Glycerol: Production, consumption, prices, characterization and new trends in combustion

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 27, Issue , 2013, Pages 475-493

  Quispe, César A G ^a,b   Coronado, Christian J R ^c   Carvalho, João A ^a  

^a SÃO PAULO STATE UNIVERSITY UNESP   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS   (Peru)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF ITAJUBÁ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Biodiesel; Byproducts; Combustion; Glycerol

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE FUELS; BYPRODUCTS; COMBUSTION; COMMERCE; COSTS; FEEDSTOCKS; FOSSIL FUELS; GLYCEROL; RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES;

CRUDE GLYCEROL; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ENERGY; FUEL PRICES; GLOBAL OIL INDUSTRY; GLYCEROL PRODUCTION; INDUSTRIALISATION; LARGE AMOUNTS; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE; RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS;

BIODIESEL;

EID: 84881274412     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.017     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. B Delfort, I Durand, G Hillion, A Jaecker-Voirol, and X. Montagne Glycerin for new biodiesel formulation Oil & Gas Science and Technology 63 2008 395 404
2. A. Demirbas Political, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels: a review Applied Energy 86 2009 108 117
3. F Ma, and MA. Hanna Biodiesel production: a review Bioresource Technology 70 1999 1 15 (Pubitemid 29225069)
4. HN Bhatti, MA Hanif, M Qasim, and Ata-ur-Rehman Biodiesel production from waste tallow Fuel 87 2008 2961 2966
5. T Pramanik, and S. Tripathi Biodiesel: clean fuel of the future Hydrocarbon Processing 84 2005 49 54
6. L Bournay, D Casanave, B Delfort, G Hillion, and JA. Chodorge New heterogeneous process for biodiesel production: a way to improve the quality and the value of the crude glycerin produced by biodiesel plants Catalysis Today 106 2005 190 192
7. G Knothe, J van Gerpen, and J Krahl The biodiesel handbook 2005 AOCS Press Champaign, Illinois, USA
8. C. Woo Clean fuel trends in Asia: contribution of MTBE Hydrocarbon Processing 86 2007 85 88 05.Jul.2007
9. M Vidosh, V Praksh, and Ch. Alok Impacts of bio-fuel use: a review International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST) 3 2011 3776 3782
10. AJ Yuste, and MP. Dorado A neural network approach to simulate biodiesel production from waste olive oil Energy & Fuels 20 2006 399 402 (Pubitemid 43292845)
11. M González-Pajuelo, JC Andrade, and I. Vasconcelos Production of 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 using a synthetic medium and crude glycerol Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 31 2004 442 446 (Pubitemid 40012727)
12. JC Thompson, and BB. He Characterization of crude glycerol from biodiesel production from multiple feedstocks Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22 2006 261 265 (Pubitemid 43804995)
13. Miller-Klein Associates, Impact of Biodiesel Production on the Glycerol Market, October 2006, pp. 1-5. UK.
14. JA Melero, G Vicente, G Morales, M Paniagua, JM Moreno, and R Roldán Acid-catalyzed etherification of bio-glycerol and isobutylene over sulfonic mesoestructured sílicas Applied Catalysis A: General 346 2008 44 51
15. M Pagliario, R Ciriminna, H Kimura, M Rossi, and C. Della Pina From glycerol to value-added products Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46 2007 4434 4440 (Pubitemid 46954591)
16. W. Borzani Batch ethanol fermentation: the correlation between the fermentation efficiency and the biomass initial concentration depends on what is considered as produced ethanol Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 37 2006 87 89 (Pubitemid 43794015)
17. SS Yazdani, and R. Gonzalez Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a path to economic viability for the biofuels industry Current Opinion in Biotechnology 18 2007 213 219 (Pubitemid 46880288)
18. WJ. Choi Glycerol-based biorefinery for fuels and chemicals Recent Patents on Biotechnology 2 3 2008 173 180
19. Ruth, L., Bio or bust? The economic and ecological cost of biofuels. EMBO Reports 2008;12(9):130-133. (Pubitemid 351223448)
20. JPW Scharlemann, and WF. Laurance How green are biofuels? Science 319 5859 2008 43 44
21. Foglia TA, Nelson LA, Marmer WN. Production of biodiesel lubricants and fuel and lubricant additives, Patent US5713965; 1998.
22. JA. Hunt A short history of soap The Pharmaceutical Journal 263 7076 1999 985 989
23. BW. Gesslein Humectants in personal care formulation: a practical guide R Schueller, P Romanowski, Conditioning agents for hair and skin 1999 Marcel Dekker, Inc 95 96
24. N Rahmat, AZ Abdullah, and AR. Mohamed Recent progress on innovative and potential technologies for glycerol transformation into fuel additives: a critical review Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 2010 987 1000
25. RH Perry, DW Green, and JOH. Maloney Perry's chemical engineers' handbook 7th ed. 1997 McGraw-Hill USA
26. JE. Brady General chemistry principles and structure 5th ed. 1990 John Wiley & Sons Inc New York
27. J Blieck, F Affouard, P Bordat, A Lerbret, and M. Descamps Molecular dynamics simulations of glycerol glass-forming liquid Chemical Physics 317 2005 253 257 (Pubitemid 41501725)
28. Lópes FD, Revilla JL, Munilla MH. Glycerol, In: Manual dos derivados da cana-de-açúcar: diversificação, matérias primas, derivados do bagaço do melaço, outros derivados, resíduos, energia, Brasília ABIPTI; 1999. cap. 5.4:393-397.
