Clinical experience with and analytical confirmation of "bath salts" and "legal highs" (synthetic cathinones) in the United States

Clinical Toxicology

Volumn 49, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 499-505

  Spiller, Henry A ^a   Ryan, Mark L ^b   Weston, Robert G ^c   Jansen, Joanne ^d  

^a KENTUCKY REGIONAL POISON CENTER   (United States)

^b Louisiana Poison Center   (United States)

^c Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation   (United States)

^d Sullivan University   (United States)

Author keywords

Designer drugs; Drugs of abuse; Stimulants; Sympathomimetic syndrome; Synthetic cathinone

Indexed keywords

4' METHYLMETHCATHINONE; BATH SALT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CATHINONE; CREATINE KINASE; DIAZEPAM; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; ILLICIT DRUG; LEGAL HIGH; MIDAZOLAM; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PROPOFOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZIPRASIDONE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGITATION; ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; BLURRED VISION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONFUSION; CREATINE KINASE BLOOD LEVEL; DEATH; DRUG ABUSE; FEMALE; GOVERNMENT; HALLUCINATION; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOKALEMIA; INTENSIVE CARE; LEGAL ASPECT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; MYDRIASIS; MYOCLONUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARANOIA; POISON CENTER; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; TACHYCARDIA; THORAX PAIN; UNITED STATES; URINALYSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALKALOIDS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CALIBRATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; FEMALE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; INDICATORS AND REAGENTS; LEGISLATION, DRUG; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCLONUS; NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; POISON CONTROL CENTERS; REFERENCE STANDARDS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

MUSCOVY DUCK PARVOVIRUS;

EID: 80051712042     PISSN: 15563650     EISSN: 15569519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2011.590812     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Stephens A, Logina I, Liguts V, Aldins P, Eksteina I, Platkajis A, et al. A parkinsonian syndrome in methcathinone users and the role of manganese. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1009-1017. (Pubitemid 351347100)
2. de Bie RM, Gladstone RM, Strafella AP, Ko JH, Lang AE. Manganese-induced parkinsonian associated with methcathinone (ephedrine) abuse. Arch Neurol 2007; 64:886-889. (Pubitemid 46919845)
3. Emerson TS, Cisek JE. Methcathinone: A Russian designer amphetamine infi ltrates the rural Midwest. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1897-1903. (Pubitemid 23346166)
4. Lusthof KJ, Oosting R, Maes A, Verschraagen M, Dijjhuizen A, Sprong AGA. A case of extreme agitation and death after the use of mephedrone in the Netherlands. Forensic Sci Intern 2011; 206:e93-e95.
5. Maskell PD, Paoli GD, Seneviratne C, Pounder DJ. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone)-related deaths. J Analyt Toxicol 2011; 35:188-191.
6. Regan L, Mitchelson M, Macdonald C. Mephedrone toxicity in a Scottish emergency department. Emerg Med J 2010 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print] doi 10.1136/emj.2010.103093.
7. Durham M. Ivory Wave: The next mephedrone? Emerg Med J 2011 Mar 15. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1136/emj.2011.112920.
8. Wood DM, Davies S, Greene SL, Button J, Holt DW, Ramsey J, Dargan PI. Case series of individuals with analytically confi rmed acute mephedrone toxicity. Clin Toxicol 2010; 40:924-927.
9. Vardakou I, Pistos C, Spiliopoulou C. Drugs for youth via internet and the example of mephedrone. Toxicol Lett (2011) doi: 10.1016/ jtoxlet.2010.12.014.
10. Dargan PI, Albert S, Wood DW. Mephedrone use and associated adverse effects in school and college/university students before the UK legislation change. QJ Med 2010; 30 July [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1039/qjmed/hcq134.
11. McElrath K, O' Neill C. Experiences with mephedrone pre-and post-legislative control: Perceptions of safety and sources of supply. Int J Drug Policy 2011; 22:120-127.
12. Brandt SD, Sumnall HR, Measham F, Cole J. Analyses of second generation " legal highs " in the UK: Initial findings. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:377-382.
13. Karlia L, Reynaud M. GHB and synthetic cathinones: Clinical effects and potential consequences. Drug Test Anal (2010) doi: 10.1002/ dta.210.
14. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr., Green JL, Rumack BH, Giffin SL. 2009 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers ' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 27th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:979-1178.
15. Cozzi NV, Sievert MK, Shulgin AT, Jacob III P, Ruoho AE. Inhibition of plasma membrane monoamine transporters by beta-ketoamphetamines. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 381:63-69. (Pubitemid 29488590)
16. Nagai F, Nonaka R, Satoh K, Kamimura H. The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 559:132-137. (Pubitemid 46295399)
17. Fuma T, Kodama T, Honda Y, Tanaka T, Kubo Y, Ohashi N, et al. Influence of methy lenedioxypyrovalerone on central nervous system using micro dialysis method. ChemBio Integrated Management 2009; 5:62-72.
18. Durham M. Ivory wave: The next mephedrone? Emerg Med J 2011: Doi 10.1136/emj.2011.112920.
19. Archer RP. Fluoromethcathinone, a new substance of abuse. Forens Sci Int 2009; 185:10-20.
20. Wood DM, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M, Button J, Archer R, Ovaska H, et al. Recreational use of mephedrone (4-methylenemethcathinone, 4-MMC) with associated sympatomimetic toxicity. J Med Toxicol 2010; 6:327-330.
21. Ojanpera IA, Heikman PK, Rasanen IJ. Urine analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone in opioid-dependent patients by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2011; 33:257-263.
22. Kita T, Miyazaki I, Asanuma M, Takeshima M, Wagner GC. Dopamine-induced behavioral changes and oxidative stress in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Int Rev Neurobiol 2009; 88:43-64.
23. Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G. Review article: Amphet amines and related drugs of abuse. Emerg Med Australas 2008; 20:391-402.
24. Wohlfarth A, Weinmann W. Bioanalysis of new designer drugs. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:965-979.