메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue JAN, 2013, Pages

Approaches to vaccines against Orientia tsutsugamushi

Author keywords

Animal models; Immunity; Orientia tsutsugamushi; Scrub typhus; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; BACTERIAL VACCINE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; DNA VACCINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; TETRACYCLINE;

EID: 84881527515     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22352988     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00170     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (79)

References (204)
  • 1
    • 79952817811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights into human CD8(+) T-cell memory using the yellow fever and smallpox vaccines
    • Ahmed, R., and Akondy, R. S. (2011). Insights into human CD8(+) T-cell memory using the yellow fever and smallpox vaccines. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 89, 340-345.
    • (2011) Immunol. Cell. Biol. , vol.89 , pp. 340-345
    • Ahmed, R.1    Akondy, R.S.2
  • 2
    • 76249090051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The yellow fever virus vaccine induces a broad and polyfunctional human memory CD8+ T cell response
    • Akondy, R. S., Monson, N. D., Miller, J. D., Edupuganti, S., Teuwen, D., Wu, H., et al. (2009). The yellow fever virus vaccine induces a broad and polyfunctional human memory CD8+ T cell response. J. Immunol. 183, 7919-7930.
    • (2009) J. Immunol. , vol.183 , pp. 7919-7930
    • Akondy, R.S.1    Monson, N.D.2    Miller, J.D.3    Edupuganti, S.4    Teuwen, D.5    Wu, H.6
  • 3
    • 0001268076 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of the pathology of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) and other rickettsial diseases
    • Allen, A. C., and Spitz, S. (1945). A comparative study of the pathology of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) and other rickettsial diseases. Am. J. Pathol. 21, 603-681.
    • (1945) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.21 , pp. 603-681
    • Allen, A.C.1    Spitz, S.2
  • 4
    • 0023261610 scopus 로고
    • Deficiency of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide components in Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Amano, K., Tamura, A., Ohashi, N., Urakami, H., Kaya, S., and Fukushi, K. (1987). Deficiency of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide components in Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Infect. Immun. 55, 2290-2292.
    • (1987) Infect. Immun. , vol.55 , pp. 2290-2292
    • Amano, K.1    Tamura, A.2    Ohashi, N.3    Urakami, H.4    Kaya, S.5    Fukushi, K.6
  • 5
    • 17444386672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression mapping using a retroviral vector for CD8+ T cell epitopes: definition of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide presented by H2-Dd
    • Aoshi, T., Suzuki, M., Uchijima, M., Nagata, T., and Koide, Y. (2005). Expression mapping using a retroviral vector for CD8+ T cell epitopes: definition of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide presented by H2-Dd. J. Immunol. Methods. 298, 21-34.
    • (2005) J. Immunol. Methods. , vol.298 , pp. 21-34
    • Aoshi, T.1    Suzuki, M.2    Uchijima, M.3    Nagata, T.4    Koide, Y.5
  • 6
    • 84897918322 scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of tsutsugamushi disease and spotted or tick fever of Montana
    • Asburn, P. M., and Craig, C. F. (1908). Comparative study of tsutsugamushi disease and spotted or tick fever of Montana. Boston. Med. Sur. J. 159, 749-761.
    • (1908) Boston. Med. Sur. J. , vol.159 , pp. 749-761
    • Asburn, P.M.1    Craig, C.F.2
  • 7
    • 0842342004 scopus 로고
    • Das japanische fluss-order ueberschwemmungsfieber, eine acute infectionskrankheit
    • Baelz, E., and Kawakami (1879). Das japanische fluss-order ueberschwemmungsfieber, eine acute infectionskrankheit. Virchows. Archiv. 78, 373.
    • (1879) Virchows. Archiv. , vol.78 , pp. 373
    • Baelz, E.1    Kawakami2
  • 8
    • 7444225047 scopus 로고
    • Preparation of a serological antigen and a vaccine for experimental tsutsugamushi disease
    • Bailey, C. A., Diercks, F. H., and Proffitt, J. E. (1948). Preparation of a serological antigen and a vaccine for experimental tsutsugamushi disease. J. Immunol. 60, 431-441.
    • (1948) J. Immunol. , vol.60 , pp. 431-441
    • Bailey, C.A.1    Diercks, F.H.2    Proffitt, J.E.3
  • 10
    • 0005951735 scopus 로고
    • Antigenic differences between strains of scrub typhus as demonstrated by cross-neutralization tests
    • Bell, E. J., Bennett, B. L., and Whitman, L. (1946). Antigenic differences between strains of scrub typhus as demonstrated by cross-neutralization tests. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 62, 134-137.
    • (1946) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , vol.62 , pp. 134-137
    • Bell, E.J.1    Bennett, B.L.2    Whitman, L.3
  • 11
    • 0142255890 scopus 로고
    • Apparent serological heterogeneity among strains of Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus)
    • Bengston, I. A. (1945). Apparent serological heterogeneity among strains of Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus). Public. Health. Rep. 60, 1483-1488.
    • (1945) Public. Health. Rep. , vol.60 , pp. 1483-1488
    • Bengston, I.A.1
  • 12
    • 0005958431 scopus 로고
    • Studies on scrub typhus; heterogeneity of strains of R. tsutsugamushi as demonstrated by cross-neutralization tests
    • Bennett, B. L., Smadel, J. E., and Gauld, R. L. (1949). Studies on scrub typhus; heterogeneity of strains of R. tsutsugamushi as demonstrated by cross-neutralization tests. J. Immunol. 62, 453-461.
    • (1949) J. Immunol. , vol.62 , pp. 453-461
    • Bennett, B.L.1    Smadel, J.E.2    Gauld, R.L.3
  • 13
    • 7444247709 scopus 로고
    • A field trial of a vaccine prepared from the Volner strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Berge, T. O., Gauld, R. L., and Kitaoka, M. (1949). A field trial of a vaccine prepared from the Volner strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Am. J. Hyg. 50, 337-342.
    • (1949) Am. J. Hyg. , vol.50 , pp. 337-342
    • Berge, T.O.1    Gauld, R.L.2    Kitaoka, M.3
  • 14
    • 7444253750 scopus 로고
    • Studies on tsutsugamushi disease (Scrub typhus, mite-borne typhus) in New Guinea and adjacent islands
    • Blake, F. G., Maxoy, K. F., Sadusk, J. F., Kohls, G. M., and Bell, E. J. (1945). Studies on tsutsugamushi disease (Scrub typhus, mite-borne typhus) in New Guinea and adjacent islands. Am. J. Hyg. 41, 243-373.
    • (1945) Am. J. Hyg. , vol.41 , pp. 243-373
    • Blake, F.G.1    Maxoy, K.F.2    Sadusk, J.F.3    Kohls, G.M.4    Bell, E.J.5
  • 15
    • 77649232760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameters for establishing humanized mouse models to study human immunity: analysis of human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in three immunodeficient strains of mice bearing the IL2rgamma(null) mutation
    • Brehm, M. A., Cuthbert, A., Yang, C., Miller, D. M., DiIorio, P., Laning, J., et al. (2010). Parameters for establishing humanized mouse models to study human immunity: analysis of human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in three immunodeficient strains of mice bearing the IL2rgamma(null) mutation. Clin. Immunol. 135, 84-98.
    • (2010) Clin. Immunol. , vol.135 , pp. 84-98
    • Brehm, M.A.1    Cuthbert, A.2    Yang, C.3    Miller, D.M.4    DiIorio, P.5    Laning, J.6
  • 16
    • 49749217174 scopus 로고
    • Scrub typhus vaccine; large-scale production
    • Buckland, F. E., and Dudgeon, A. (1945). Scrub typhus vaccine; large-scale production. Lancet 2, 734-737.
    • (1945) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 734-737
    • Buckland, F.E.1    Dudgeon, A.2
  • 17
    • 50349124221 scopus 로고
    • Scrub-typhus vaccine; field trial in South-East Asia
    • Card, W. I., and Walker, J. M. (1947). Scrub-typhus vaccine; field trial in South-East Asia. Lancet 1, 481-483.
    • (1947) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 481-483
    • Card, W.I.1    Walker, J.M.2
  • 18
    • 0017290267 scopus 로고
    • Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: histopathological correlates
    • Catanzaro, P. J., Shirai, A., Hilderbrandt, P. K., and Osterman, J. V. (1976). Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: histopathological correlates. Infect. Immun. 13, 861-875.
    • (1976) Infect. Immun. , vol.13 , pp. 861-875
    • Catanzaro, P.J.1    Shirai, A.2    Hilderbrandt, P.K.3    Osterman, J.V.4
  • 19
    • 23344449535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scrub typhus vaccine candidate Kp r56 induces humoral and cellular immune responses in cynomolgus monkeys
    • Chattopadhyay, S., Jiang, J., Chan, T. C., Manetz, T. S., Chao, C. C., Ching, W. M., et al. (2005). Scrub typhus vaccine candidate Kp r56 induces humoral and cellular immune responses in cynomolgus monkeys. Infect. Immun. 73, 5039-5047.
    • (2005) Infect. Immun. , vol.73 , pp. 5039-5047
    • Chattopadhyay, S.1    Jiang, J.2    Chan, T.C.3    Manetz, T.S.4    Chao, C.C.5    Ching, W.M.6
  • 20
    • 79957991114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetics and magnitude of antibody responses against the conserved 47-kilodalton antigen and the variable 56-kilodalton antigen in scrub typhus patients
    • Chen, H. W., Zhang, Z., Huber, E., Mutumanje, E., Chao, C. C., and Ching, W. M. (2011). Kinetics and magnitude of antibody responses against the conserved 47-kilodalton antigen and the variable 56-kilodalton antigen in scrub typhus patients. Clin. Vaccine. Immunol. 18, 1021-1027.
    • (2011) Clin. Vaccine. Immunol. , vol.18 , pp. 1021-1027
    • Chen, H.W.1    Zhang, Z.2    Huber, E.3    Mutumanje, E.4    Chao, C.C.5    Ching, W.M.6
  • 21
    • 4644250419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential expression of interferon-gamma and interferon-gamma-inducing cytokines in Thai patients with scrub typhus or leptospirosis
    • Chierakul, W., de Fost, M., Suputtamongkol, Y., Limpaiboon, R., Dondorp, A., White, N. J., et al. (2004). Differential expression of interferon-gamma and interferon-gamma-inducing cytokines in Thai patients with scrub typhus or leptospirosis. Clin. Immunol. 113, 140-144.
    • (2004) Clin. Immunol. , vol.113 , pp. 140-144
    • Chierakul, W.1    de Fost, M.2    Suputtamongkol, Y.3    Limpaiboon, R.4    Dondorp, A.5    White, N.J.6
  • 22
    • 77951246610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular invasion by Orientia tsutsugamushi is mediated by integrin signaling and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements
    • Cho, B. A., Cho, N. H., Seong, S. Y., Choi, M. S., and Kim, I. S. (2010a). Intracellular invasion by Orientia tsutsugamushi is mediated by integrin signaling and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Infect. Immun. 78, 1915-1923.
    • (2010) Infect. Immun. , vol.78 , pp. 1915-1923
    • Cho, B.A.1    Cho, N.H.2    Seong, S.Y.3    Choi, M.S.4    Kim, I.S.5
  • 23
    • 77954658996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orientia tsutsugamushi induced endothelial cell activation via the NOD1-IL-32 pathway
    • Cho, K. A., Jun, Y. H., Suh, J. W., Kang, J. S., Choi, H. J., and Woo, S. Y. (2010b). Orientia tsutsugamushi induced endothelial cell activation via the NOD1-IL-32 pathway. Microb. Pathog. 49, 95-104.
