British Thoracic Society guideline on pulmonary rehabilitation in adults

Thorax

Volumn 68, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2013, Pages

  Bolton, Charlotte E ^a   Bevan Smith, Elaine F ^b   Blakey, John D ^c   Crowe, Patrick ^d   Elkin, Sarah L ^e   Garrod, Rachel ^f   Greening, Neil J ^g   Heslop, Karen ^h   Hull, James H ⁱ   Man, William D C ^j   Morgan, Michael D ^g   Proud, David ^k   Roberts, C Michael ^l   Sewell, Louise ^g   Singh, Sally J ^g   Walker, Paul P ^c   Walmsley, Sandy ^m  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b WORCESTERSHIRE ROYAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL AINTREE   (United Kingdom)

^d Patient Representative   (United Kingdom)

^e IMPERIAL COLLEGE HEALTHCARE NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f KING'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF LEICESTER NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^h ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ ROYAL BROMPTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^j NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Advanced Lung Disease   (United Kingdom)

^k LLANDOUGH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^l WHIPPS CROSS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^m UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BIRMINGHAM NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRONCHODILATING AGENT;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; ANXIETY DISORDER; ASTHMA; BRONCHIECTASIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DYSPNEA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; INHALER; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; KINESIOTHERAPY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NONINVASIVE VENTILATION; OXYGEN THERAPY; PATIENT REFERRAL; PATIENT SAFETY; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY REHABILITATION; REVIEW; SELF CONCEPT; SMOKING CESSATION; SMOKING HABIT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM; ADULT; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; COMPLICATION; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE;

ADULT; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; RESPIRATORY THERAPY; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL;

EID: 84881508308     PISSN: 00406376     EISSN: 14683296     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203808     Document Type: Review

References (211)

1. Department of Health. An outcomes strategy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in England. 2011. http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod- consum-dh/groups/dh-digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh-128428.pdf (accessed May 2013).
2. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Subcommittee on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax 2001;56:827-34.
3. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care (partial update). 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13029/49397/49397.pdf (accessed May 2013).
4. Bott J, Blumenthal S, Buxton M, et al. Guidelines for the physiotherapy management of the adult, medical, spontaneously breathing patient. Thorax 2009;64(Suppl 1):i1-51.
5. Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, et al. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1390-413. (Pubitemid 43900715)
6. Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT. British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax 2010;65(Suppl 1):i1-58.
7. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Research services for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NICE commissioning guide 43. London: NICE, 2011.
8. British Thoracic Society, SIGN. British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. 2012.
9. Yohannes AM, Connolly MJ. Pulmonary rehabilitation programmes in the UK: a national representative survey. Clin Rehabil 2004;18:444-9. (Pubitemid 38697078)
10. Yohannes A, Stone R, Lowe D, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation in the United Kingdom. Chron Respir Dis 2011;8:193-9.
11. Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson Toby J, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(4): CD0037993. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003793.pub2
12. Griffiths TL, Burr ML, Campbell IA, et al. Results at 1 year of outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:362-8.
13. Singh SJ, Jones PW, Evans R, et al. Minimum clinically important improvement for the incremental shuttle walking test. Thorax 2008;63:775-7.
14. Lacasse Y, Wong E, Guyatt GH, et al. Meta-analysis of respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 1996;348:1115-19. (Pubitemid 26358610)
15. Redelmeier DA, Bayoumi AM, Goldstein RS, et al. Interpreting small differences in functional status: the six minute walk test in chronic lung disease patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1278-82. (Pubitemid 27172771)
16. Jones PW. Interpreting thresholds for a clinically significant change in health status in asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J 2002;19:398-404. (Pubitemid 34256951)
17. Dodd JW, Hogg L, Nolan J, et al. The COPD assessment test (CAT): response to pulmonary rehabilitation. A multicentre, prospective study. Thorax 2011;66:425-9.
18. Dodd JW, Marns PL, Clark AL, et al. The COPD Assessment Test (CAT): short- and medium-term response to pulmonary rehabilitation. COPD 2012;9:390-4.
19. Ringbaek T, Martinez G, Lange P. A comparison of the assessment of quality of life with CAT, CCQ, and SGRQ in COPD patients participating in pulmonary rehabilitation. COPD 2012;9:12-15.