29. YH Chung, DE Rico, CM Martinez, TW Cassidy, N Noirot, and A Ames Effects of feeding dry glycerin to early postpartum Holstein dairy cows on lactational performance and metabolic profiles Journal of Dairy Science 90 2007 5682 5691 (Pubitemid 350254458)
30. CS Miner, and NN. Dalton American chemical society, monograph series 1953 Reinhold Publishing Company New York
31. The Soap and Detergent Association. Glycerine: An Overview. New York; 1990.
32. RR Soares, DA Simonetti, and JA. Dumesic Glycerol as a source for fuels and chemicals by low-temperature catalytic processing Angewandte Chemie 45 24 2006 3982 3985 (Pubitemid 44105703)
33. AL Da Silva, and IL. Müller Operation of solid oxide fuel cells on glycerol fuel: a thermodynamic analysis using the Gibbs free energy minimization approach Journal of Power Sources 195 2010 5637 5644
34. Vaz VHS, Carvalho JBR, Sant'anna MC, Silva MS. Viabilidade de usina de briquete de casca de coco e glicerina em Sergipe, II Fórum Brasileiro de Energia, 2010, Bento Gonçalves - RS - Brasil, 〈http:// www.institutoventuri.com.br/energia/trabalhos/05.pdf/⌠(accessed 05 October 2011)
35. T Thamsiriroj, and JD. Murphy Can rape seed biodiesel meet the European Union sustainability criteria for biofuels? Energy & Fuels 24 2010 1720 1730
36. DR Lide Handbook of chemistry and physics 84th ed. 1999 Fla.: CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton
37. M. Stelmachowski Utilization of glycerol, a by-product of the transesterification process of vegetable oils: a review Ecological Chemistry and Engineering's 18 2011 9 30
38. LR. Morrison Glycerol, in encyclopedia of chemical technology 11 1994 Wiley New York 921 932
39. Y Dharmadi, A Murarka, and R. Gonzalez Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol by Escherichia coli: a new platform for metabolic engineering Biotechnology and Bioengineering 94 2006 821 829 (Pubitemid 44186890)
40. OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report, Glycerol Cas No. 56-81-5, París; 2002, Available in: 〈http://www.inchem.org/ documents/sids/sids/56815.pdfâŒ, (accessed 19 May 2013).
41. DB. Appleby Glycerol G Knothe, J van Gerpen, J Krahl, The biodiesel handbook 2005 AOCS Publishing
42. D Hedtke Glycerine processing YH Hui., Bailey's industrial oil & fat products, Volume 5: industrial and consumer nonedible products from oils and fats 5th ed. 1996 Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York 275 308
43. Van Gerpen J, Shanks B, Pruszko R, Clements D, Knothe G, Biodiesel production technology August 2002-January 2004, Report no. NREL/SR-510-36244, US DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2004. Colorado, USA.
44. MD Bohon, BA Metzger, WP Linak, CJ King, and WL. Roberts Glycerol combustion and emissions Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33 2011 2717 2724
45. EET Corp. Glycerol Purication., available at 〈http:// www.eetcorp.com/heepm/biodiesel.pdf⌠(accessed 18 May 2013).
46. G Francis, R Edinger, and K. Becker A concept for simultaneous wasteland reclamation, fuel production, and socioeconomic development in degraded areas in India: need, potential and perspectives of Jatropha Plantations Natural Resources Forum 29 2005 12 24 (Pubitemid 40472797)
47. Banse M, Tabeau A, Woltjer G, van Meijl G, van Meijl H, Impact of European Union Biofuel Policies on World Agricultural and Food Markets. In: Paper submitted for the GTAP conference; 2007.
48. Suppes GJ. Biobased propylene glycol and monomers from natural glycerin. EPA; 2006, Available in: 〈http://epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/ pgcc/winners/aa06.htmlâŒ, (accessed 26 December 2012).
49. Lima PCR. O Biodiesel no Brasil e no Mundo e o Potencial no Estado da Paraíba. Consultoria Legislativa, maio 2007. 〈http:// www2.camara.gov.br/documentos-e-pesquisa/publicacoes/estnottec/tema16/2007-1951. pdfâŒ, (accessed 20 December 2012).
