psychoproteomic analysis of rat cortex following acute methamphetamine exposure. J Proteome Res 2008, 7(5):1971-1983.
25. Gold M.S., Kobeissy F.H., Wang K.K.W., Merlo L.J., Bruijnzeel A.W., Krasnova I.N., et al. Methamphetamine- and trauma-induced brain injuries: comparative cellular and molecular neurobiological substrates. Biol Psychiat 2009, 66(2):118-127.
26. Kobeissy F.H., Zhang Z., Sadasivan S., Gold M.S., Wang K.K. Methods in drug abuse neuroproteomics: methamphetamine psychoproteome. Methods Mol Biol 2009, 566:217-228.
27. Sekine Y., Ouchi Y., Sugihara G., Takei N., Yoshikawa E., Nakamura K., et al. Methamphetamine causes microglial activation in the brains of human abusers. J Neurosci 2008, 28(22):5756-5761.
28. "Findings of the Attorney General In Support of Emergency Rule 2ER11-1". State of Florida, Office of the Attorney General Emergency Rule ER11-1. Jan. 26 2011.
29. Ross E.A., Reisfield G.M., Watson M.C., Chronister C.W., Goldberger B.A. Psychoactive "bath salts" intoxication with methylenedioxypyrovalerone. 2012. Am J Med 2012, 125:854-858.
30. Krimer L.S., Muly C., Williams G.V., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Dopaminergic regulation of cerebral cortical microcirculation. Nature Neurosci 1998, 1(4):286-289.
31. Murray B.L., Murphy C.M., Beuhler M.C. Death following recreational use of designer drug "bath salts" containing 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). J Med Toxicol 2012, 8:69-875.