20. Pitta F, Troosters T, Probst VS, et al. Quantifying physical activity in daily life with questionnaires and motion sensors in COPD. Eur Respir J 2006;27:1040-55. (Pubitemid 44911121)
21. Watz H, Waschki B, Boehme C, et al. Extrapulmonary effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on physical activity: a cross-sectional study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:743-51. (Pubitemid 351490561)
22. Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, et al. Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax 2006;61:772-8. (Pubitemid 44369401)
23. Cindy Ng LW, Mackney J, Jenkins S, et al. Does exercise training change physical activity in people with COPD? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chron Respir Dis 2012;9:17-26.
24. de Blok BMJ, de Greef MHG, ten Hacken NHT, et al. The effects of a lifestyle physical activity counseling program with feedback of a pedometer during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD: a pilot study. Patient Educ Couns 2006;61:48-55.
25. Sewell L, Singh SJ, Williams JEA, et al. Can individualized rehabilitation improve functional independence in elderly patients with COPD? Chest 2005;128:1194-200. (Pubitemid 41324395)
26. Pitta F, Troosters T, Probst VS, et al. Are patients with COPD more active after pulmonary rehabilitation? Chest 2008;134:273-80.
27. Garrod R, Paul EA, Wedzicha JA. An evaluation of the reliability and sensitivity of the London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL). Respir Med 2002;96:725-30.
28. Yohannes AM, Roomi J, Winn S, et al. The Manchester Respiratory Activities of Daily Living questionnaire: development, reliability, validity, and responsiveness to pulmonary rehabilitation. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:1496-500.
29. Lareau SC, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Janson-Bjerklie S, et al. Development and testing of the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire (PFSDQ). Heart Lung 1994;23:242-50. (Pubitemid 24175626)
30. Law M, Baptiste S, McColl M, et al. The Canadian occupational performance measure: an outcome measure for occupational therapy. Can J Occup Ther 1990;57:82-7.
31. Garrod R, Marshall J, Jones F. Self efficacy measurement and goal attainment after pulmonary rehabilitation. Int J COPD 2008;3:791-6.
32. Kovelis D, Zabatiero J, Oldemberg N, et al. Responsiveness of three instruments to assess self-reported functional status in patients with COPD. COPD 2011;8: 334-9.
33. Swallow EB, Reyes D, Hopkinson NS, et al. Quadriceps strength predicts mortality in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2007;62:115-20.
34. Decramer M, Gosselink R, Troosters T, et al. Muscle weakness is related to utilization of health care resources in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 1997;10:417-23. (Pubitemid 27063862)
35. Casaburi R, Bhasin S, Cosentino L, et al. Effects of testosterone and resistance training in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:870-8. (Pubitemid 39346482)
36. Clark CJ, Cochrane LM, Mackay E, et al. Skeletal muscle strength and endurance in patients with mild COPD and the effects of weight training. Eur Respir J 2000;15:92-7. (Pubitemid 30068942)
37. Clark CJ, Cochrane L, Mackay E. Low intensity peripheral muscle conditioning improves exercise tolerance and breathlessness in COPD. Eur Respir J 1996;9: 2590-6. (Pubitemid 26407913)
38. O'Shea SD, Taylor NF, Paratz JD. A predominantly home-based progressive resistance exercise program increases knee extensor strength in the short-term in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother 2007;53:229-37.
39. Troosters T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Short- and long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Am J Med 2000;109:207-12.
40. Kongsgaard M, Backer V, Jorgensen K, et al. Heavy resistance training increases muscle size, strength and physical function in elderly male COPD-patients - a pilot study. Respir Med 2004;98:1000-7. (Pubitemid 40029131)
41. Hoff J, Tjonna AE, Steinshamn S, et al. Maximal strength training of the legs in COPD: a therapy for mechanical inefficiency. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:220-6. (Pubitemid 46204287)
42. Simpson K, Killian K, McCartney N, et al. Randomised controlled trial of weightlifting exercise in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1992;47:70-5.
43. Coventry PA, Hind D. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation for anxiety and depression in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2007:551-65. (Pubitemid 350007668)
44. Lan C-C, Yang M-C, Lee C-H, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves exercise capacity and quality of life in underweight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2011;16:276-83.
45. Franssen FME, Broekhuizen R, Janssen PP, et al. Effects of whole-body exercise training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with COPD. Chest 2004;125:2021-8. (Pubitemid 38788165)
46. Steiner MC, Barton RL, Singh SJ, et al. Nutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2003;58:745-51. (Pubitemid 37094048)
47. Greening NJ, Evans RA, Williams JE, et al. Does body mass index influence the outcomes of a Waking-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme in COPD? Chron Respir Dis 2012;9:99-106.
48. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
49. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Limberg TM, et al. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:823-32.