50. EK. Wilson Vegetable-oil-derived biodiesel, a cheap and plentiful alternative to petroleum products, is rising in popularity Chemical & Engineering News 2002 80
51. G. Vermeersch Development of a biodiesel activity Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides 8 2001 33 38
52. S Adhikari, S Fernando, and A. Haryanto Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of glycerin over alumina-supported metal catalysts Catalysis Today 129 2007 355 364 (Pubitemid 350101109)
53. MF Demirbas, and M. Balat Recent advances on the production and utilization trends of biofuels: a global perspective Energy Conversion and Management 47 2006 2371 2381
54. Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, Official Journal of the European Union, 17 May 2003.
55. Emerging Markets Online (EMO): Biodiesel 2020: A Global Market Survey. 2nd ed. EMO, Houston, TX (USA); 2008, 〈http://www.emerging- markets.com/biodiesel/⌠(accessed 19 August 2012).
56. X Fan, R Burton, and Y. Zhou Glycerol (Byproduct of Biodiesel production) as source for fuels and chemicals - min review The Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 3 2010 17 22
57. United States Department of Agriculture, Current World Production, Markets and Trade Reports, Oilseeds: World Markets & Trade, May 2013. 〈http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/Current/âŒ, (accessed 10 May 2013).
58. FD Gunstone Market report Lipid Technology 20 2008 264
59. National Biodiesel Board, US Biodiesel Production Capacity; 2012, available at 〈http://www.biodiesel.org/production/production- statistics⌠(accessed May 2013).
60. Palm Oil HQ, Crude and Refined Palm Oil Global Market Information, Available in: 〈http://www.palm-oil.orgâŒ; (accessed 10 May 2013).
61. ICISpricing, 2012 a, Sample report; 20th April 2011, Glycerine (US Gulf), 〈http://www.icispricing.com/il-shared/Samples/SubPage213. asp⌠(accessed Jun 2011).
62. PRWeb. Global Glycerin Market to Reach 4.4 Billion Pounds by 2015, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc, October 29, 2010. 〈http://www.prweb.com/releases/glycerin-natural/ oleo-chemicals/prweb4714434.htmâŒ, (accessed 20 May 2013)
63. Bizzari S, Blagoev M, Mori H. Glycerin, Chemical Economics Handbook - SRI Consulting, Jun 2012, 〈http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/ planning/ceh/glycerin.aspx?pu=1&rd=chemihs⌠(accessed 20 May 2013).
64. JO Metzger Fats and oils as renewable feedstock for chemistry European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 111 2009 865 876
65. Sims B. Growing demand for glycerin to keep up with supply increases, Biodiesel Magazine, 25.Jan.2011, 〈http://biodieselmagazine. com/articles/7553/growing-demand-for-glycerin-to-keep-up-with-supply- increasesâŒ, (accessed 20 May 2013).
66. G Sabourin-Provost, and PC. Hallenbeck High yield conversion of a crude glycerol fraction from biodiesel production to hydrogen by photofermentation Bioresource Technology 100 2009 3513 3517
67. ICISpricing, 2012 b, Sample report, 14th Nov 2012, Glycerine (Europe), 〈http://www.icispricing.com/il-shared/Samples/SubPage170. aspâŒ. (accessed 21 May 2013).
68. D. Nilles Combating the glycerin glut Biodiesel Magazin vol.6 2006 5 6 accessed 24 October 2011 〈http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/ articles/1123/combating-the-glycerin-glut/âŒ
69. U.S. Soybean Export Council Inc, Glycerin Market Analysis, Indianapolis, U.S.A., 2008. Available in: 〈http://www.google.com/url?sa= t&rct=j&q=crude%20glycerin%20is%20volatile&source=web&cd= 7&ved=0CFAQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asaimsea.com%2Fdownload-doc. php%3Ffile%3DGlycerin%2520Market%2520Analysis-Final.pdf&ei= brDaTob5JYuftwetsMjtAQ&usg=AFQjCNE5ZJXrlrpTsh5VPOePQ24YiPYILgâŒ, (accessed Jan 2013)
70. WD. Deckwer Microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol FEMS Microbiology Reviews 16 1995 43 49
71. TH Willke, and KD. Vorlop Industrial bioconversion of renewable resources as an alternative to conventional chemistry Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 66 2004 131 142
72. M. McCoy Agribusiness giant goes head-to-head against petroleum-based chemical companies Chemical & Engineering News 84 2006 32
73. M. McCoy Glycerin Surplus: plants are closing and new uses for the chemical are being found Chemical & Engineering News 84 6 2006 7
74. M Pagliaro, and M. Rossi The future of glycerol: new uses of a versatile raw material RSC Green Chemistry 5 2008 212 218
75. T Werpy, G Petersen, A Aden, J Bozell, J Holladay, and J White Top value added chemicals from biomass, Volume I: Results of screening for potential candidates from sugars and synthesis gas. United States Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 2004 accessed 24 October 2011 〈http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/ 15008859-s6ri0N/native/âŒ
76. M McCoy, and Gambit Glycerin Making chemicals from the biodiesel by-product proves challenging Chemical & Engineering News 87 2009 16 17
77. Argus Media Ltd. Argus Biofuels: Premiums Steep Sideways, 2011, N 11-125, pp 1-5, 〈http://www.argusmedia.com/Bioenergy/∼/media/ Files/PDFs/Samples/Argus-Biofuels.ashxâŒ, (accessed 24 October 2011).