    • (2010) Microb. Pathog. , vol.49 , pp. 95-104
    • Cho, K.A.1    Jun, Y.H.2    Suh, J.W.3    Kang, J.S.4    Choi, H.J.5    Woo, S.Y.6
  • 24
    • 34249944112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Orientia tsutsugamushi genome reveals massive proliferation of conjugative type IV secretion system and host-cell interaction genes
    • Cho, N. H., Kim, H. R., Lee, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Kim, J., Cha, S., et al. (2007). The Orientia tsutsugamushi genome reveals massive proliferation of conjugative type IV secretion system and host-cell interaction genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 7981-7986.
    • (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.104 , pp. 7981-7986
    • Cho, N.H.1    Kim, H.R.2    Lee, J.H.3    Kim, S.Y.4    Kim, J.5    Cha, S.6
  • 25
    • 0032735252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homotypic and heterotypic antibody responses to a 56-kilodalton protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi
    • Choi, M. S., Seong, S. Y., Kang, J. S., Kim, Y. W., Huh, M. S., and Kim, I. S. (1999). Homotypic and heterotypic antibody responses to a 56-kilodalton protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Infect. Immun. 67, 6194-6197.
    • (1999) Infect. Immun. , vol.67 , pp. 6194-6197
    • Choi, M.S.1    Seong, S.Y.2    Kang, J.S.3    Kim, Y.W.4    Huh, M.S.5    Kim, I.S.6
  • 26
    • 32344434083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term egg-yolk adaptation of the Orientia tsutsugamushi for preparation of a formalinized immunogen
    • Choi, Y., Kim, K. S., Kim, T. Y., Cheong, H. S., and Ahn, B. Y. (2006). Long-term egg-yolk adaptation of the Orientia tsutsugamushi for preparation of a formalinized immunogen. Vaccine 24, 1438-1445.
    • (2006) Vaccine , vol.24 , pp. 1438-1445
    • Choi, Y.1    Kim, K.S.2    Kim, T.Y.3    Cheong, H.S.4    Ahn, B.Y.5
  • 27
    • 77954397310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scrub typhus: an unrecognized threat in South India -clinical profile and predictors of mortality
    • Chrispal, A., Boorugu, H., Gopinath, K. G., Prakash, J. A., Chandy, S., Abraham, O. C., et al. (2010). Scrub typhus: an unrecognized threat in South India -clinical profile and predictors of mortality. Trop. Doct. 40, 129-133.
    • (2010) Trop. Doct. , vol.40 , pp. 129-133
    • Chrispal, A.1    Boorugu, H.2    Gopinath, K.G.3    Prakash, J.A.4    Chandy, S.5    Abraham, O.C.6
  • 28
    • 33745617422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploitation of the endocytic pathway by Orientia tsutsugamushi in nonprofessional phagocytes
    • Chu, H., Lee, J. H., Han, S. H., Kim, S. Y., Cho, N. H., Kim, I. S., et al. (2006). Exploitation of the endocytic pathway by Orientia tsutsugamushi in nonprofessional phagocytes. Infect. Immun. 74, 4246-4253.
    • (2006) Infect. Immun. , vol.74 , pp. 4246-4253
    • Chu, H.1    Lee, J.H.2    Han, S.H.3    Kim, S.Y.4    Cho, N.H.5    Kim, I.S.6
  • 29
    • 37149040372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of inflammatory cytokines in patients with scrub typhus receiving doxycycline treatment
    • Chung, D. R., Lee, Y. S., and Lee, S. S. (2008). Kinetics of inflammatory cytokines in patients with scrub typhus receiving doxycycline treatment. J. Infect. 56, 44-50.
    • (2008) J. Infect. , vol.56 , pp. 44-50
    • Chung, D.R.1    Lee, Y.S.2    Lee, S.S.3
  • 31
    • 77958498224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work
    • Coffman, R. L., Sher, A., and Seder, R. A. (2010). Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work. Immunity 33, 492-503.
    • (2010) Immunity , vol.33 , pp. 492-503
    • Coffman, R.L.1    Sher, A.2    Seder, R.A.3
  • 32
    • 34250303350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multifunctional TH1 cells define a correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against Leishmania major
    • Darrah, P. A., Patel, D. T., De Luca, P. M., Lindsay, R. W., Davey, D. F., Flynn, B. J., et al. (2007). Multifunctional TH1 cells define a correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against Leishmania major. Nat. Med. 13, 843-850.
    • (2007) Nat. Med. , vol.13 , pp. 843-850
    • Darrah, P.A.1    Patel, D.T.2    De Luca, P.M.3    Lindsay, R.W.4    Davey, D.F.5    Flynn, B.J.6
  • 34
    • 84878129341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi clinical isolates in Cambodia reveals active selection and recombination process
    • doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.08.015.[Epub ahead of print].
    • Duong, V., Blassdell, K., May, T. T., Sreyrath, L., Gavotte, L., Morand, S., et al. (2010). Diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi clinical isolates in Cambodia reveals active selection and recombination process. Infect. Genet. Evol. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.08.015. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2010) Infect.Genet.Evol.
    • Duong, V.1    Blassdell, K.2    May, T.T.3    Sreyrath, L.4    Gavotte, L.5    Morand, S.6
  • 35
    • 0019461308 scopus 로고
    • Antigens of scrub typhus rickettsiae: separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    • Eisemann, C. S., and Osterman, J. V. (1981). Antigens of scrub typhus rickettsiae: separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infect. Immun. 32, 525-533.
    • (1981) Infect. Immun. , vol.32 , pp. 525-533
    • Eisemann, C.S.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 36
    • 0022411422 scopus 로고
    • Identification of strain-specific and group-reactive antigenic determinants on the Karp, Gilliam and Kato strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Eisemann, C. S., and Osterman, J. V. (1985). Identification of strain-specific and group-reactive antigenic determinants on the Karp, Gilliam and Kato strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 1173-1178.
    • (1985) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.34 , pp. 1173-1178
    • Eisemann, C.S.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 37
    • 0017347809 scopus 로고
    • Experimental scrub typhus immunogens: gamma-irradiated and formalinized rickettsiae
    • Eisenberg, G. H., and Osterman, J. V. (1977). Experimental scrub typhus immunogens: gamma-irradiated and formalinized rickettsiae. Infect. Immun. 15, 124-131.
    • (1977) Infect. Immun. , vol.15 , pp. 124-131
    • Eisenberg, G.H.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 38
    • 0018182547 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development and duration of immunity
    • Eisenberg, G. H., and Osterman, J. V. (1978). Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development and duration of immunity. Infect. Immun. 22, 80-86.
    • (1978) Infect. Immun. , vol.22 , pp. 80-86
    • Eisenberg, G.H.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 39
    • 0018664734 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: broad-spectrum immunity with combinations of rickettsial strains
    • Eisenberg, G. H., and Osterman, J. V. (1979). Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: broad-spectrum immunity with combinations of rickettsial strains. Infect. Immun. 26, 131-136.
    • (1979) Infect. Immun. , vol.26 , pp. 131-136
    • Eisenberg, G.H.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 40
    • 0018860896 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: analysis for residual, replicating rickettsiae
    • Eisenberg, G. H., Osterman, J. V., and Stephenson, E. H. (1980). Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: analysis for residual, replicating rickettsiae. Infect. Immun. 28, 295-297.
    • (1980) Infect. Immun. , vol.28 , pp. 295-297
    • Eisenberg, G.H.1    Osterman, J.V.2    Stephenson, E.H.3
  • 41
    • 0014375720 scopus 로고
    • Antigenic diversity of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: epidemiologic and ecologic significance
    • Elisberg, B. L., Campbell, J. M., and Bozeman, F. M. (1968). Antigenic diversity of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: epidemiologic and ecologic significance. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 12, 18-25.
    • (1968) J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.12 , pp. 18-25
    • Elisberg, B.L.1    Campbell, J.M.2    Bozeman, F.M.3
  • 43
    • 0032727474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains based on the sequence homologies of 56-kDa type-specific antigen genes
    • Enatsu, T., Urakami, H., and Tamura, A. (1999). Phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains based on the sequence homologies of 56-kDa type-specific antigen genes. FEMS. Microbiol. Lett. 180, 163-169.
    • (1999) FEMS. Microbiol. Lett. , vol.180 , pp. 163-169
    • Enatsu, T.1    Urakami, H.2    Tamura, A.3
  • 44
    • 0017944919 scopus 로고
    • Experimental infection of mouse peritoneal mesothelium with scrub typhus rickettsiae: an ultrastructural study
    • Ewing, E. P., Takeuchi, A., Shirai, A., and Osterman, J. V. (1978). Experimental infection of mouse peritoneal mesothelium with scrub typhus rickettsiae: an ultrastructural study. Infect. Immun. 19, 1068-1075.
    • (1978) Infect. Immun. , vol.19 , pp. 1068-1075
    • Ewing, E.P.1    Takeuchi, A.2    Shirai, A.3    Osterman, J.V.4
  • 45
    • 3242676276 scopus 로고
    • The aetiology of the tsutsugamushi disease and tropical typhus in the Federated Malay States, Part, II
    • Fletcher, W., Lesslar, J. E., and Lewthwaite, R. (1929). The aetiology of the tsutsugamushi disease and tropical typhus in the Federated Malay States, Part, II. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 57-70.
    • (1929) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.23 , pp. 57-70
    • Fletcher, W.1    Lesslar, J.E.2    Lewthwaite, R.3
  • 46
    • 0002455897 scopus 로고
    • The long persistence of Rickettsia orientalis in the blood and tissues of infected animals
    • Fox, J. P. (1948). The long persistence of Rickettsia orientalis in the blood and tissues of infected animals. J. Immunol. 59, 109-114.
    • (1948) J. Immunol. , vol.59 , pp. 109-114
    • Fox, J.P.1
  • 48
    • 59649129816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses
    • Gaucher, D., Therrien, R., Kettaf, N., Angermann, B. R., Boucher, G., Filali-Mouhim, A., et al. (2008). Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. J. Exp. Med. 205, 3119-3131.
    • (2008) J. Exp. Med. , vol.205 , pp. 3119-3131
    • Gaucher, D.1    Therrien, R.2    Kettaf, N.3    Angermann, B.R.4    Boucher, G.5    Filali-Mouhim, A.6
  • 49
    • 0028128842 scopus 로고
    • The role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. I. Inhibition of growth of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Karp strain, in cultured murine embryonic cells and macrophages by recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha
    • Geng, P., and Jerrells, T. R. (1994). The role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. I. Inhibition of growth of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Karp strain, in cultured murine embryonic cells and macrophages by recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Microbiol. Immunol. 38, 703-711.
    • (1994) Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.38 , pp. 703-711
    • Geng, P.1    Jerrells, T.R.2
  • 50
    • 33745598573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-cell expression cloning of Porphyromonas gingivalis genes coding for T helper-biased immune responses during infection
    • Gonçalves, R. B., Leshem, O., Bernards, K., Webb, J. R., Stashenko, P. P., and Campos-Neto, A. (2006). T-cell expression cloning of Porphyromonas gingivalis genes coding for T helper-biased immune responses during infection. Infect. Immun. 74, 3958-3966.
    • (2006) Infect. Immun. , vol.74 , pp. 3958-3966
    • Gonçalves, R.B.1    Leshem, O.2    Bernards, K.3    Webb, J.R.4    Stashenko, P.P.5    Campos-Neto, A.6
  • 51
    • 0024524133 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of factors determining Rickettsia tsutsugamushi pathogenicity for mice
    • Groves, M. G., and Kelly, D. J. (1989). Characterization of factors determining Rickettsia tsutsugamushi pathogenicity for mice. Infect. Immun. 57, 1476-1482.