50. Arnold R, Ranchor AV, Koeter GH, et al. Changes in personal control as a predictor of quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation. Patient Educ Couns 2006;61:99-108.
51. Vincent E, Sewell L, Wagg K, et al. Measuring a change in self-efficacy following pulmonary rehabilitation: an evaluation of the PRAISE tool. Chest 2011;140:1534-9.
52. Arnold E, Bruton A, Ellis-Hill C. Adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation: a qualitative study. Respir Med 2006;100:1716-23. (Pubitemid 44283764)
53. Bulley C, Donaghy M, Howden S, et al. A prospective qualitative exploration of views about attending pulmonary rehabilitation. Physiother Res Int 2009;14:181-92.
54. Harris D, Hayter M, Allender S. Improving the uptake of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD: qualitative study of experiences and attitudes. Br J Gen Pract 2008;58:703-10.
55. Fischer MJ, Scharloo M, Abbink JJ, et al. Participation and drop-out in pulmonary rehabilitation: a qualitative analysis of the patient's perspective. Clin Rehabil 2007;21:212-21. (Pubitemid 46455822)
56. van Stel HF, Colland VT, Heins NL, et al. Assessing inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation using the patient's view of outcome. J Cardpulm Rehabil 2002;22:201-10. (Pubitemid 35033724)
57. Graves J, Sandrey V, Graves T, et al. Effectiveness of a group opt-in session on uptake and graduation rates for pulmonary rehabilitation. Chron Respir Dis 2010;7:159-64.
58. Sabit R, Griffiths TL, Watkins AJ, et al. Predictors of poor attendance at an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Respir Med 2008;102:819-24.
59. Young P, Dewse M, Fergusson W, et al. Respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: predictors of nonadherence. Eur Respir J 1999;13:855-9. (Pubitemid 29234791)
60. Paone G, Serpilli M, Girardi E, et al. The combination of a smoking cessation programme with rehabilitation increases stop-smoking rate. J Rehabil Med 2008;40:672-7.
61. Carone M, Patessio A, Ambrosino N, et al. Efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic respiratory failure (CRF) due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): the Maugeri Study. Respir Med 2007;101:2447-53. (Pubitemid 47618386)
62. Crisafulli E, Costi S, Luppi F, et al. Role of comorbidities in a cohort of patients with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax 2008;63:487-92. (Pubitemid 351831155)
63. Crisafulli E, Gorgone P, Vagaggini B, et al. Efficacy of standard rehabilitation in COPD outpatients with comorbidities. Eur Respir J 2010;36:1042-8.
64. Gale NS, Duckers JM, Enright S, et al. Does pulmonary rehabilitation address cardiovascular risk factors in patients with COPD? BMC Pulm Med 2011;11:20.
65. Vivodtzev I, Minet C, Wuyam B, et al. Significant improvement in arterial stiffness after endurance training in patients with COPD. Chest 2010;137:585-92.
66. van Laarhoven CJ, Borstlap AC, van Berge Henegouwen DP, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Surg 1993;7:386-90. (Pubitemid 23223760)
67. Lindholt JS, Heickendorff L, Antonsen S, et al. Natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysm with and without coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:226-33. (Pubitemid 28377973)
68. Sakamaki F, Oya H, Nagaya N, et al. Higher prevalence of obstructive airway disease in patients with thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2002;36:35-40. (Pubitemid 41122886)
69. Brown LC, Powell JT. Risk factors for aneurysm rupture in patients kept under ultrasound surveillance. UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Ann Surg 1999;230:289-96; discussion 296-7.
70. Chaikof EL, Brewster DC, Dalman RL, et al. The care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: the Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines. J Vasc Surg 2009;50(4 Suppl):S2-49.
71. Tew GA, Moss J, Crank H, et al. Endurance exercise training in patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysm: a randomized controlled pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93:1788-92.
72. Trappenburg JC, Troosters T, Spruit MA, et al. Psychosocial conditions do not affect short-term outcome of multidisciplinary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1788-92. (Pubitemid 41354192)
73. Withers NJ, Rudkin ST, White RJ. Anxiety and depression in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation. J Cardpulm Rehabil 1999;19:362-5. (Pubitemid 30438894)
74. Harrison SL, Greening NJ, Williams JE, et al. Have we underestimated the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation in improving mood? Respir Med 2012;106:838-44.
75. Keating A, Lee A, Holland AE. What prevents people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from attending pulmonary rehabilitation? A systematic review. Chron Respir Dis 2011;8:89-99.