78. GP Da Silva, M Mack, and J. Contiero Glycerol: a promising and abundant carbon source for industrial microbiology Biotechnology Advances 27 2009 30 39
79. Gonçalves BRL, Perez L, Ângelo ACD. Glicerol: Uma inovadora fonte de energia proveniente da produção de biodiesel. 2nd International Workshop Advances in Cleaner Production, Key Elements for Sustainable World: Energy, Water and Climate Change, São Paulo-Brazil; May 2009.
80. Mota CJA, Pinto BP, Lyra JT. Obtenção de ésteres de glicerol para uso como aditivos a combustível. III Congresso da rede brasileira de biodiesel, Brasília, DF, 2009. Anais, v.3, 331-332; 2009.
81. G.P.A.G. Pousa, A.L.F. Santos, and P.A.Z. Suarez History and policy of biodiesel in Brazil Energy Policy 35 2007 5393 5398 (Pubitemid 47424008)
82. M Bowker, PR Davies, and LS. Al-Mazroai Photocatalytic reforming of glycerol over gold and palladium as an alternative fuel source Journal of Catalysis Letters 128 2008 253 255
83. R. Costa Glicerina: o tamanho do problema Revista Biodieselbr 1 3 2008 16 20 Paraná
84. Freitas SM, Nachiluk K. Desempenho da Produção Brasileira de Biodiesel em 2008. Análises e Indicadores do Agronegócio; 2009, 4(2).
85. ANP - Brazilian Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels; 2013 (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis. 2013). 〈http://www.anp.gov.br/ ⌠(accessed 25 May 2013)
86. Souza FGJr.: La Glicerina, un derivado de la producción de biodiesel podría limpiar derrames de petróleo en el mar. 16.Julio.2010. 〈http://biodiesel.com.ar/3799/la-glicerina-un- derivado-de-la-produccion-de-biodiesel-podria-limpiar-derrames-de-petroleo-en- el-marâŒ, (accessed 24 October 2011).
87. Sustanaible Carbon, Uso da glicerina por ceramic é destaque em revista, Julio 2010; Available in: 〈http:// carbonosustentavelbrasil.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/uso-de-glicerina-por-ceramica- e-destaque-em-revista/âŒ, (accessed February 2013).
88. Rivaldi JD, Sarrouh BF, Fiorilo R, da Silva SS. Glicerol de Biodiesel. Biotecnologia Ciencia & Desenvolvimento; 2007/2008, Ano 10, no. 37: 44-51.
89. A Beatriz, YJK Araújo, and DP. de Lima Glicerol: um breve histórico e aplicação em sínteses estereossetivas Química Nova 34 2 2011 306 319
90. DT Johnson, and KA. Taconi The glycerin glut: options for the value-added conversion of crude glycerol resulting from biodiesel production Environmental Progress 26 2007 338 348
91. BO Solomon, AP Zeng, H Biebl, H Schlieker, C Posten, and WD. Deckwer Comparison of the energetic efficiencies of hydrogen and oxychemicals formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium butyricum during anaerobic growth on glycerol Journal of Biotechnology 39 1995 107 117
92. A Schievano, G D'Imporzano, and F. Adani Substituting energy crops with organic wastes and agro-industrial residues for biogas production Journal of Environmental Management 90 2009 2537 2541
93. F Barbirato, D Chedaille, and A. Bories Propionic acid fermentation from glycerol: comparison with conventional substrates Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 47 1997 441 446 (Pubitemid 27217455)
94. F Barbirato, A. Suzette, P Soucaille, C Camarasa, JM Salmon, and A. Bories Anaerobic pathways of glycerol dissimilation by Enterobacter agglomerans CNCM 1210: limitations and regulations Microbiology 1997 423 432 143 1997 423 432
95. F Barbirato, EH Himmi, T Conte, and A. Bories 1,3-Propanediol production by fermentation: an interesting way to valorize glycerin from the ester and ethanol industries Industrial Crops and Products 7 1998 281 289 (Pubitemid 28051951)
96. JA. Kenar Glycerol as a platform, chemical: sweet opportunities on the horizon? Lipid Technology 19 11 2007 249 253
97. Oliveira FCC. Suarez PAZ, dos Santos WLP. Biodiesel: Possibilidades e Desafios. Química Nova na Escola; 2008;28 Brazil.