    • (1989) Infect. Immun. , vol.57 , pp. 1476-1482
    • Groves, M.G.1    Kelly, D.J.2
  • 52
    • 0017887727 scopus 로고
    • Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: genetics of natural resistance to infection
    • Groves, M. G., and Osterman, J. V. (1978). Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: genetics of natural resistance to infection. Infect. Immun. 19, 583-588.
    • (1978) Infect. Immun. , vol.19 , pp. 583-588
    • Groves, M.G.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 53
    • 0018937279 scopus 로고
    • Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: mapping the gene that controls natural resistance in mice
    • Groves, M. G., Rosenstreich, D. L., Taylor, B. A., and Osterman, J. V. (1980). Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: mapping the gene that controls natural resistance in mice. J. Immunol. 125, 1395-1399.
    • (1980) J. Immunol. , vol.125 , pp. 1395-1399
    • Groves, M.G.1    Rosenstreich, D.L.2    Taylor, B.A.3    Osterman, J.V.4
  • 54
    • 79953328090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An autotransporter protein from Orientia tsutsugamushi mediates adherence to nonphagocytic host cells
    • Ha, N. Y., Cho, N. H., Kim, Y. S., Choi, M. S., and Kim, I. S. (2011). An autotransporter protein from Orientia tsutsugamushi mediates adherence to nonphagocytic host cells. Infect. Immun. 79, 1718-1727.
    • (2011) Infect. Immun. , vol.79 , pp. 1718-1727
    • Ha, N.Y.1    Cho, N.H.2    Kim, Y.S.3    Choi, M.S.4    Kim, I.S.5
  • 55
    • 84865959237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of antibodies against Orientia tsutsugamushi Sca proteins in scrub typhus patients and genetic variation of sca genes of different strains
    • doi: 10.1128/CVI.00285-12.[Epub ahead of print].
    • Ha, N. Y., Kim, Y., Choi, J. H., Choi, M. S., Kim, I. S., Kim, Y. S., et al. (2012). Detection of antibodies against Orientia tsutsugamushi Sca proteins in scrub typhus patients and genetic variation of sca genes of different strains. Clin. Vaccine. Immunol. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00285-12. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2012) Clin.Vaccine.Immunol.
    • Ha, N.Y.1    Kim, Y.2    Choi, J.H.3    Choi, M.S.4    Kim, I.S.5    Kim, Y.S.6
  • 57
    • 0022413105 scopus 로고
    • Identification and partial characterization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi major protein immunogens
    • Hanson, B. (1985). Identification and partial characterization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi major protein immunogens. Infect. Immun. 50, 603-609.
    • (1985) Infect. Immun. , vol.50 , pp. 603-609
    • Hanson, B.1
  • 58
    • 0020508716 scopus 로고
    • Effect of immune serum on infectivity of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Hanson, B. A. (1983). Effect of immune serum on infectivity of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Infect. Immun. 42, 341-349.
    • (1983) Infect. Immun. , vol.42 , pp. 341-349
    • Hanson, B.A.1
  • 59
    • 78651226454 scopus 로고
    • Etiology of tsutsugamushi disease
    • Hayashi, N. (1920). Etiology of tsutsugamushi disease. J. Parasitol. 7, 53-68.
    • (1920) J. Parasitol. , vol.7 , pp. 53-68
    • Hayashi, N.1
  • 60
    • 0019358307 scopus 로고
    • Scrub typhus antibody in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Malaysia
    • Heisey, G. B., Gan, E., Shirai, A., and Groves, M. G. (1981). Scrub typhus antibody in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Malaysia. Lab. Anim. Sci. 31, 289-291.
    • (1981) Lab. Anim. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 289-291
    • Heisey, G.B.1    Gan, E.2    Shirai, A.3    Groves, M.G.4
  • 61
    • 0026182364 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a Rickettsia tsutsugamushi 22 kDa antigen containing B-and T-cell epitopes
    • Hickman, C. J., Stover, C. K., Joseph, S. W., and Oaks, E. V. (1991). Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a Rickettsia tsutsugamushi 22 kDa antigen containing B-and T-cell epitopes. Microb. Pathog. 11, 19-31.
    • (1991) Microb. Pathog. , vol.11 , pp. 19-31
    • Hickman, C.J.1    Stover, C.K.2    Joseph, S.W.3    Oaks, E.V.4
  • 62
    • 0027172729 scopus 로고
    • Murine T-cell response to native and recombinant protein antigens of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Hickman, C. J., Stover, C. K., Joseph, S. W., and Oaks, E. V. (1993). Murine T-cell response to native and recombinant protein antigens of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Infect. Immun. 61, 1674-1681.
    • (1993) Infect. Immun. , vol.61 , pp. 1674-1681
    • Hickman, C.J.1    Stover, C.K.2    Joseph, S.W.3    Oaks, E.V.4
  • 63
    • 0042243661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete reconstitution of human lymphocytes from cord blood CD34+ cells using the NOD/SCID/gammacnull mice model
    • Hiramatsu, H., Nishikomori, R., Heike, T., Ito, M., Kobayashi, K., Katamura, K., et al. (2003). Complete reconstitution of human lymphocytes from cord blood CD34+ cells using the NOD/SCID/gammacnull mice model. Blood 102, 873-880.
    • (2003) Blood , vol.102 , pp. 873-880
    • Hiramatsu, H.1    Nishikomori, R.2    Heike, T.3    Ito, M.4    Kobayashi, K.5    Katamura, K.6
  • 64
    • 84855810504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of T cell antigens by high-throughput screening of synthetic minigene libraries
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029949
    • Hondowicz, B. D., Schwedhelm, K. V., Kas, A., Tasch, M. A., Rawlings, C., Ramchurren, N., et al. (2012). Discovery of T cell antigens by high-throughput screening of synthetic minigene libraries. PLoS ONE 7:e29949. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029949
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Hondowicz, B.D.1    Schwedhelm, K.V.2    Kas, A.3    Tasch, M.A.4    Rawlings, C.5    Ramchurren, N.6
  • 65
    • 42449089256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary pathology in patients associated with scrub typhus
    • Hsu, Y. H., and Chen, H. I. (2008). Pulmonary pathology in patients associated with scrub typhus. Pathology 40, 268-271.
    • (2008) Pathology , vol.40 , pp. 268-271
    • Hsu, Y.H.1    Chen, H.I.2
  • 66
    • 0033818957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular invasion of Orientia tsutsugamushi requires initial interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate
    • Ihn, K. S., Han, S. H., Kim, H. R., Huh, M. S., Seong, S. Y., Kang, J. S., et al. (2000). Cellular invasion of Orientia tsutsugamushi requires initial interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate. Microb. Pathog. 28, 227-233.
    • (2000) Microb. Pathog. , vol.28 , pp. 227-233
    • Ihn, K.S.1    Han, S.H.2    Kim, H.R.3    Huh, M.S.4    Seong, S.Y.5    Kang, J.S.6
  • 67
    • 79958045785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective efficacy of serially up-ranked subdominant CD8 T cell epitopes against virus challenges
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002041
    • Im, E. J., Hong, J. P., Roshorm, Y., Bridgeman, A., Létourneau, S., Liljeström, P., et al. (2011). Protective efficacy of serially up-ranked subdominant CD8 T cell epitopes against virus challenges. PLoS Pathog. 7:e1002041. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002041
    • (2011) PLoS Pathog. , vol.7
    • Im, E.J.1    Hong, J.P.2    Roshorm, Y.3    Bridgeman, A.4    Létourneau, S.5    Liljeström, P.6
  • 68
    • 0030666177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in sera of patients with Orientia tsutsugamushi infection
    • Iwasaki, H., Takada, N., Nakamura, T., and Ueda, T. (1997). Increased levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in sera of patients with Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35, 3320-3322.
    • (1997) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.35 , pp. 3320-3322
    • Iwasaki, H.1    Takada, N.2    Nakamura, T.3    Ueda, T.4
  • 69
    • 78650053546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a novel Orientia species (O. chuto sp. nov.) from a patient infected in Dubai
    • Izzard, L., Fuller, A., Blacksell, S. D., Paris, D. H., Richards, A. L., Aukkanit, N., et al. (2010). Isolation of a novel Orientia species (O. chuto sp. nov.) from a patient infected in Dubai. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48, 4404-4409.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.48 , pp. 4404-4409
    • Izzard, L.1    Fuller, A.2    Blacksell, S.D.3    Paris, D.H.4    Richards, A.L.5    Aukkanit, N.6
  • 70
    • 0000379209 scopus 로고
    • Immunization against scrub typhus. II. Preparation of lyophilized living vaccine
    • Jackson, E. B., and Smadel, J. E. (1951). Immunization against scrub typhus. II. Preparation of lyophilized living vaccine. Am. J. Hyg. 53, 326-331.
    • (1951) Am. J. Hyg. , vol.53 , pp. 326-331
    • Jackson, E.B.1    Smadel, J.E.2
  • 71
    • 8744309300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rickettsioses and the international traveler
    • Jensenius, M., Fournier, P. E., and Raoult, D. (2004). Rickettsioses and the international traveler. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 1493-1499.
    • (2004) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.39 , pp. 1493-1499
    • Jensenius, M.1    Fournier, P.E.2    Raoult, D.3
  • 72
    • 0021965866 scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppression associated with the development of chronic infections with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: adherent suppressor cell activity and macrophage activation
    • Jerrells, T. R. (1985). Immunosuppression associated with the development of chronic infections with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: adherent suppressor cell activity and macrophage activation. Infect. Immun. 50, 175-182.
    • (1985) Infect. Immun. , vol.50 , pp. 175-182
    • Jerrells, T.R.1
  • 73
    • 0028128843 scopus 로고
    • The role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. II. Differential induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia conorii
    • Jerrells, T. R., and Geng, P. (1994). The role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. II. Differential induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia conorii. Microbiol. Immunol. 38, 713-719.
    • (1994) Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.38 , pp. 713-719
    • Jerrells, T.R.1    Geng, P.2
  • 74
    • 0019524067 scopus 로고
    • Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: inflammatory response of congenic C3H mice differing at the Ric gene
    • Jerrells, T. R., and Osterman, J. V. (1981). Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: inflammatory response of congenic C3H mice differing at the Ric gene. Infect. Immun. 31, 1014-1022.
    • (1981) Infect. Immun. , vol.31 , pp. 1014-1022
    • Jerrells, T.R.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 75
    • 0020077612 scopus 로고
    • Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: delayed-type hypersensitivity responses of inbred mice
    • Jerrells, T. R., and Osterman, J. V. (1982a). Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: delayed-type hypersensitivity responses of inbred mice. Infect. Immun. 35, 117-123.
    • (1982) Infect. Immun. , vol.35 , pp. 117-123
    • Jerrells, T.R.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 76
    • 0019955619 scopus 로고
    • Role of macrophages in innate and acquired host resistance to experimental scrub typhus infection of inbred mice
    • Jerrells, T. R., and Osterman, J. V. (1982b). Role of macrophages in innate and acquired host resistance to experimental scrub typhus infection of inbred mice. Infect. Immun. 37, 1066-1073.
    • (1982) Infect. Immun. , vol.37 , pp. 1066-1073
    • Jerrells, T.R.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 77
    • 0020673655 scopus 로고
    • Development of specific and cross-reactive lymphocyte proliferative responses during chronic immunizing infections with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Jerrells, T. R., and Osterman, J. V. (1983). Development of specific and cross-reactive lymphocyte proliferative responses during chronic immunizing infections with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Infect. Immun. 40, 147-156.
    • (1983) Infect. Immun. , vol.40 , pp. 147-156
    • Jerrells, T.R.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 78
    • 0020701986 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development of cell-mediated immunity after vaccination of inbred mice
    • Jerrells, T. R., Palmer, B. A., and Osterman, J. V. (1983). Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development of cell-mediated immunity after vaccination of inbred mice. Infect. Immun. 39, 262-269.