76. Evans RA, Singh SJ, Collier R, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation is successful for COPD irrespective of MRC dyspnoea grade. Respir Med 2009;103:1070-5.
77. Man WDC, Grant A, Hogg L, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with MRC Dyspnoea Scale 2. Thorax 2011;66:263.
78. Gottlieb V, Lyngso AM, Nybo B, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for moderate COPD (GOLD 2) - does it have an effect? COPD 2011;8:380-6.
79. Wedzicha JA, Bestall JC, Garrod R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, stratified with the MRC Dyspnoea Scale. Eur Respir J 1998;12:363-9. (Pubitemid 28389530)
80. Ambrosino N, Foglio K, Balzano G, et al. Tiotropium and exercise training in COPD patients: effects on dyspnea and exercise tolerance. Int J COPD 2008;3: 771-80.
81. Casaburi R, Kukafka D, Cooper CB, et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 2005;127:809-17. (Pubitemid 40775509)
82. Goldstein RS, Gort EH, Stubbing D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation. Lancet 1994;344:1394-7. (Pubitemid 24365313)
83. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
84. Department of Health. At least five a week. Evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. A report from the Chief Medical Officer, 2009. Gateway Ref: 2389.
85. Liddell F, Webber J. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study evaluating a once-weekly versus twice-weekly supervised programme. Physiotherapy 2010;96:68-74.
86. O'Neill B, McKevitt A, Rafferty S, et al. A comparison of twice- versus once-weekly supervision during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88:167-72. (Pubitemid 46161326)
87. Green RH, Singh SJ, Williams J, et al. A randomised controlled trial of four weeks versus seven weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2001;56:143-5. (Pubitemid 32142680)
88. Sewell L, Singh SJ, Williams JEA, et al. How long should outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation be? A randomised controlled trial of 4 weeks versus 7 weeks. Thorax 2006;61:767-71. (Pubitemid 44369400)
89. Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Adair NE, et al. A randomized, controlled trial comparing long-term and short-term exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardpulm Rehabil 2003;23:60-8. (Pubitemid 36159775)
90. Swerts PMJ, Kretzers LMJ, Terpstra-Lindeman E, et al. Exercise reconditioning in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a shortand long-term analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:570-3. (Pubitemid 20215962)
91. Foy CG, Rejeski WJ, Berry MJ, et al. Gender moderates the effects of exercise therapy on health-related quality of life among COPD patients. Chest 2001;119:70-6. (Pubitemid 32150549)
92. Beauchamp MK, Janaudis-Ferreira T, Goldstein RS, et al. Optimal duration of pulmonary rehabilitation for individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a systematic review. Chron Respir Dis 2011;8:129-40.
93. O'Shea SD, Taylor NF, Paratz JD. Progressive resistance exercise improves muscle strength and may improve elements of performance of daily activities for people with COPD: a systematic review. Chest 2009;136:1269-83.
94. Ortega F, Toral J, Cejudo P, et al. Comparison of effects of strength and endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:669-74. (Pubitemid 34971848)
95. Panton LB, Golden J, Broeder CE, et al. The effects of resistance training on functional outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;91:443-9. (Pubitemid 38477378)
96. Phillips WT, Benton MJ, Wagner CL, et al. The effect of single set resistance training on strength and functional fitness in pulmonary rehabilitation patients. J Cardpulm Rehabil 2006;26:330-7. (Pubitemid 44465632)
97. Dourado VZ, Tanni SE, Antunes LCO, et al. Effect of three exercise programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009;42:263-71.
98. Bernard S, Whittom F, Leblanc P, et al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:896-901. (Pubitemid 29137792)
99. Mador MJ, Bozkanat E, Aggarwal A, et al. Endurance and strength training in patients with COPD. Chest 2004;125:2036-45. (Pubitemid 38788167)
100. Vonbank K, Strasser B, Mondrzyk J, et al. Strength training increases maximum working capacity in patients with COPD - randomized clinical trial comparing three training modalities. Respir Med 2012;106:557-63.
101. Houchen L, Steiner MC, Singh SJ. How sustainable is strength training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Physiotherapy 2009;95:1-7.
102. Hauer K, Rost B, Rutschle K, et al. Exercise training for rehabilitation and secondary prevention of falls in geriatric patients with a history of injurious falls. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:10-20. (Pubitemid 32195130)
103. Zainuldin R, Mackey MG, Alison JA. Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(11):CD008008.
104. Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Miller ME, et al. A lifestyle activity intervention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2010;104:829-39.