98. Soap and saponification. Available in: 〈http:// seattlecentral.edu/faculty/ptran/bastyr/summer%2007/organic%20lecture/ Experiment%204Soap%20Lecture.pdfâŒ, (accessed 21 May 2013)
99. S Papanikolaou, L Muniglia, I Chevalot, G Aggelis, and I. Marc Yarrowia lipolytica as a potential producer of citric acid from crude glycerol Journal of Applied Microbiology 92 2002 37 44
100. Y Mu, H Teng, DJ Zhang, W Wang, and ZL. Xiu Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae using crude glycerol biodiesel preparations Biotechnology Letters 28 2006 1755 1759 (Pubitemid 44454900)
101. M Canakci, and H. Sanli Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 35 2008 431 441
102. JM Marchetti, VU Miguel, and AF. Errazu Possible methods for biodiesel production Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 11 2007 1300 1311 (Pubitemid 44827857)
103. I. Miesiac Methods for utilization of the glycerine fraction from methanolysis of rape oil Przemysl Chemiczny 82 2003 1045 1047
104. U. Kreutzer Manufacture of fatty alcohols based on natural fats and oils Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 61 2 1984 343 348 (Pubitemid 14619900)
105. PAZ Suarez, SMP Meneguetti, MR Meneguetti, and CR. Wolf Transformação de triglicerídeos em combustíveis, materiais poliméricos e insumos químicos: algumas aplicações da catálise na oleoquímica Química Nova 30 2007 667 676
106. YH. Hui Bailey's industrial oil and fat products 5th ed. Edible oil and fat products: processing technology Volume 4 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc
107. G Hillion, B Delfort, D le Pennec, L Bournay, and JA. Chodorge Biodiesel production by a continuous process using a heterogeneous catalyst Fuel Chemistry 48 2 2003 636 638
108. Coronado C. JR. Thermoeconomical Analyses of a Biodiesel Production: Thecnical, Economical and Ecological Aspects (in Portuguese). 171f. Thesis (Doctorate in Mechanical Engineerig), São Paulo State University - UNESP, Campus of Guaratinguetá - FEG; 2010. São Paulo, Brazil
109. S Yan, C DiMaggio, S Mohan, M Kim, SO Salley, and Ng KY. Simon Advancements in heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel synthesis Topics in Catalysis 53 2010 721 736
110. UT. Bornscheuer Lipase-catalyzed syntheses of monoacylglycerols Enzyme and Microbial Technology 17 1995 578 586
111. Pachauri N, He B. Value added utilization of crude glycerol from biodiesel production: a survey of current research activities. In: Proceedings of the ASABE annual international meeting, Portland, Oregon. 9-12 July 2006. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), St. Joseph, Missouri, USA, 2006.
112. SRS Engineering Corporation; 2008, Available in: 〈 http://www.srsbiodiesel.com/GlycerinSpecifications.aspxâŒ, (accessed 07 December 2011)
113. P Kenkel, and R. Holcomb Feasibility of on-farm or small scale oilseed processing and biodiesel BC English, J Menard, K Jensen, Integration of agricultural and energy systems 2008 Global Bioenergy Partner-ship Atlanta, Georgia
114. JA Posada, CA Cardona, and DM. Cetina Bioglicerol como materia prima para la obtención de productos de valor agregado. En Cardona CA. Avances investigativos en la producción de biocombustibles 2009 Artes Graficas Tizán Manizales 103 127
115. Soap and Detergent Association, Why Glycerin USP?, 2000, U.S.A.
116. FD Gunstone Vegetable oils in food technology: composition Properties and uses 2nd ed. 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
117. Chetpattananondh P, Rukprasoot J, Bunyakan Ch. Tongurai Ch. Glycerolysis of crude glycerol derived from biodiesel process. In: PSU-UNS International Conference on Engineering and Environment - ICEE-2005, Novi Sad, Serbia-Montenegro, 19-21 May; 2005, pp. 1-5.
118. R D'Aquino, and G. Ondrey Outlets for glycerin Chemical Engineering -New York 114 9 2007 31 37
119. A Abbadi, and HV. Bekkum Highly selective oxidation of aldonic acids to 2-keto-aldonic acids over Pt-Bi and Pt-Pb catalysts Applied Catalysis A: General 124 1995 409 417
120. H. Kimura Oxidation assisted new reaction of glycerol Polymers for Advanced Technologies 12 2001 697 710 (Pubitemid 34039636)
121. H. Kimura Polyketomalonate by catalytic oxidation of glycerolover a CeBiPt catalyst II Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 1996 3607 3614 (Pubitemid 126630979)