    • (1983) Infect. Immun. , vol.39 , pp. 262-269
    • Jerrells, T.R.1    Palmer, B.A.2    Osterman, J.V.3
  • 79
    • 0030002736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection with human immunodeficiency virus does not influence the clinical severity of scrub typhus
    • Kantipong, P., Watt, G., Jongsakul, K., and Choenchitra, C. (1996). Infection with human immunodeficiency virus does not influence the clinical severity of scrub typhus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 1168-1170.
    • (1996) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.23 , pp. 1168-1170
    • Kantipong, P.1    Watt, G.2    Jongsakul, K.3    Choenchitra, C.4
  • 80
    • 84863414637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious etiologies of acute febrile illness among patients seeking health care in south-central Cambodia
    • Kasper, M. R., Blair, P. J., Touch, S., Sokhal, B., Yasuda, C. Y., Williams, M., et al. (2012). Infectious etiologies of acute febrile illness among patients seeking health care in south-central Cambodia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86, 246-253.
    • (2012) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.86 , pp. 246-253
    • Kasper, M.R.1    Blair, P.J.2    Touch, S.3    Sokhal, B.4    Yasuda, C.Y.5    Williams, M.6
  • 81
    • 84897926573 scopus 로고
    • On the prevention of tsutsugamushi. Results of preventive inoculations for people in the endemic region, and laboratory tests with the Pescadores strain
    • Kawamura, R., Kasahara, S., Toyama, T., Nishinarita, F., and Tsubaki, S. (1940). On the prevention of tsutsugamushi. Results of preventive inoculations for people in the endemic region, and laboratory tests with the Pescadores strain. Trop. Dis. Bull. 37, 269-270.
    • (1940) Trop. Dis. Bull. , vol.37 , pp. 269-270
    • Kawamura, R.1    Kasahara, S.2    Toyama, T.3    Nishinarita, F.4    Tsubaki, S.5
  • 82
    • 0014188916 scopus 로고
    • A living chemo-vaccine prepared from Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Kekcheyeva, N. (1967). A living chemo-vaccine prepared from Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Acta Med. Biol. (Niigata) 15, 113-116.
    • (1967) Acta Med. Biol. (Niigata) , vol.15 , pp. 113-116
    • Kekcheyeva, N.1
  • 83
    • 0014369508 scopus 로고
    • Preventive immunization against tsutsugamushi fever
    • Kekcheyeva, N. (1968). Preventive immunization against tsutsugamushi fever. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 12, 14-17.
    • (1968) J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.12 , pp. 14-17
    • Kekcheyeva, N.1
  • 85
    • 80051684472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in clinical features according to Boryoung and Karp genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022731
    • Kim, D. M., Yun, N. R., Neupane, G. P., Shin, S. H., Ryu, S. Y., Yoon, H. J., et al. (2011). Differences in clinical features according to Boryoung and Karp genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi. PLoS ONE 6:e22731. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022731
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6
    • Kim, D.M.1    Yun, N.R.2    Neupane, G.P.3    Shin, S.H.4    Ryu, S.Y.5    Yoon, H.J.6
  • 86
    • 1542327294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of syndecan-4 in the cellular invasion of Orientia tsutsugamushi
    • Kim, H. R., Choi, M. S., and Kim, I. S. (2004). Role of syndecan-4 in the cellular invasion of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Microb. Pathog. 36, 219-225.
    • (2004) Microb. Pathog. , vol.36 , pp. 219-225
    • Kim, H.R.1    Choi, M.S.2    Kim, I.S.3
  • 87
    • 0016268690 scopus 로고
    • Transmission of Rickettsia orientalis to man by Leptotrombidium akamushi at a scrub typhus endemic area in Akita Prefecture, Japan
    • Kitaoka, M., Asanuma, K., and Otsuji, J. (1974). Transmission of Rickettsia orientalis to man by Leptotrombidium akamushi at a scrub typhus endemic area in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 993-999.
    • (1974) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.23 , pp. 993-999
    • Kitaoka, M.1    Asanuma, K.2    Otsuji, J.3
  • 88
    • 0021871096 scopus 로고
    • Immunological studies of experimental tsutsugamushi disease in congenitally athymic (nude) mice
    • Kobayashi, Y., Kawamura, S., and Oyama, T. (1985). Immunological studies of experimental tsutsugamushi disease in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 568-577.
    • (1985) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.34 , pp. 568-577
    • Kobayashi, Y.1    Kawamura, S.2    Oyama, T.3
  • 89
    • 0023215939 scopus 로고
    • Establishment and characterization of a T-cell line specific for Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Kodama, K., Kawamura, S., Yasukawa, M., and Kobayashi, Y. (1987). Establishment and characterization of a T-cell line specific for Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Infect. Immun. 55, 2490-2495.
    • (1987) Infect. Immun. , vol.55 , pp. 2490-2495
    • Kodama, K.1    Kawamura, S.2    Yasukawa, M.3    Kobayashi, Y.4
  • 91
    • 0345688133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokine and cytokine production during Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in mice
    • Koh, Y. S., Yun, J. H., Seong, S. Y., Choi, M. S., and Kim, I. S. (2004). Chemokine and cytokine production during Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in mice. Microb. Pathog. 36, 51-57.
    • (2004) Microb. Pathog. , vol.36 , pp. 51-57
    • Koh, Y.S.1    Yun, J.H.2    Seong, S.Y.3    Choi, M.S.4    Kim, I.S.5
  • 92
    • 78651005180 scopus 로고
    • The nature of immunity against scrub typhus in guinea-pigs
    • Kouwenaar, W., and Esseveld, H. (1949). The nature of immunity against scrub typhus in guinea-pigs. Doc. Neerl. Indones. Morbis. Trop. 1, 34-40.
    • (1949) Doc. Neerl. Indones. Morbis. Trop. , vol.1 , pp. 34-40
    • Kouwenaar, W.1    Esseveld, H.2
  • 93
    • 62749174670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orientia tsutsugamushi bacteremia and cytokine levels in Vietnamese scrub typhus patients
    • Kramme, S., An, leV., Khoa, N. D., Trin, leV., Tannich, E., Rybniker, J., et al. (2009). Orientia tsutsugamushi bacteremia and cytokine levels in Vietnamese scrub typhus patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 586-589.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.47 , pp. 586-589
    • Kramme, S.1    An, leV.2    Khoa, N.D.3    Trin, leV.4    Tannich, E.5    Rybniker, J.6
  • 94
    • 0000256117 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of scrub typhus infection (Rickettsia tsutsugamushi) as studied by immunofluorescence
    • Kundin, W. D., Liu, C., Harmon, P., and Rodina, P. (1964). Pathogenesis of scrub typhus infection (Rickettsia tsutsugamushi) as studied by immunofluorescence. J. Immunol. 93, 772-781.
    • (1964) J. Immunol. , vol.93 , pp. 772-781
    • Kundin, W.D.1    Liu, C.2    Harmon, P.3    Rodina, P.4
  • 95
    • 76949127504 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of immunity in experimental tsutsugamushi disease
    • Kuwata, T. (1952). Analysis of immunity in experimental tsutsugamushi disease. J. Immunol. 68, 115-120.
    • (1952) J. Immunol. , vol.68 , pp. 115-120
    • Kuwata, T.1
  • 96
    • 47649121477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fibronectin facilitates the invasion of Orientia tsutsugamushi into host cells through interaction with a 56-kDa type-specific antigen
    • Lee, J. H., Cho, N. H., Kim, S. Y., Bang, S. Y., Chu, H., Choi, M. S., et al. (2008). Fibronectin facilitates the invasion of Orientia tsutsugamushi into host cells through interaction with a 56-kDa type-specific antigen. J. Infect. Dis. 198, 250-257.
    • (2008) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.198 , pp. 250-257
    • Lee, J.H.1    Cho, N.H.2    Kim, S.Y.3    Bang, S.Y.4    Chu, H.5    Choi, M.S.6
  • 97
    • 68949162836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histopathological features in both the eschar and erythematous lesions of tsutsugamushi disease: identification of CD30+ cell infiltration in tsutsugamushi disease
    • Lee, J. S., Park, M. Y., Kim, Y. J., Kil, H. I., Choi, Y. H., and Kim, Y. C. (2009). Histopathological features in both the eschar and erythematous lesions of tsutsugamushi disease: identification of CD30+ cell infiltration in tsutsugamushi disease. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 31, 551-556.
    • (2009) Am. J. Dermatopathol. , vol.31 , pp. 551-556
    • Lee, J.S.1    Park, M.Y.2    Kim, Y.J.3    Kil, H.I.4    Choi, Y.H.5    Kim, Y.C.6
  • 98
    • 84897926928 scopus 로고
    • Rickettsia diseases of Malaya: identity of tsutsugamushi and rural typhus
    • ed N.Halon (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press)
    • Lewthwaite, R., and Savoor, S. R. (1968). "Rickettsia diseases of Malaya: identity of tsutsugamushi and rural typhus," in Selected Papers on the Pathogenic Rickettsiae, ed N. Halon (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press), 184-212.
    • (1968) Selected Papers on the Pathogenic Rickettsiae , pp. 184-212
    • Lewthwaite, R.1    Savoor, S.R.2
  • 99
    • 67649216110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis subunit vaccination provides long-term protective immunity characterized by multifunctional CD4 memory T cells
    • Lindenstrøm, T., Agger, E. M., Korsholm, K. S., Darrah, P. A., Aagaard, C., Seder, R. A., et al. (2009). Tuberculosis subunit vaccination provides long-term protective immunity characterized by multifunctional CD4 memory T cells. J. Immunol. 182, 8047-8055.
    • (2009) J. Immunol. , vol.182 , pp. 8047-8055
    • Lindenstrøm, T.1    Agger, E.M.2    Korsholm, K.S.3    Darrah, P.A.4    Aagaard, C.5    Seder, R.A.6
  • 100
    • 76349088726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidermal injury and infection during poxvirus immunization is crucial for the generation of highly protective T cell-mediated immunity
    • Liu, L., Zhong, Q., Tian, T., Dubin, K., Athale, S. K., and Kupper, T. S. (2010). Epidermal injury and infection during poxvirus immunization is crucial for the generation of highly protective T cell-mediated immunity. Nat. Med. 16, 224-227.
    • (2010) Nat. Med. , vol.16 , pp. 224-227
    • Liu, L.1    Zhong, Q.2    Tian, T.3    Dubin, K.4    Athale, S.K.5    Kupper, T.S.6
  • 101
    • 77958469466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunologic basis of vaccine vectors
    • Liu, M. A. (2010). Immunologic basis of vaccine vectors. Immunity 33, 504-515.
    • (2010) Immunity , vol.33 , pp. 504-515
    • Liu, M.A.1
  • 102
    • 84864287220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variable clinical responses of a scrub typhus outbred mouse model to feeding by Orientia tsutsugamushi infected mites
    • Lurchachaiwong, W., Monkanna, T., Leepitakrat, S., Ponlawat, A., Sattabongkot, J., Schuster, A. L., et al. (2012). Variable clinical responses of a scrub typhus outbred mouse model to feeding by Orientia tsutsugamushi infected mites. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 58, 23-34.
    • (2012) Exp. Appl. Acarol. , vol.58 , pp. 23-34
    • Lurchachaiwong, W.1    Monkanna, T.2    Leepitakrat, S.3    Ponlawat, A.4    Sattabongkot, J.5    Schuster, A.L.6
  • 103
    • 0022357109 scopus 로고
    • Development of antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses after infection of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • MacMillan, J. G., Rice, R. M., and Jerrells, T. R. (1985). Development of antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses after infection of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. J. Infect. Dis. 152, 739-749.