105. Norweg AM, Whiteson J, Malgady R, et al. The effectiveness of different combinations of pulmonary rehabilitation program components: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2005;128:663-72. (Pubitemid 41140494)
106. White RJ, Rudkin ST, Harrison ST, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation compared with brief advice given for severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardpulm Rehabil 2002;22:338-44.
107. Maltais F, Bourbeau J, Shapiro S, et al. Effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. [Summary for patients in Ann Intern Med 2008;149:I56; PMID: 19075202]. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:869-78.
108. Guell MR, De Lucas P, Galdiz JB, et al. Home vs hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish multicenter trial. Arch Bronconeumol 2008;44:512-18.
109. Puente-Maestu L, Sanz ML, Sanz P, et al. Comparison of effects of supervised versus self-monitored training programmes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2000;15:517-25. (Pubitemid 30158189)
110. Mendes De Oliveira JC, Studart Leitao Filho FS, Malosa Sampaio LM, et al. Outpatient vs. home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Multidiscip Respir Med 2010;5:401-8.
111. Strijbos JH, Postma DS, van Altena R, et al. A comparison between an outpatient hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program and a home-care pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with COPD. A follow-up of 18 months. Chest 1996;109:366-72. (Pubitemid 26058590)
112. Maltais F, Bourbeau J, Shapiro S, et al. Effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:869-78.
113. Hospes G, Bossenbroek L, Ten Hacken NHT, et al. Enhancement of daily physical activity increases physical fitness of outclinic COPD patients: results of an exercise counseling program. Patient Educ Couns 2009;75:274-8.
114. Wewel AR, Gellermann I, Schwertfeger I, et al. Intervention by phone calls raises domiciliary activity and exercise capacity in patients with severe COPD. Respir Med 2008;102:20-6. (Pubitemid 350151833)
115. Liu WT, Wang CH, Lin HC, et al. Efficacy of a cell phone-based exercise programme for COPD. Eur Respir J 2008;32:651-9.
116. Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Scharplatz M, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(10):CD005305.
117. Ko FWS, Dai DLK, Ngai J, et al. Effect of early pulmonary rehabilitation on health care utilization and health status in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of COPD. Respirology 2011;16:617-24.
118. Puhan MA, Spaar A, Frey M, et al. Early versus late pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute exacerbations: a randomized trial. Respiration 2012;83:499-506.
119. Hurst JR, Donaldson GC, Quint JK, et al. Temporal clustering of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:369-74.
120. Man WDC, Polkey MI, Donaldson N, et al. Community pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled study. BMJ 2004;329:1209.
121. Seymour JM, Moore L, Jolley CJ, et al. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation following acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2010;65:423-8.
122. Eaton T, Young P, Fergusson W, et al. Does early pulmonary rehabilitation reduce acute health-care utilization in COPD patients admitted with an exacerbation? A randomized controlled study. Respirology 2009;14:230-8.
123. Casaburi R. Combination therapy for exercise intolerance in COPD. Thorax 2006;61:551-2. (Pubitemid 44035129)
124. Laveneziana P, Parker CM, O'Donnell DE. Ventilatory constraints and dyspnea during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007;32:1225-38.
125. Redline S, Gottfried SB, Altose MD. Effects of changes in inspiratory muscle strength on the sensation of respiratory force. J Appl Physiol 1991;70:240-5.
126. Chlif M, Keochkerian D, Mourlhon C, et al. Noninvasive assessment of the tension-time index of inspiratory muscles at rest in obese male subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1478-83. (Pubitemid 41622228)
127. O'Donnell DE, Bertley JC, Chau LK, et al. Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:109-15. (Pubitemid 27053150)
128. O'Donnell DE, Lam M, Webb KA. Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation, and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158(5 Pt 1):1557-65.
129. O'Donnell DE, Laveneziana P. Dyspnea and activity limitation in COPD: mechanical factors. COPD 2007;4:225-36. (Pubitemid 47345897)
130. Casaburi R, Porszasz J. Reduction of hyperinflation by pharmacologic and other interventions. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:185-9.
131. Verges S, Boutellier U, Spengler CM. Effect of respiratory muscle endurance training on respiratory sensations, respiratory control and exercise performance: a 15-year experience. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008;161:16-22. (Pubitemid 351356109)
132. Mador MJ, Deniz O, Aggarwal A, et al. Effect of respiratory muscle endurance training in patients with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest 2005;128:1216-24. (Pubitemid 41324398)
133. Ambrosino N. The case for inspiratory muscle training in COPD. Eur Respir J 2011;37:233-5.
134. Weiner P, Azgad Y, Ganam R. Inspiratory muscle training combined with general exercise reconditioning in patients with COPD. Chest 1992;102:1351-6.