122. H. Kimura Polyketomalonates by catalytic oxidation of glycerol I Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 1996 3595 3605
123. H. Kimura Poly(ketomalonate) by catalytic oxidation of glycerol(4)anionic polymerization Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 1998 195 205 (Pubitemid 128577005)
124. M Besson, and P. Gallezot Selective oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes on metal catalysts Catalysis Today 57 2000 127 141
125. S. Carrettin, P. McMorn, P. Johnston, K. Griffin, C.J. Kiely, and G.J. Hutchings Oxidation of glycerol using supported Pt, Pd and Au catalysts Chemical Physics 5 2003 1329 1336
126. R Garcia, M Besson, and P. Gallezot Chemoselective catalytic oxidation of glycerol with air on platinum metals Applied Catalysis A: General 127 1995 165 176
127. P. Gallezot Selective oxidation with air on metal catalysts Catalysis Today 37 1997 405 418 (Pubitemid 127403448)
128. P Fordham, M Besson, and P. Gallezot Selective catalytic oxidation of glyceric acid to tartronic and hydroxypyruvic acids Applied Catalysis A: General 133 1995 179 184
129. R Ciriminna, G Palmisano, CD Pina, M Rossi, and M. Pagliaro One-pot electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol to DHA Tetrahedron Letters 47 2006 6993 6995 (Pubitemid 44278972)
130. DJ Pyle, RA Garcia, and Z. Wen Producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich algae from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol: effect of impurities on DHA production and algal biomass composition Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 56 2008 3933 3939 (Pubitemid 351967929)
131. WR Davis, J Tomsho, S Nikam, EM Cook, D Somand, and JA. Peliska Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-catalyzed DNA strand transfer reactions by 4-chlorophenylhydrazone of mesoxalic acid Biochemistry-US 39 2000 14279 14291
132. H Kimura, and K. Tsuto Catalytic synthesis of DL-serine and glycine from glycerol Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 70 10 1993 1027 1030
133. MA Dasari, PP Kiatsimkul, WR Sutterlin, and GJ. Suppes Lowpressure hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol Applied Catalysis A: General 281 2005 225 231
134. Y Zheng, X Chen, and Y. Shen Commodity chemicals derived from glycerol, an important biorefinery feedstock Chemical Reviews 108 12 2008 5253 5277
135. RA. Holser Development of new products from biodiesel glycerin CT Hou, JF Shaw, Biocatalysis and bioenergy 2008 Wiley-Interscience New Jersey 154
136. C Zhou, JN Beltramini, Y Fan, and GQ. Lu Chemoselective catalytic conversion of glycerol as a biorenewable source to valuable commodity chemicals Chemical Society Reviews 37 3 2008 527 549
137. Y Gu, A Azzouzi, Y Pouilloux, F Jerome, and J. Barrault Heterogeneously catalyzed etherification of glycerol: new pathways for transformation of glycerol to more valuable chemicals Green Chemistry 10 2 2008 164 167 (Pubitemid 351199046)
138. YC Kim, NC Park, JS Shin, SR Lee, YJ Lee, and DJ. Moon Partial oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide over nanosized Ag/α-Al2O3 catalysts Catalysis Today 87 2003 153 162
139. Girke W, Klenk H, Arntz D, Haas T, Neher A. Patent: US5387720, Process for the production of acroleína; 1995.
140. W Bühler, E Dinjus, HJ Ederer, A Kruse, and C. Mas Ionic reactions and pyrolysis of glycerol as competing reaction pathways in near- and supercritical water Journal of Supercritical Fluids 22 2002 37 53
141. T Hirai, NO Ikenaga, T Miyake, and T. Suzuki Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of glycerin on ruthenium catalyst Energy & Fuels 19 2005 1761 1762
142. S Adhikari, SD Fernando, and A. Haryanto Hydrogen production from glycerin by steam reforming over nickel catalysts Renewable Energy 33 5 2008 1097 1100
143. C Santibáñez, MT Varnero, and M. Bustamante Residual glycerol from biodiesel manufacturing, waste or potential source of bioenergy: a review Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 71 3 2011 469 475
144. E Garcia, M Laca, E Perez, A Garrido, and J. Peinado Newclass of acetal derived from glycerin as a biodiesel fuel component Energy & Fuels 22 6 2008 4274 4280
145. H Baumann, M Bühler, H Fochem, F Hirsinger, H Zoebelein, and J. Falbe Natural fats and oils - renewable raw materials for the chemical industry Angewandte Chemie International Edition of England 27 1 1988 41 62 (Pubitemid 18609199)