    • (1985) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.152 , pp. 739-749
    • MacMillan, J.G.1    Rice, R.M.2    Jerrells, T.R.3
  • 104
    • 84861805346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a novel pneumococcal vaccine antigen preferentially expressed during meningitis in mice
    • Mahdi, L. K., Wang, H., Van der Hoek, M. B., Paton, J. C., and Ogunniyi, A. D. (2012). Identification of a novel pneumococcal vaccine antigen preferentially expressed during meningitis in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 122, 2208-2220.
    • (2012) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.122 , pp. 2208-2220
    • Mahdi, L.K.1    Wang, H.2    Van der Hoek, M.B.3    Paton, J.C.4    Ogunniyi, A.D.5
  • 105
    • 80051778833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling human disease phenotype in model organisms: "It's only a model!." Circ
    • Marian, A. J. (2011). Modeling human disease phenotype in model organisms: "It's only a model!." Circ. Res. 109, 356-359.
    • (2011) Res. , vol.109 , pp. 356-359
    • Marian, A.J.1
  • 106
    • 0032171644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A very high level of crossreactivity is an essential feature of the T-cell receptor
    • Mason, D. (1998). A very high level of crossreactivity is an essential feature of the T-cell receptor. Immunol. Today 19, 395-404.
    • (1998) Immunol. Today , vol.19 , pp. 395-404
    • Mason, D.1
  • 107
    • 77955477782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of human cord blood engraftment between immunocompromised mouse strains
    • McDermott, S. P., Eppert, K., Lechman, E. R., Doedens, M., and Dick, J. E. (2010). Comparison of human cord blood engraftment between immunocompromised mouse strains. Blood 116, 193-200.
    • (2010) Blood , vol.116 , pp. 193-200
    • McDermott, S.P.1    Eppert, K.2    Lechman, E.R.3    Doedens, M.4    Dick, J.E.5
  • 108
    • 84965259452 scopus 로고
    • Scrub typhus as a war disease
    • Megaw, J. W. (1945). Scrub typhus as a war disease. Br. Med. J. 2, 109-112.
    • (1945) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 109-112
    • Megaw, J.W.1
  • 109
    • 43049154506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses to smallpox and yellow fever vaccines
    • Miller, J. D., van der Most, R. G., Akondy, R. S., Glidewell, J. T., Albott, S., Masopust, D., et al. (2008). Human effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses to smallpox and yellow fever vaccines. Immunity 28, 710-722.
    • (2008) Immunity , vol.28 , pp. 710-722
    • Miller, J.D.1    van der Most, R.G.2    Akondy, R.S.3    Glidewell, J.T.4    Albott, S.5    Masopust, D.6
  • 110
    • 0035162792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of the target cells of Orientia tsutsugamushi in human cases of scrub typhus
    • Moron, C. G., Popov, V. L., Feng, H. M., Wear, D., and Walker, D. H. (2001). Identification of the target cells of Orientia tsutsugamushi in human cases of scrub typhus. Mod. Pathol. 14, 752-759.
    • (2001) Mod. Pathol. , vol.14 , pp. 752-759
    • Moron, C.G.1    Popov, V.L.2    Feng, H.M.3    Wear, D.4    Walker, D.H.5
  • 111
    • 78651195649 scopus 로고
    • Early development in monkeys of cutaneous resistance to reinfection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Morris, J. A. (1965). Early development in monkeys of cutaneous resistance to reinfection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 119, 736-738.
    • (1965) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , vol.119 , pp. 736-738
    • Morris, J.A.1
  • 112
    • 34249813713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccinia virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses target a set of antigens largely distinct from those targeted by CD8+ T cell responses
    • Moutaftsi, M., Bui, H. H., Peters, B., Sidney, J., Salek-Ardakani, S., Oseroff, C., et al. (2007). Vaccinia virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses target a set of antigens largely distinct from those targeted by CD8+ T cell responses. J. Immunol. 178, 6814-6820.
    • (2007) J. Immunol. , vol.178 , pp. 6814-6820
    • Moutaftsi, M.1    Bui, H.H.2    Peters, B.3    Sidney, J.4    Salek-Ardakani, S.5    Oseroff, C.6
  • 113
    • 34648822979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Travel-acquired scrub typhus: emphasis on the differential diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies
    • Nachega, J. B., Bottieau, E., Zech, F., and Van Gompel, A. (2007). Travel-acquired scrub typhus: emphasis on the differential diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. J. Travel Med. 14, 352-355.
    • (2007) J. Travel Med. , vol.14 , pp. 352-355
    • Nachega, J.B.1    Bottieau, E.2    Zech, F.3    Van Gompel, A.4
  • 114
    • 0019486294 scopus 로고
    • Macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infections: early host defense mechanisms in experimental scrub typhus
    • Nacy, C. A., and Groves, M. G. (1981). Macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infections: early host defense mechanisms in experimental scrub typhus. Infect. Immun. 31, 1239-1250.
    • (1981) Infect. Immun. , vol.31 , pp. 1239-1250
    • Nacy, C.A.1    Groves, M.G.2
  • 115
    • 0018594194 scopus 로고
    • Macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infection: macrophage activation in vitro for killing of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Nacy, C. A., and Meltzer, M. S. (1979). Macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infection: macrophage activation in vitro for killing of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. J. Immunol. 123, 2544-2549.
    • (1979) J. Immunol. , vol.123 , pp. 2544-2549
    • Nacy, C.A.1    Meltzer, M.S.2
  • 116
    • 0021237333 scopus 로고
    • Macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infections: protection against lethal Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections by treatment of mice with macrophage-activating agents
    • Nacy, C. A., and Meltzer, M. S. (1984). Macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infections: protection against lethal Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections by treatment of mice with macrophage-activating agents. J. Leukoc. Biol. 35, 385-396.
    • (1984) J. Leukoc. Biol. , vol.35 , pp. 385-396
    • Nacy, C.A.1    Meltzer, M.S.2
  • 117
    • 0018536386 scopus 로고
    • Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of normal and activated macrophages
    • Nacy, C. A., and Osterman, J. V. (1979). Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of normal and activated macrophages. Infect. Immun. 26, 744-750.
    • (1979) Infect. Immun. , vol.26 , pp. 744-750
    • Nacy, C.A.1    Osterman, J.V.2
  • 118
    • 0020690324 scopus 로고
    • Activation of macrophages for killing of rickettsiae: analysis of macrophage effector function after rickettsial inoculation of inbred mouse strains
    • Nacy, C. A., Meltzer, M. S., Leonard, E. J., Stevenson, M. M., and Skamene, E. (1983). Activation of macrophages for killing of rickettsiae: analysis of macrophage effector function after rickettsial inoculation of inbred mouse strains. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 162, 335-353.
    • (1983) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , vol.162 , pp. 335-353
    • Nacy, C.A.1    Meltzer, M.S.2    Leonard, E.J.3    Stevenson, M.M.4    Skamene, E.5
  • 120
    • 84897923466 scopus 로고
    • On the virus of tsutsugamushi disease and its demonstration by a new method
    • Nagayo, M., Tamiya, T., Tokushiro, M., and Sato, K. (1930). On the virus of tsutsugamushi disease and its demonstration by a new method. Jap. J. Exp. Med. 8, 309-318.
    • (1930) Jap. J. Exp. Med. , vol.8 , pp. 309-318
    • Nagayo, M.1    Tamiya, T.2    Tokushiro, M.3    Sato, K.4
  • 121
    • 77958133269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains
    • Nakayama, K., Kurokawa, K., Fukuhara, M., Urakami, H., Yamamoto, S., Yamazaki, K., et al. (2010). Genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains. DNA Res. 17, 281-291.
    • (2010) DNA Res. , vol.17 , pp. 281-291
    • Nakayama, K.1    Kurokawa, K.2    Fukuhara, M.3    Urakami, H.4    Yamamoto, S.5    Yamazaki, K.6
  • 122
    • 56149099770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The whole-genome sequencing of the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi revealed massive gene amplification during reductive genome evolution
    • Nakayama, K., Yamashita, A., Kurokawa, K., Morimoto, T., Ogawa, M., Fukuhara, M., et al. (2008). The whole-genome sequencing of the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi revealed massive gene amplification during reductive genome evolution. DNA Res. 15, 185-199.
    • (2008) DNA Res. , vol.15 , pp. 185-199
    • Nakayama, K.1    Yamashita, A.2    Kurokawa, K.3    Morimoto, T.4    Ogawa, M.5    Fukuhara, M.6
  • 123
    • 28044449966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection against scrub typhus by a plasmid vaccine encoding the 56-KD outer membrane protein antigen gene
    • Ni, Y. S., Chan, T. C., Chao, C. C., Richards, A. L., Dasch, G. A., and Ching, W. M. (2005). Protection against scrub typhus by a plasmid vaccine encoding the 56-KD outer membrane protein antigen gene. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 936-941.
    • (2005) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.73 , pp. 936-941
    • Ni, Y.S.1    Chan, T.C.2    Chao, C.C.3    Richards, A.L.4    Dasch, G.A.5    Ching, W.M.6
  • 124
    • 0023194502 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and expression of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi genes for two major protein antigens in Escherichia coli
    • Oaks, E. V., Stover, C. K., and Rice, R. M. (1987). Molecular cloning and expression of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi genes for two major protein antigens in Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 55, 1156-1162.
    • (1987) Infect. Immun. , vol.55 , pp. 1156-1162
    • Oaks, E.V.1    Stover, C.K.2    Rice, R.M.3
  • 125
    • 0019213189 scopus 로고
    • A plaque reduction assay for studying antigenic relationships among strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Oaks, S. C., Hetrick, F. M., and Osterman, J. V. (1980). A plaque reduction assay for studying antigenic relationships among strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29, 998-1006.
    • (1980) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.29 , pp. 998-1006
    • Oaks, S.C.1    Hetrick, F.M.2    Osterman, J.V.3
  • 126
    • 0028924982 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic position of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and the relationship among its antigenic variants by analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences
    • Ohashi, N., Fukuhara, M., Shimada, M., and Tamura, A. (1995). Phylogenetic position of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and the relationship among its antigenic variants by analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 125, 299-304.
    • (1995) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , vol.125 , pp. 299-304
    • Ohashi, N.1    Fukuhara, M.2    Shimada, M.3    Tamura, A.4
  • 127
    • 0029815496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of antigenic and genotypic variation in Orientia tsutsugamushi which were isolated in Japan, and their classification into type and subtype
    • Ohashi, N., Koyama, Y., Urakami, H., Fukuhara, M., Tamura, A., Kawamori, F., et al. (1996). Demonstration of antigenic and genotypic variation in Orientia tsutsugamushi which were isolated in Japan, and their classification into type and subtype. Microbiol. Immunol. 40, 627-638.
    • (1996) Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.40 , pp. 627-638
    • Ohashi, N.1    Koyama, Y.2    Urakami, H.3    Fukuhara, M.4    Tamura, A.5    Kawamori, F.6
  • 128
    • 0026622950 scopus 로고
    • Diversity of immunodominant 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Sequence and comparative analyses of the genes encoding TSA homologues from four antigenic variants
    • Ohashi, N., Nashimoto, H., Ikeda, H., and Tamura, A. (1992). Diversity of immunodominant 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Sequence and comparative analyses of the genes encoding TSA homologues from four antigenic variants. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12728-12735.