135. Berry MJ, Adair NE, Sevensky KS, et al. Inspiratory muscle training and whole-body reconditioning in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153(6 Pt 1):1812-16. (Pubitemid 26187904)
136. Wanke T, Formanek D, Lahrmann H, et al. Effects of combined inspiratory muscle and cycle ergometer training on exercise performance in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 1994;7:2205-11.
137. Larson JL, Covey MK, Wirtz SE, et al. Cycle ergometer and inspiratory muscle training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:500-7. (Pubitemid 29380664)
138. Chailleux E, Laaban JP, Veale D. Prognostic value of nutritional depletion in patients with COPD treated by long-term oxygen therapy: data from the ANTADIR observatory. Chest 2003;123:1460-6. (Pubitemid 36549763)
139. Tsiligianni IG, van der Molen T. A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD. Respir Res 2010;11:171.
140. Broekhuizen R, Creutzberg EC, Weling-Scheepers CAPM, et al. Optimizing oral nutritional drink supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br J Nutr 2005;93:965-71. (Pubitemid 43899577)
141. Borghi-Silva A, Baldissera V, Sampaio LMM, et al. L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006;39:465-74.
142. Baldi S, Aquilani R, Pinna GD, et al. Fat-free mass change after nutritional rehabilitation in weight losing COPD: role of insulin, C-reactive protein and tissue hypoxia. Int J COPD 2010;5:29-39.
143. Kubo H, Honda N, Tsuji F, et al. Effects of dietary supplements on the Fischer ratio before and after pulmonary rehabilitation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15:551-5. (Pubitemid 44905135)
144. Broekhuizen R, Wouters EFM, Creutzberg EC, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids improve exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005;60:376-82. (Pubitemid 40685819)
145. Fuld JP, Kilduff LP, Neder JA, et al. Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005;60:531-7. (Pubitemid 40966204)
146. Faager G, Soderlund K, Skold CM, et al. Creatine supplementation and physical training in patients with COPD: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2006;1:445-53.
147. Deacon SJ, Vincent EE, Greenhaff PL, et al. Randomized controlled trial of dietary creatine as an adjunct therapy to physical training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:233-9.
148. Kicman AT. Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:502-21. (Pubitemid 351744954)
149. Creutzberg EC, Wouters EFM, Mostert R, et al. A role for anabolic steroids in the rehabilitation of patients with COPD? A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Chest 2003;124:1733-42. (Pubitemid 37433566)
150. Pison CM, Cano NJ, Cherion C, et al. Multimodal nutritional rehabilitation improves clinical outcomes of malnourished patients with chronic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2011;66:953-60.
151. Garrod R, Mikelsons C, Paul EA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of domiciliary noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and physical training in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162(4 I): 1335-41.
152. Duiverman ML, Wempe JB, Bladder G, et al. Nocturnal non-invasive ventilation in addition to rehabilitation in hypercapnic patients with COPD. Thorax 2008;63:1052-7.
153. Kohnlein T, Schonheit-Kenn U, Winterkamp S, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in pulmonary rehabilitation of COPD patients. Respir Med 2009;103:1329-36.
154. van 't Hul A, Kwakkel G, Gosselink R. The acute effects of noninvasive ventilatory support during exercise on exercise endurance and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. J Cardpulm Rehabil 2002;22:290-7. (Pubitemid 35024282)
155. Bianchi L, Foglio K, Porta R, et al. Lack of additional effect of adjunct of assisted ventilation to pulmonary rehabilitation in mild COPD patients. Respir Med 2002;96:359-67.
156. Johnson JE, Gavin DJ, Adams-Dramiga S. Effects of training with heliox and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on exercise ability in patients with severe COPD. Chest 2002;122:464-72. (Pubitemid 35002122)
157. Costes F, Agresti A, Court-Fortune I, et al. Noninvasive ventilation during exercise training improves exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardpulm Rehabil 2003;23:307-13. (Pubitemid 36951170)
158. Reuveny R, Ben-Dov I, Gaides M, et al. Ventilatory support during training improves training benefit in severe chronic airway obstruction. Isr Med Assoc J 2005;7:151-5. (Pubitemid 40424957)
159. van 't Hul A, Gosselink R, Hollander P, et al. Training with inspiratory pressure support in patients with severe COPD. Eur Respir J 2006;27:65-72. (Pubitemid 43092668)
160. Toledo A, Borghi-Silva A, Sampaio LMM, et al. The impact of noninvasive ventilation during the physical training in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clinics 2007;62:113-20.