146. Kesling HS, Karas LJ, Liotta FJ.Jr.: Patent US5308365; 1994.
147. Gupta, VP. Patent US5476971, Glycerine ditertiary butyl ether preparation; 1995.
148. A Jaecker-Voirol, I Durand, G Hillion, B Delfort, and X. Montagne Glycerin for new biodiesel formulation Oil & Gas Science and Technology 63 4 2008 395 404
149. JM Clacens, Y Pouilloux, and J. Barrault Selective etherification of glycerol to polyglycerols over impregnated basic MCM-41 type mesoporous catalysts Applied Catalysis A: General 227 2002 181 190 (Pubitemid 34154246)
150. H Kunieda, A Akahane, J Feng, and M. Ishitobi Phase behavior of polyglycerol didodecanoates in water Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 245 2002 365 370 (Pubitemid 34948430)
151. KA Oudhoff, FA Van Damme, EPC Mes, PJ Schoenmakers, and WT. Kok Characterization of glycerin-based polyols by capillary electrophoresis Journal of Chromatography A 1046 2004 263 269 (Pubitemid 39044450)
152. 2 in the presence of zeolites and ion exchange resins Catalysis Letters 56 1998 245 247 (Pubitemid 128480991)
153. A Dibenedetto, C Pastore, and M. Aresta Direct carboxylation of alcohols to organic carbonates: comparison of the group 5 element alkoxides catalytic activity an insight into the reaction mechanism and its key steps Catalysis Today 115 2006 88 94 (Pubitemid 43765656)
154. M Aresta, A Dibenedetto, F Nocito, and C. Pastore A study on the carboxylation of glycerol to glycerol carbonate with carbon dioxide: the role of the catalyst, solvent and reaction conditions Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 257 2006 149 153 (Pubitemid 44332316)
155. S. Claude Research of new outlets for glycerol - recent developments in France European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 101 3 1999 101 104
156. V Plasman, T Caulier, and N. Boulos Polyglycerol esters demonstrate superior antifogging properties for films Plastics Additives and Compounding 7 2 2005 30 33 (Pubitemid 40467208)
157. A Hiremath, M Kannabiran, and V. Rangaswamy 1,3-Propanediol production from crude glycerol from jatropha biodiesel process New Biotechnology 28 1 2011 19 23
158. SH Lee, DR Park, H Kim, J Lee, JC Jung, and SY. Woo Direct preparation of dichloropropanol (DCP) from glycerol using heteropolyacid (HPA) catalysts: a catalyst screen study Catalysis Communications 9 2008 1920 1923
159. G Volpato, RC Rodrigues, and JX. Heck Ayub MAZ. Production of organic solvent tolerant lipase by staphylococcus caseolyticus EX17 using crude glycerol as substrate Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 83 2008 821 828 (Pubitemid 351771703)
160. BIODIESEL, Rev. Ed. Letra Boreal, http://ISSN:1980-4008, no. 30 pp 16-17, Julho; 2008.
161. F Barbirato, and A. Bories Relationship between the physiology of Enterobacter agglomerans CNCM 1210 grown anaerobically on glycerol and the culture conditions Research in Microbiology 48 1997 475 484 (Pubitemid 27404872)
162. K Menzel, AP Zeng, and WD. Deckwer High concentration and productivity of 1,3-propanediol from continuous fermentation of glycerol by Klebsiella pneumonia Enzyme and Microbial Technology 20 1997 82 86 (Pubitemid 27065118)
163. ZX Wang, J Zhuge, H Fang, and BA. Prior Glycerol production by microbial fermentation: a review Biotechnology Advances 19 2001 201 223 (Pubitemid 32692995)
164. KL Zamzow, TK Tsukamoto, and GC. Miller Waste from biodiesel manufacturing as an inexpensive carbon source for bioreactors treating acid mine drainage Mine Water & the Environment 25 2006 163 170 (Pubitemid 44372959)
165. S Cerrate, F Yan, Z Wang, C Coto, P Sacakli, and PW. Waldroup Evaluation of glycerine from biodiesel production as a feed ingredient for broilers Journal of Poultry Science 5 2006 1001 1007
166. V Roger, G Fonty, C Andre, and P. Gouet Effects of glycerol on the growth, adhesion, and cellulolytic activity of rumen cellulolytic bacteria and anaerobic fungi Current Microbiology 25 1992 197 201
167. Schroder A, Sudekum HK. Glycerol as a by-product of the biodiesel production in diets for ruminants. 10th International Rapseed Congress. Canberra, Australia; 1999 〈http://www.regional.org.au/au/ gcirc/1/241.htm⌠(accessed 22 October 2011).
168. Donkin SS, Doane P. Gylcerol as a feed ingredient in dairy rations. In: Tri State Dairy Nutrition Conference. April 2007. 97-103.
169. Kerley MC. 2007. Could glycerin - a biodiesel byproduct - be used as a cattle feed? Science Daily. 〈http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2007/05/070525090245.htmâŒ, (accessed 22 October 2011).