    • (1992) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.267 , pp. 12728-12735
    • Ohashi, N.1    Nashimoto, H.2    Ikeda, H.3    Tamura, A.4
  • 129
    • 84897927977 scopus 로고
    • Some account of a disease called shima-mushi or island insect disease by the natives of Japan peculiar (it is believed) to that country and hitherto not described
    • Palm, T. A. (1878). Some account of a disease called shima-mushi or island insect disease by the natives of Japan peculiar (it is believed) to that country and hitherto not described. Edinb. Med. J. 24, 128.
    • (1878) Edinb. Med. J. , vol.24 , pp. 128
    • Palm, T.A.1
  • 130
    • 0021355480 scopus 로고
    • Production of gamma interferon in mice immune to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Palmer, B. A., Hetrick, F. M., and Jerrells, T. J. (1984a). Production of gamma interferon in mice immune to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Infect. Immun. 43, 59-65.
    • (1984) Infect. Immun. , vol.43 , pp. 59-65
    • Palmer, B.A.1    Hetrick, F.M.2    Jerrells, T.J.3
  • 131
    • 0021201068 scopus 로고
    • Gamma interferon production in response to homologous and heterologous strain antigens in mice chronically infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Palmer, B. A., Hetrick, F. M., and Jerrells, T. R. (1984b). Gamma interferon production in response to homologous and heterologous strain antigens in mice chronically infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Infect. Immun. 46, 237-244.
    • (1984) Infect. Immun. , vol.46 , pp. 237-244
    • Palmer, B.A.1    Hetrick, F.M.2    Jerrells, T.R.3
  • 132
    • 18344418954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus
    • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002150
    • Panpanich, R., and Garner, P. (2002). Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3:CD002150. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002150
    • (2002) Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. , vol.3
    • Panpanich, R.1    Garner, P.2
  • 133
    • 84856578643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orientia tsutsugamushi in human scrub typhus eschars shows tropism for dendritic cells and monocytes rather than endothelium
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001466
    • Paris, D. H., Phetsouvanh, R., Tanganuchitcharnchai, A., Jones, M., Jenjaroen, K., Vongsouvath, M., et al. (2012). Orientia tsutsugamushi in human scrub typhus eschars shows tropism for dendritic cells and monocytes rather than endothelium. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6:e1466. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001466
    • (2012) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. , vol.6
    • Paris, D.H.1    Phetsouvanh, R.2    Tanganuchitcharnchai, A.3    Jones, M.4    Jenjaroen, K.5    Vongsouvath, M.6
  • 134
    • 0027673286 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of antigenic characteristics of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong strain and antigenic heterogeneity of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi using monoclonal antibodies
    • Park, C. S., Kim, I. C., Lee, J. B., Choi, M. S., Choi, S. B., Chang, W. H., et al. (1993). Analysis of antigenic characteristics of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong strain and antigenic heterogeneity of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi using monoclonal antibodies. J. Korean Med. Sci. 8, 319-324.
    • (1993) J. Korean Med. Sci. , vol.8 , pp. 319-324
    • Park, C.S.1    Kim, I.C.2    Lee, J.B.3    Choi, M.S.4    Choi, S.B.5    Chang, W.H.6
  • 135
    • 79958069069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic drift of Orientia tsutsugamushi in South Korea as identified by the sequence analysis of a 56-kDa protein-encoding gene
    • Park, S. W., Lee, C. K., Kwak, Y. G., Moon, C., Kim, B. N., Kim, E. S., et al. (2010). Antigenic drift of Orientia tsutsugamushi in South Korea as identified by the sequence analysis of a 56-kDa protein-encoding gene. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 930-935.
    • (2010) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.83 , pp. 930-935
    • Park, S.W.1    Lee, C.K.2    Kwak, Y.G.3    Moon, C.4    Kim, B.N.5    Kim, E.S.6
  • 136
    • 0024337752 scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional studies of the early T lymphocyte activation 1 (Eta-1) gene. Definition of a novel T cell-dependent response associated with genetic resistance to bacterial infection
    • Patarca, R., Freeman, G. J., Singh, R. P., Wei, F. Y., Durfee, T., Blattner, F., et al. (1989). Structural and functional studies of the early T lymphocyte activation 1 (Eta-1) gene. Definition of a novel T cell-dependent response associated with genetic resistance to bacterial infection. J. Exp. Med. 170, 145-161.
    • (1989) J. Exp. Med. , vol.170 , pp. 145-161
    • Patarca, R.1    Freeman, G.J.2    Singh, R.P.3    Wei, F.Y.4    Durfee, T.5    Blattner, F.6
  • 137
    • 75549090559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transstadial and transovarial transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium imphalum and Leptotrombidium chiangraiensis (Acari: Trombiculidae)
    • Phasomkusolsil, S., Tanskul, P., Ratanatham, S., Watcharapichat, P., Phulsuksombati, D., Frances, S. P., et al. (2009). Transstadial and transovarial transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium imphalum and Leptotrombidium chiangraiensis (Acari: Trombiculidae). J. Med. Entomol. 46, 1442-1445.
    • (2009) J. Med. Entomol. , vol.46 , pp. 1442-1445
    • Phasomkusolsil, S.1    Tanskul, P.2    Ratanatham, S.3    Watcharapichat, P.4    Phulsuksombati, D.5    Frances, S.P.6
  • 138
    • 0001472992 scopus 로고
    • Tsutsugamushi disease in World War, II
    • Philip, C. B. (1948). Tsutsugamushi disease in World War, II. J. Parasitol. 34, 169-191.
    • (1948) J. Parasitol. , vol.34 , pp. 169-191
    • Philip, C.B.1
  • 140
    • 70349451542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning immunology from the yellow fever vaccine: innate immunity to systems vaccinology
    • Pulendran, B. (2009). Learning immunology from the yellow fever vaccine: innate immunity to systems vaccinology. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 741-747.
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.9 , pp. 741-747
    • Pulendran, B.1
  • 141
    • 57849085182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems biology approach predicts immunogenicity of the yellow fever vaccine in humans
    • Querec, T. D., Akondy, R. S., Lee, E. K., Cao, W., Nakaya, H. I., Teuwen, D., et al. (2009). Systems biology approach predicts immunogenicity of the yellow fever vaccine in humans. Nat. Immunol. 10, 116-125.
    • (2009) Nat. Immunol. , vol.10 , pp. 116-125
    • Querec, T.D.1    Akondy, R.S.2    Lee, E.K.3    Cao, W.4    Nakaya, H.I.5    Teuwen, D.6
  • 142
    • 79952814422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice with human immune system components as in vivo models for infections with human pathogens
    • Rämer, P. C., Chijioke, O., Meixlsperger, S., Leung, C. S., and Münz, C. (2011). Mice with human immune system components as in vivo models for infections with human pathogens. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 89, 408-416.
    • (2011) Immunol. Cell. Biol. , vol.89 , pp. 408-416
    • Rämer, P.C.1    Chijioke, O.2    Meixlsperger, S.3    Leung, C.S.4    Münz, C.5
  • 143
    • 68949094020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elimination of immunodominant epitopes from multispecific DNA-based vaccines allows induction of CD8 T cells that have a striking antiviral potential
    • Riedl, P., Wieland, A., Lamberth, K., Buus, S., Lemonnier, F., Reifenberg, K., et al. (2009). Elimination of immunodominant epitopes from multispecific DNA-based vaccines allows induction of CD8 T cells that have a striking antiviral potential. J. Immunol. 183, 370-380.
    • (2009) J. Immunol. , vol.183 , pp. 370-380
    • Riedl, P.1    Wieland, A.2    Lamberth, K.3    Buus, S.4    Lemonnier, F.5    Reifenberg, K.6
  • 144
    • 0005918936 scopus 로고
    • Studies on scrub typhus; tsutsugamushi disease; heterogenicity of strains of R. tsutsugamushi as demonstrated by cross-vaccination studies
    • Rights, F. L., and Smadel, J. E. (1948). Studies on scrub typhus; tsutsugamushi disease; heterogenicity of strains of R. tsutsugamushi as demonstrated by cross-vaccination studies. J. Exp. Med. 87, 339-351.
    • (1948) J. Exp. Med. , vol.87 , pp. 339-351
    • Rights, F.L.1    Smadel, J.E.2
  • 146
    • 0019497944 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and immunologic responses of silvered leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) to experimental reinfection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
    • Robinson, D. M., Gan, E., Chan, T. C., and Huxsoll, D. L. (1981). Clinical and immunologic responses of silvered leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) to experimental reinfection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. J. Infect. Dis. 143, 558-561.
    • (1981) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.143 , pp. 558-561
    • Robinson, D.M.1    Gan, E.2    Chan, T.C.3    Huxsoll, D.L.4
  • 147
    • 2942526958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigen selection based on expression levels during infection facilitates vaccine development for an intracellular pathogen
    • Rollenhagen, C., Sörensen, M., Rizos, K., Hurvitz, R., and Bumann, D. (2004). Antigen selection based on expression levels during infection facilitates vaccine development for an intracellular pathogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 8739-8744.
    • (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.101 , pp. 8739-8744
    • Rollenhagen, C.1    Sörensen, M.2    Rizos, K.3    Hurvitz, R.4    Bumann, D.5
  • 148
    • 84897928485 scopus 로고
    • Convalescence from scrub typhus
    • Romeo, B. J. (1946). Convalescence from scrub typhus. Trop. Dis. Bull. 43, 1133-1134.
    • (1946) Trop. Dis. Bull. , vol.43 , pp. 1133-1134
    • Romeo, B.J.1
  • 149
    • 0030896655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-resistant scrub typhus: paradigm and paradox
    • Rosenberg, R. (1997). Drug-resistant scrub typhus: paradigm and paradox. Parasitol. Today 13, 131-132.
    • (1997) Parasitol. Today , vol.13 , pp. 131-132
    • Rosenberg, R.1
  • 151
    • 78049498836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses against a subdominant CD8+ T cell epitope protect against immunopathology caused by a dominant epitope
    • Ruckwardt, T. J., Luongo, C., Malloy, A. M., Liu, J., Chen, M., Collins, P. L., et al. (2010). Responses against a subdominant CD8+ T cell epitope protect against immunopathology caused by a dominant epitope. J. Immunol. 185, 4673-4680.
    • (2010) J. Immunol. , vol.185 , pp. 4673-4680
    • Ruckwardt, T.J.1    Luongo, C.2    Malloy, A.M.3    Liu, J.4    Chen, M.5    Collins, P.L.6
  • 152
    • 0014187839 scopus 로고
    • A historical review on the progress in studies of tsutsugamushi in Japan
    • Sasa, M. (1967). A historical review on the progress in studies of tsutsugamushi in Japan. Acta Med. Biol. (Niigata) 15, 9-16.
    • (1967) Acta Med. Biol. (Niigata) , vol.15 , pp. 9-16
    • Sasa, M.1
  • 153
    • 0018821641 scopus 로고
    • The longevity of antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in patients with confirmed scrub typhus
    • Saunders, J. P., Brown, G. W., Shirai, A., and Huxsoll, D. L. (1980). The longevity of antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in patients with confirmed scrub typhus. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74, 253-257.
    • (1980) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.74 , pp. 253-257
    • Saunders, J.P.1    Brown, G.W.2    Shirai, A.3    Huxsoll, D.L.4
  • 154
    • 0030959593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of homologous immune response to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong with a partial 56-kilodalton recombinant antigen fused with the maltose-binding protein MBP-Bor56
    • Seong, S. Y., Huh, M. S., Jang, W. J., Park, S. G., Kim, J. G., Woo, S. G., et al. (1997a). Induction of homologous immune response to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong with a partial 56-kilodalton recombinant antigen fused with the maltose-binding protein MBP-Bor56. Infect. Immun. 65, 1541-1545.