161. Hawkins P, Johnson LC, Nikoletou D, et al. Proportional assist ventilation as an aid to exercise training in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002;57:853-9. (Pubitemid 35178608)
162. Arena R, Sietsema KE. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the clinical evaluation of patients with heart and lung disease. Circulation 2011;123: 668-80.
163. Revill SM, Singh SJ, Morgan MD. Randomized controlled trial of ambulatory oxygen and an ambulatory ventilator on endurance exercise in COPD. Respir Med 2000;94:778-83. (Pubitemid 30628239)
164. Emtner M, Porszasz J, Burns M, et al. Benefits of supplemental oxygen in exercise training in nonhypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1034-42. (Pubitemid 37338931)
165. Rooyackers JM, Dekhuijzen PN, Van Herwaarden CL, et al. Training with supplemental oxygen in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia at peak exercise. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1278-84. (Pubitemid 27278246)
166. Garrod R, Paul EA, Wedzicha JA. Supplemental oxygen during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD with exercise hypoxaemia. Thorax 2000;55:539-43. (Pubitemid 30398265)
167. Dyer F, Callaghan J, Cheema K, et al. Ambulatory oxygen improves the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in selected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis 2012;9:83-91.
168. Wadell K, Henriksson-Larsen K, Lundgren R. Physical training with and without oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exercise-induced hypoxaemia. J Rehabil Med 2001;33:200-5. (Pubitemid 32834145)
169. Rodrigo G, Pollack C, Rodrigo C, et al. Heliox for treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(2): CD003571.
170. Ho AM, Lee A, Karmakar MK, et al. Heliox vs air-oxygen mixtures for the treatment of patients with acute asthma: a systematic overview. Chest 2003;123:882-90. (Pubitemid 36315507)
171. Scorsone D, Bartolini S, Saporiti R, et al. Does a low-density gas mixture or oxygen supplementation improve exercise training in COPD? Chest 2010;138:1133-9.
172. Sillen MJ, Speksnijder CM, Eterman RM, et al. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation of muscles of ambulation in patients with chronic heart failure or COPD: a systematic review of the English-language literature. Chest 2009;136:44-61.
173. Roig M, Reid WD. Electrical stimulation and peripheral muscle function in COPD: a systematic review. Respir Med 2009;103:485-95.
174. Vivodtzev I, Pepin JL, Vottero G, et al. Improvement in quadriceps strength and dyspnea in daily tasks after 1 month of electrical stimulation in severely deconditioned and malnourished COPD. Chest 2006;129:1540-8. (Pubitemid 43894983)
175. Zanotti E, Felicetti G, Maini M, et al. Peripheral muscle strength training in bed-bound patients with COPD receiving mechanical ventilation: effect of electrical stimulation. Chest 2003;124:292-6. (Pubitemid 36851365)
176. Vivodtzev I, Debigare R, Gagnon P, et al. Functional and muscular effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in patients with severe COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Chest 2012;141:716-25.
177. Bourjeily-Habr G, Rochester CL, Palermo F, et al. Randomised controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation of the lower extremities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002;57:1045-9. (Pubitemid 35440764)
178. Neder JA, Sword D, Ward SA, et al. Home based neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a new rehabilitative strategy for severely disabled patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thorax 2002;57:333-7. (Pubitemid 34298931)
179. Dal Corso S, Napolis L, Malaguti C, et al. Skeletal muscle structure and function in response to electrical stimulation in moderately impaired COPD patients. Respir Med 2007;101:1236-43. (Pubitemid 46667669)
180. Abdellaoui A, Prefaut C, Gouzi F, et al. Skeletal muscle effects of electrostimulation after COPD exacerbation: a pilot study. Eur Respir J 2011;38:781-8.
181. Newall C, Stockley RA, Hill SL. Exercise training and inspiratory muscle training in patients with bronchiectasis. Thorax 2005;60:943-8. (Pubitemid 41598210)
182. British Thoracic Society. Quality standards for clinically significant bronchiectasis in adults; 2012. British Thoracic Society Reports, 4.
183. Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT. British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax 2010;65:577.
184. Nishiyama O, Kondoh Y, Kimura T, et al. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2008;13:394-9. (Pubitemid 351503129)
185. Holland AE, Hill CJ, Glaspole I, et al. Predictors of benefit following pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease. Respir Med 2012;106:429-35.
186. Holland AE, Hill CJ, Conron M, et al. Short term improvement in exercise capacity and symptoms following exercise training in interstitial lung disease. Thorax 2008;63:549-54. (Pubitemid 351831168)
187. Cambach W, Chadwick-Straver RV, Wagenaar RC, et al. The effects of a community-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme on exercise tolerance and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Respir J 1997;10:104-13. (Pubitemid 27047189)
188. Chandratilleke MG, Carson KV, Picot J, et al. Physical training for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;(5):CD001116.
189. Holloway E, Ram FS. Breathing exercises for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(1):CD001277.
190. Singh SJ, Smith DL, Hyland ME, et al. A short outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme: immediate and longer-term effects on exercise performance and quality of life. Respir Med 1998;92:1146-54. (Pubitemid 28454346)
191. Foglio K, Bianchi L, Bruletti G, et al. Long-term effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic airway obstruction. Eur Respir J 1999;13:125-32. (Pubitemid 29079232)
192. Hill K, Bansal V, Brooks D, et al. Repeat pulmonary rehabilitation programs confer similar increases in functional exercise capacity to initial programs. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2008;28:410-4.
193. Guell R, Casan P, Belda J, et al. Long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation of COPD: a randomized trial. Chest 2000;117:976-83. (Pubitemid 30228351)
194. Foglio K, Bianchi L, Ambrosino N. Is it really useful to repeat outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programs in patients with chronic airway obstruction? A 2-year controlled study. Chest 2001;119:1696-704. (Pubitemid 32744924)
195. Romagnoli M, Dell'Orso D, Lorenzi C, et al. Repeated pulmonary rehabilitation in severe and disabled COPD patients. Respiration 2006;73:769-76. (Pubitemid 44795923)
196. Foglio K, Bianchi L, Bruletti G, et al. Seven-year time course of lung function, symptoms, health-related quality of life, and exercise tolerance in COPD patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Respir Med 2007;101: 1961-70. (Pubitemid 47163533)
197. Ries AL, Make BJ, Lee SM, et al. The effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in the national emphysema treatment trial. Chest 2005;128:3799-809. (Pubitemid 43062639)
198. Carr SJ, Hill K, Brooks D, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who previously completed a pulmonary rehabilitation program. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009;29:318-24.
199. Nishiyama O, Taniguchi H, Kondoh Y, et al. Factors in maintaining long-term improvements in health-related quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD. Qual Life Res 2005;14:2315-21. (Pubitemid 41674432)
200. Ketelaars CA, Abu-Saad HH, Schlosser MA, et al. Long-term outcome of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 1997;112:363-9. (Pubitemid 27349425)
201. Brooks D, Krip B, Mangovski-Alzamora S, et al. The effect of postrehabilitation programmes among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2002;20:20-9. (Pubitemid 34822917)
202. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Myers R, et al. Maintenance after pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:880-8. (Pubitemid 36801777)
203. Ringbaek T, Brondum E, Martinez G, et al. Long-term effects of 1-year maintenance training on physical functioning and health status in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2010;30:47-52.
204. Waterhouse JC, Walters SJ, Oluboyede Y, et al. A randomised 2×2 trial of community versus hospital pulmonary rehabilitation, followed by telephone or conventional follow-up. Health Technol Assess 2010;14:i-v, vii-xi, 1-140.
205. du Moulin M, Taube K, Wegscheider K, et al. Home-based exercise training as maintenance after outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Respiration 2009;77:139-45.
206. Wijkstra PJ, van der Mark TW, Kraan J, et al. Long-term effects of home rehabilitation on physical performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153(4 Pt 1):1234-41. (Pubitemid 26112584)
207. Wijkstra PJ, Ten Vergert EM, van Altena R, et al. Long term benefits of rehabilitation at home on quality of life and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1995;50:824-8.
208. Moullec G, Ninot G, Varray A, et al. An innovative maintenance follow-up program after a first inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Respir Med 2008;102:556-66.
209. NHS Medical Directorate. COPD Commissioning Toolkit. Pulmonary Rehabilitation Service Specification. 2012. http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/2012/08/ copd-toolkit/(accessed May 2013).
210. Jones RCM, Wang X, Harding S, et al. Educational impact of pulmonary rehabilitation: Lung Information Needs Questionnaire. Respir Med 2008;102:1439-45.
211. White R, Walker P, Roberts S, et al. Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire (BCKQ): testing what we teach patients about COPD. Chron Respir Dis 2006;3:123-31. (Pubitemid 44221183)