    • (1997) Infect. Immun. , vol.65 , pp. 1541-1545
    • Seong, S.Y.1    Huh, M.S.2    Jang, W.J.3    Park, S.G.4    Kim, J.G.5    Woo, S.G.6
  • 155
    • 0030752578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of neutralizing antibody in mice by immunization with recombinant 56 kDa protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi
    • Seong, S. Y., Kim, H. R., Huh, M. S., Park, S. G., Kang, J. S., Han, T. H., et al. (1997b). Induction of neutralizing antibody in mice by immunization with recombinant 56 kDa protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Vaccine 15, 1741-1747.
    • (1997) Vaccine , vol.15 , pp. 1741-1747
    • Seong, S.Y.1    Kim, H.R.2    Huh, M.S.3    Park, S.G.4    Kang, J.S.5    Han, T.H.6
  • 156
    • 0034663503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralization epitopes on the antigenic domain II of the Orientia tsutsugamushi 56-kDa protein revealed by monoclonal antibodies
    • Seong, S. Y., Kim, M. K., Lee, S. M., Odgerel, Z., Choi, M. S., Han, T. H., et al. (2000). Neutralization epitopes on the antigenic domain II of the Orientia tsutsugamushi 56-kDa protein revealed by monoclonal antibodies. Vaccine 19, 2-9.
    • (2000) Vaccine , vol.19 , pp. 2-9
    • Seong, S.Y.1    Kim, M.K.2    Lee, S.M.3    Odgerel, Z.4    Choi, M.S.5    Han, T.H.6
  • 157
    • 77958454595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reverse vaccinology: developing vaccines in the era of genomics
    • Sette, A., and Rappuoli, R. (2010). Reverse vaccinology: developing vaccines in the era of genomics. Immunity 33, 530-541.
    • (2010) Immunity , vol.33 , pp. 530-541
    • Sette, A.1    Rappuoli, R.2
  • 158
    • 84866419166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why must T cells be cross-reactive? Nat
    • Sewell, A. K. (2012). Why must T cells be cross-reactive? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12, 669-677.
    • (2012) Rev. Immunol. , vol.12 , pp. 669-677
    • Sewell, A.K.1
  • 159
    • 0017077940 scopus 로고
    • Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of cellular immunity in heterologous protection
    • Shirai, A., Catanzaro, P. J., Phillips, S. M., and Osterman, J. V. (1976). Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of cellular immunity in heterologous protection. Infect. Immun. 14, 39-46.
    • (1976) Infect. Immun. , vol.14 , pp. 39-46
    • Shirai, A.1    Catanzaro, P.J.2    Phillips, S.M.3    Osterman, J.V.4
  • 160
    • 0018647574 scopus 로고
    • Persistence and reactivation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in laboratory mice
    • Shirai, A., Chan, T. C., Gan, E., and Huxsoll, D. L. (1979a). Persistence and reactivation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in laboratory mice. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 32, 179-184.
    • (1979) Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. , vol.32 , pp. 179-184
    • Shirai, A.1    Chan, T.C.2    Gan, E.3    Huxsoll, D.L.4
  • 161
    • 0018599559 scopus 로고
    • Antigenic analysis by direct immunofluorescence of 114 isolates of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi recovered from febrile patients in rural Malaysia
    • Shirai, A., Robinson, D. M., Brown, G. W., Gan, E., and Huxsoll, D. L. (1979b). Antigenic analysis by direct immunofluorescence of 114 isolates of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi recovered from febrile patients in rural Malaysia. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 32, 337-344.
    • (1979) Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. , vol.32 , pp. 337-344
    • Shirai, A.1    Robinson, D.M.2    Brown, G.W.3    Gan, E.4    Huxsoll, D.L.5
  • 162
    • 0020051196 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains in two species of naturally infected, laboratory-reared chiggers
    • Shirai, A., Huxsoll, D. L., Dohany, A. L., Montrey, R. D., Werner, R. M., and Gan, E. (1982a). Characterization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains in two species of naturally infected, laboratory-reared chiggers. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 395-402.
    • (1982) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.31 , pp. 395-402
    • Shirai, A.1    Huxsoll, D.L.2    Dohany, A.L.3    Montrey, R.D.4    Werner, R.M.5    Gan, E.6
  • 164
    • 70449266883 scopus 로고
    • The nature of immunity against scrub typhus in mice. II. The cross-protection test with mice for identification and differentiation of several strains of Rickettsia orientalis newly isolated in Japan
    • Shishido, A., Ohtawara, M., Hikita, M., and Kitaoka, M. (1959). The nature of immunity against scrub typhus in mice. II. The cross-protection test with mice for identification and differentiation of several strains of Rickettsia orientalis newly isolated in Japan. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 12, 391-404.
    • (1959) Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 391-404
    • Shishido, A.1    Ohtawara, M.2    Hikita, M.3    Kitaoka, M.4
  • 165
    • 84996299834 scopus 로고
    • The nature of immunity against scrub typhus in mice, I. The resistance of mice, surviving subcutaneous infection of scrub typhus Rickettsia to intraperitoneal reinfection of the same agent
    • Shishido, A., Ohtawara, M., Tateno, S., Mizuno, S., Ogura, M., and Kitaoka, M. (1958). The nature of immunity against scrub typhus in mice, I. The resistance of mice, surviving subcutaneous infection of scrub typhus Rickettsia to intraperitoneal reinfection of the same agent. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 11, 383-399.
    • (1958) Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 383-399
    • Shishido, A.1    Ohtawara, M.2    Tateno, S.3    Mizuno, S.4    Ogura, M.5    Kitaoka, M.6
  • 166
    • 33846630040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humanized mice in translational biomedical research
    • Shultz, L. D., Ishikawa, F., and Greiner, D. L. (2007). Humanized mice in translational biomedical research. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7, 118-130.
    • (2007) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.7 , pp. 118-130
    • Shultz, L.D.1    Ishikawa, F.2    Greiner, D.L.3
  • 167
    • 84860673664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unbiased identification of target antigens of CD8(+) T cells with combinatorial libraries coding for short peptides
    • Siewert, K., Malotka, J., Kawakami, N., Wekerle, H., Hohlfeld, R., and Dornmair, K. (2012). Unbiased identification of target antigens of CD8(+) T cells with combinatorial libraries coding for short peptides. Nat. Med. 18, 824-828.
    • (2012) Nat. Med. , vol.18 , pp. 824-828
    • Siewert, K.1    Malotka, J.2    Kawakami, N.3    Wekerle, H.4    Hohlfeld, R.5    Dornmair, K.6
  • 168
    • 76549218653 scopus 로고
    • Immunity in scrub typhus: resistance to induced reinfection
    • Smadel, J. E., Ley, H. L., Diercks, F. H., and Traub, R. (1950). Immunity in scrub typhus: resistance to induced reinfection. AMA Arch. Pathol. 50, 847-861.
    • (1950) AMA Arch. Pathol. , vol.50 , pp. 847-861
    • Smadel, J.E.1    Ley, H.L.2    Diercks, F.H.3    Traub, R.4
  • 169
    • 0005953573 scopus 로고
    • Immunization against scrub typhus: duration of immunity in volunteers following combined living vaccine and chemoprophylaxis
    • Smadel, J. E., Ley, H. L., Diercks, F. H., Paterson, P. Y., Wisseman, C. L., and Traub, R. (1952a). Immunization against scrub typhus: duration of immunity in volunteers following combined living vaccine and chemoprophylaxis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1, 87-99.
    • (1952) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.1 , pp. 87-99
    • Smadel, J.E.1    Ley, H.L.2    Diercks, F.H.3    Paterson, P.Y.4    Wisseman, C.L.5    Traub, R.6
  • 170
    • 0001071464 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in tissues of patients recovered from scrub typhus
    • Smadel, J. E., Ley, H. L., Diercks, R. H., and Cameron, J. A. (1952b). Persistence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in tissues of patients recovered from scrub typhus. Am. J. Hyg. 56, 294-302.
    • (1952) Am. J. Hyg. , vol.56 , pp. 294-302
    • Smadel, J.E.1    Ley, H.L.2    Diercks, R.H.3    Cameron, J.A.4
  • 171
    • 0005919347 scopus 로고
    • Immunization against scrub typhus. I. Combined living vaccine and chemoprophylaxis in volunteers
    • Smadel, J. E., Ley, H. L., Diercks, F. H., Traub, R., Tipton, V. J., and Frick, L. P. (1951). Immunization against scrub typhus. I. Combined living vaccine and chemoprophylaxis in volunteers. Am. J. Hyg. 53, 317-325.
    • (1951) Am. J. Hyg. , vol.53 , pp. 317-325
    • Smadel, J.E.1    Ley, H.L.2    Diercks, F.H.3    Traub, R.4    Tipton, V.J.5    Frick, L.P.6
  • 172
    • 0005918938 scopus 로고
    • Studies on scrub typhus; preparation of formalinized vaccines from tissues of infected mice and rats
    • Smadel, J. E., Rights, F. L., and Jackson, E. B. (1946). Studies on scrub typhus; preparation of formalinized vaccines from tissues of infected mice and rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 61, 308-313.
    • (1946) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , vol.61 , pp. 308-313
    • Smadel, J.E.1    Rights, F.L.2    Jackson, E.B.3
  • 173
    • 0000153788 scopus 로고
    • Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the treatment of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus)
    • Smadel, J. E., Woodward, T. E., Ley, H. L., and Lewthwaite, R. (1949). Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the treatment of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus). J. Clin. Invest. 28, 1196-1215.
    • (1949) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.28 , pp. 1196-1215
    • Smadel, J.E.1    Woodward, T.E.2    Ley, H.L.3    Lewthwaite, R.4
  • 174
    • 60849096372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of high Orientia tsutsugamushi DNA loads with disease of greater severity in adults with scrub typhus
    • Sonthayanon, P., Chierakul, W., Wuthiekanun, V., Phimda, K., Pukrittayakamee, S., Day, N. P., et al. (2009). Association of high Orientia tsutsugamushi DNA loads with disease of greater severity in adults with scrub typhus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 430-434.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.47 , pp. 430-434
    • Sonthayanon, P.1    Chierakul, W.2    Wuthiekanun, V.3    Phimda, K.4    Pukrittayakamee, S.5    Day, N.P.6
  • 175
    • 77957905069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High rates of homologous recombination in the mite endosymbiont and opportunistic human pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000752
    • Sonthayanon, P., Peacock, S. J., Chierakul, W., Wuthiekanun, V., Blacksell, S. D., Holden, M. T., et al. (2010). High rates of homologous recombination in the mite endosymbiont and opportunistic human pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4:e752. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000752
    • (2010) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. , vol.4
    • Sonthayanon, P.1    Peacock, S.J.2    Chierakul, W.3    Wuthiekanun, V.4    Blacksell, S.D.5    Holden, M.T.6
  • 176
    • 0025302035 scopus 로고
    • The 56-kilodalton major protein antigen of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the sta56 gene and precise identification of a strain-specific epitope
    • Stover, C. K., Marana, D. P., Carter, J. M., Roe, B. A., Mardis, E., and Oaks, E. V. (1990a). The 56-kilodalton major protein antigen of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the sta56 gene and precise identification of a strain-specific epitope. Infect. Immun. 58, 2076-2084.
    • (1990) Infect. Immun. , vol.58 , pp. 2076-2084
    • Stover, C.K.1    Marana, D.P.2    Carter, J.M.3    Roe, B.A.4    Mardis, E.5    Oaks, E.V.6
  • 177
    • 0025305323 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Sta58 major antigen gene of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: sequence homology and antigenic comparison of Sta58 to the 60-kilodalton family of stress proteins
    • Stover, C. K., Marana, D. P., Dasch, G. A., and Oaks, E. V. (1990b). Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Sta58 major antigen gene of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: sequence homology and antigenic comparison of Sta58 to the 60-kilodalton family of stress proteins. Infect. Immun. 58, 1360-1368.
    • (1990) Infect. Immun. , vol.58 , pp. 1360-1368
    • Stover, C.K.1    Marana, D.P.2    Dasch, G.A.3    Oaks, E.V.4
  • 179
    • 55849133682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in the development of genetic immunization
    • Sykes, K. (2008). Progress in the development of genetic immunization. Expert Rev. Vaccines 7, 1395-1404.
    • (2008) Expert Rev. Vaccines , vol.7 , pp. 1395-1404
    • Sykes, K.1
  • 180
    • 0029053123 scopus 로고
    • Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov. Int.
    • Tamura, A., Ohashi, N., Urakami, H., and Miyamura, S. (1995). Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45, 589-591.
    • (1995) J. Syst. Bacteriol. , vol.45 , pp. 589-591
    • Tamura, A.1    Ohashi, N.2    Urakami, H.3    Miyamura, S.4
  • 181
    • 79958001815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orientia tsutsugamushi stimulates an original gene expression program in monocytes: relationship with gene expression in patients with scrub typhus
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001028
    • Tantibhedhyangkul, W., Prachason, T., Waywa, D., El Filali, A., Ghigo, E., Thongnoppakhun, W., et al. (2011). Orientia tsutsugamushi stimulates an original gene expression program in monocytes: relationship with gene expression in patients with scrub typhus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5:e1028. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001028
    • (2011) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. , vol.5
    • Tantibhedhyangkul, W.1    Prachason, T.2    Waywa, D.3    El Filali, A.4    Ghigo, E.5    Thongnoppakhun, W.6
  • 182
    • 63649083831 scopus 로고
    • Cross immunity between four strains of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus)
    • Topping, N. H. (1945a). Cross immunity between four strains of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus). Public Health Rep. 60, 945-947.
    • (1945) Public Health Rep. , vol.60 , pp. 945-947
    • Topping, N.H.1
  • 183
    • 84897918351 scopus 로고
    • Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus); the effects of an immune rabbit serum in experimentally infected mice
    • Topping, N. H. (1945b). Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus); the effects of an immune rabbit serum in experimentally infected mice. Public Health Rep. 60, 1215-1220.
    • (1945) Public Health Rep. , vol.60 , pp. 1215-1220
    • Topping, N.H.1
  • 184
    • 0020640058 scopus 로고
    • Penetration of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi into cultured mouse fibroblasts (L cells): an electron microscopic observation
    • Urakami, H., Tsuruhara, T., and Tamura, A. (1983). Penetration of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi into cultured mouse fibroblasts (L cells): an electron microscopic observation. Microbiol. Immunol. 27, 251-263.
    • (1983) Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.27 , pp. 251-263
    • Urakami, H.1    Tsuruhara, T.2    Tamura, A.3
  • 185
    • 84897926209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive immune responses to infection and opportunities for vaccine development (Rickettsiaceae)
    • I.I., Rickettsiales eds G.H.Palmer and A.F.Azad (Washington DC: ASM Press)
    • Valbuena, G. (2012). "Adaptive immune responses to infection and opportunities for vaccine development (Rickettsiaceae)," in Intracellular Pathogens, I. I., Rickettsiales, eds G. H. Palmer and A. F. Azad (Washington, DC: ASM Press), 304-329.
    • (2012) Intracellular Pathogens , pp. 304-329
    • Valbuena, G.1
  • 186
    • 33645734097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endothelium as a target for infections
    • Valbuena, G., and Walker, D. H. (2006). The endothelium as a target for infections. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 1, 171-198.
    • (2006) Annu. Rev. Pathol. , vol.1 , pp. 171-198
    • Valbuena, G.1    Walker, D.H.2
  • 187
    • 72949123942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection of the endothelium by members of the order Rickettsiales
    • Valbuena, G., and Walker, D. H. (2009). Infection of the endothelium by members of the order Rickettsiales. Thromb. Haemost. 102, 1071-1079.
    • (2009) Thromb. Haemost. , vol.102 , pp. 1071-1079
    • Valbuena, G.1    Walker, D.H.2
  • 188
    • 80054839423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A broadly applicable approach to T cell epitope identification: application to improving tumor associated epitopes and identifying epitopes in complex pathogens
    • Valentino, M. D., Abdul-Alim, C. S., Maben, Z. J., Skrombolas, D., Hensley, L. L., Kawula, T. H., et al. (2011a). A broadly applicable approach to T cell epitope identification: application to improving tumor associated epitopes and identifying epitopes in complex pathogens. J. Immunol. Methods 373, 111-126.
    • (2011) J. Immunol. Methods , vol.373 , pp. 111-126
    • Valentino, M.D.1    Abdul-Alim, C.S.2    Maben, Z.J.3    Skrombolas, D.4    Hensley, L.L.5    Kawula, T.H.6
  • 189
    • 79251649416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of T-cell epitopes in Francisella tularensis using an ordered protein array of serological targets
    • Valentino, M. D., Maben, Z. J., Hensley, L. L., Woolard, M. D., Kawula, T. H., Frelinger, J. A., et al. (2011b). Identification of T-cell epitopes in Francisella tularensis using an ordered protein array of serological targets. Immunology 132, 348-360.
    • (2011) Immunology , vol.132 , pp. 348-360
    • Valentino, M.D.1    Maben, Z.J.2    Hensley, L.L.3    Woolard, M.D.4    Kawula, T.H.5    Frelinger, J.A.6
  • 190
    • 0015878983 scopus 로고
    • The silvered leaf monkey of Malaysia, Presbytis cristatus: disease model for human scrub typhus
    • Walker, J. S., Cadigan, F. C., Vosdingh, R. A., and Chye, C. T. (1973). The silvered leaf monkey of Malaysia, Presbytis cristatus: disease model for human scrub typhus. J. Infect. Dis. 128, 223-226.
    • (1973) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.128 , pp. 223-226
    • Walker, J.S.1    Cadigan, F.C.2    Vosdingh, R.A.3    Chye, C.T.4
  • 191
    • 84872625503 scopus 로고
    • Scrub typhus vaccine; its effect on 16 cases incubating the disease
    • Walker, W. T. (1947). Scrub typhus vaccine; its effect on 16 cases incubating the disease. Br. Med. J. 1, 484-487.
    • (1947) Br. Med. J. , vol.1 , pp. 484-487
    • Walker, W.T.1
  • 192
    • 37549032694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and histological features of inoculation site skin lesions in cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi
    • Walsh, D. S., Delacruz, E. C., Abalos, R. M., Tan, E. V., Jiang, J., Richards, A. L., et al. (2007). Clinical and histological features of inoculation site skin lesions in cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7, 547-554.
    • (2007) Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. , vol.7 , pp. 547-554
    • Walsh, D.S.1    Delacruz, E.C.2    Abalos, R.M.3    Tan, E.V.4    Jiang, J.5    Richards, A.L.6
  • 193
    • 0032529243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a retrovirus-based complementary DNA expression system for the cloning of tumor antigens
    • Wang, R. F., Wang, X., Johnston, S. L., Zeng, G., Robbins, P. F., and Rosenberg, S. A. (1998). Development of a retrovirus-based complementary DNA expression system for the cloning of tumor antigens. Cancer. Res. 58, 3519-3525.
    • (1998) Cancer. Res. , vol.58 , pp. 3519-3525
    • Wang, R.F.1    Wang, X.2    Johnston, S.L.3    Zeng, G.4    Robbins, P.F.5    Rosenberg, S.A.6
  • 194
    • 0142134055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scrub typhus and tropical rickettsioses
    • Watt, G., and Parola, P. (2003). Scrub typhus and tropical rickettsioses. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 16, 429-436.
    • (2003) Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. , vol.16 , pp. 429-436
    • Watt, G.1    Parola, P.2
  • 198
    • 0036736028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct lineages of T(H)1 cells have differential capacities for memory cell generation in vivo
    • Wu, C. Y., Kirman, J. R., Rotte, M. J., Davey, D. F., Perfetto, S. P., Rhee, E. G., et al. (2002). Distinct lineages of T(H)1 cells have differential capacities for memory cell generation in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 3, 852-858.
    • (2002) Nat. Immunol. , vol.3 , pp. 852-858
    • Wu, C.Y.1    Kirman, J.R.2    Rotte, M.J.3    Davey, D.F.4    Perfetto, S.P.5    Rhee, E.G.6
  • 199
    • 79959334212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic identification of immunodominant CD8+ T-cell responses to influenza A virus in HLA-A2 individuals
    • Wu, C., Zanker, D., Valkenburg, S., Tan, B., Kedzierska, K., Zou, Q. M., et al. (2011). Systematic identification of immunodominant CD8+ T-cell responses to influenza A virus in HLA-A2 individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 9178-9183.
    • (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.108 , pp. 9178-9183
    • Wu, C.1    Zanker, D.2    Valkenburg, S.3    Tan, B.4    Kedzierska, K.5    Zou, Q.M.6
  • 200
    • 78651230572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delay in tetracycline treatment increases the risk of complications in tsutsugamushi disease: data from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination Database
    • Yasunaga, H., Horiguchi, H., Kuwabara, K., Hashimoto, H., and Matsuda, S. (2011). Delay in tetracycline treatment increases the risk of complications in tsutsugamushi disease: data from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination Database. Intern. Med. 50, 37-42.
    • (2011) Intern. Med. , vol.50 , pp. 37-42
    • Yasunaga, H.1    Horiguchi, H.2    Kuwabara, K.3    Hashimoto, H.4    Matsuda, S.5
  • 201
    • 18944389592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of protective immunity against scrub typhus with a 56-kilodalton recombinant antigen fused with a 47-kilodalton antigen of Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp
    • Yu, Y., Wen, B., Wen, B., Niu, D., Chen, M., and Qiu, L. (2005). Induction of protective immunity against scrub typhus with a 56-kilodalton recombinant antigen fused with a 47-kilodalton antigen of Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72, 458-464.
    • (2005) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.72 , pp. 458-464
    • Yu, Y.1    Wen, B.2    Wen, B.3    Niu, D.4    Chen, M.5    Qiu, L.6
  • 202
    • 21744442064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokine and cytokine production in susceptible C3H/HeN mice and resistant BALB/c mice during Orientia tsutsugamushi infection
    • Yun, J. H., Koh, Y. S., Lee, K. H., Hyun, J. W., Choi, Y. J., Jang, W. J., et al. (2005). Chemokine and cytokine production in susceptible C3H/HeN mice and resistant BALB/c mice during Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. Microbiol. Immunol. 49, 551-557.
    • (2005) Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.49 , pp. 551-557
    • Yun, J.H.1    Koh, Y.S.2    Lee, K.H.3    Hyun, J.W.4    Choi, Y.J.5    Jang, W.J.6
  • 203
    • 34248165530 scopus 로고
    • Immunity following para-aminobenzoic acid therapy in experimental tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus)
    • Zarafonetis, C. J., Snyder, J. C., and Murray, E. S. (1946). Immunity following para-aminobenzoic acid therapy in experimental tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 61, 240-242.
    • (1946) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , vol.61 , pp. 240-242
    • Zarafonetis, C.J.1    Snyder, J.C.2    Murray, E.S.3
  • 204
    • 77950482012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scrub typhus in previously unrecognized areas of endemicity in China
    • Zhang, S., Song, H., Liu, Y., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Wu, J., et al. (2010). Scrub typhus in previously unrecognized areas of endemicity in China. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48, 1241-1244.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.48 , pp. 1241-1124
    • Zhang, S.1    Song, H.2    Liu, Y.3    Li, Q.4    Wang, Y.5    Wu, J.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.