170. G Della Casa, D Bochicchio, V Faeti, G Marchetto, E Poletti, and A Rossi Use of pure glycerol in fattening heavy pigs Meat Science 81 1 2009 238 244
171. C Beatrice, G Di Blasio, M Lazzaro, C Cannilla, G Bonura, F Frusteri, F Asdrubali, G Baldinelli, A Presciutti, F Fantozzi, G Bidini, and P. Bartocci Technologies for energetic exploitation of biodiesel chain derived glycerol:
172. M Slinn, K Kendall, C Mallon, and J. Andrews Steam reforming of biodiesel by-product to make renewable hydrogen Bioresource Technology 99 2008 5851 5858 (Pubitemid 351625827)
173. 3 catalyst Fuel 87 13/14 2008 2956 2960
174. T Ito, Y Nakashimada, S Koichiro, T Matsui, and N. Nishio Hydrogen and ethanol production from glycerol-containing wastes discharged after biodiesel manufacturing process Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 100 2005 260 265 (Pubitemid 41755289)
175. 2 production from biomass-derived hydrocarbons Science 300 2003 2075 2077 (Pubitemid 36760129)
176. G Wen, Y Xu, H Ma, Z Xu, and Z. Tian Production of hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 6657 6666
177. B Zhang, X Tang, Y Li, Y Xu, and W. Shen Hydrogen production from steam reforming of ethanol and glycerol over ceria-supported metal catalysts International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 2007 2367 2373 (Pubitemid 47302614)
178. Caetano de AC Souza, and JL. Silveira Hydrogen production utilizing glycerol from renewable feed stocks - the case of Brazil Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 4 2011 1835 1850
179. M Pagliaro, and M. Rossi The future of glycerol. New usages for a versatile raw material RSC Green Chem Book Ser 5 2008 212 218
180. W Guodong, X Yunpeng, M Huaijun, X Zhusheng, and T. Zhijian Production of hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol International Association for Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 6657 6666
181. AO Menezes, MT Rodrigues, A Zimmaro, LEP Borges, and MA. Fraga Production of renewable hydrogen from aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol over Pt catalysts supported on different oxides Renewable Energy 36 2 2011 595 599
182. RD Cortright, RR Davda, and JA. Dumesic Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid water Nature 418 2002 964 967 (Pubitemid 34976029)
183. P Tuza, R Manfro, N Ribeiro, and M. Souza Production of renewable hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol over Ni-Cu catalysts derived from hydrotalcite precursors Renewable Energy 50 2013 408 414
184. C Wang, B Dou, H Chen, Y Song, Y Xu, and X Du Renewable hydrogen production from steam reforming of glycerol by Ni-Cu-Al, Ni-Cu-Mg, Ni-Mg catalysts International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 9 2013 3562 3571
185. K Kamonsuangkasem, S Therdthianwong, and A. Therdthianwong Hydrogen production from yellow glycerol via catalytic oxidative steam reforming Fuel Processing Technology 106 2013 695 703
186. F Gutiérrez, P Ollero, A Serrera, and S. Galera Optimization of power and hydrogen production from glycerol by supercritical water reforming Chemical Engineering Journal 218 2013 309 318
187. A Reungsang, S Sittijunda, and S O-thong Bio-hydrogen production from glycerol by immobilized Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 on heat-treated UASB granules as affected by organic loading rate International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 17 2013 6970 6979
188. Y. Lin Catalytic valorization of glycerol to hydrogen and syngas International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 6 2013 2678 2700
189. RS Karinen, and AOI. Krause New biocomponents from glycerol Applied Catalysis 306 2006 128 133
190. H Noureddini, WR Daily, and BA. Hunt Production of ethers of glycerol from crude glycerol-the by-product of biodiesel production Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering - Research 13 1998 121 129
191. W Kiatkittipong, S Suwanmanee, N Laosiripojana, P Praserthdam, and S. Assabumrungrat Cleaner gasoline production by using glycerol as fuel extender Fuel Processing Technology 91 5 2010 456 460
192. S Fernando, S Adhikari, K Kota, and R. Bandi Glycerol based automotive fuels from future biorefineries Fuel 86 17/18 2007 2806 2809 (Pubitemid 350007574)
193. JA Melero, R van Grieken, G Morales, and M. Paniagua Acidic mesoporous silica for the acetylation of glycerol: synthesis of bioadditives to petrol fuel Energy & Fuels 21 2007 1782 1791 (Pubitemid 46929400)
194. K Klepácova, D Mravec, A Kaszonyi, and M. Bajus Etherification of glycerol and ethylene glycol by isobutylene Applied Catalysis A: General 328 2007 1 13 (Pubitemid 47058243)
195. P Ferreira, IM Fonseca, AM Ramos, J Vital, and JE. Castanheiro Esterification of glycerol with acetic acid over dodecamolybdophosphoric acid encaged in USY zeolite Catalysis Communications 10 2009 481 484
196. MR Agnieszka, DM Johannes, WM Bonny, BH Kuipers, and BM. Erne' Glycerol etherification over highly active CaO-based materials: new mechanistic aspects and related colloidal particle formation Chemistry A European Journal 14 2008 2016 2024
197. K Klepácova, D Mravec, and M. Bajus tert-Butylation of glycerol catalysed by ionexchange resins Applied Catalysis A: General 294 2005 141 147
198. 3 Catalysis Communications 9 2008 2112 2116
199. Tran BL, Hamnik JM, Blubaugh SJ. Hydraulic fluids and fire-resistant fluids comprising glycerin containing by-products. USPTO patent application 20080085846, Class: 508583, ser. no. 11/420,140; 2006
200. A Alhanash, EF Kozhevnikova, and IV. Kozhevnikov Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediol over Ru:polyoxometalate bifunctional catalyst Catalysis Letters 120 2008 307 311
201. C Chiu, MA Dasari, GJ Suppes, and WR. Sutterlin Dehydration of glycerol to acetol via catalytic reactive distillation AIChE Journal 52 10 2006 3543 3548 (Pubitemid 44519581)
202. F Gutiérrez, A Serrera, S Galera, and P. Ollero Methanol synthesis from syngas obtained by supercritical water reforming of glycerol Fuel 105 2013 739 751
203. Goetsch D, Machay IS, White LR. Production of methanol from the crude glycerol by-product of producing biodiesel. United States Patent. S7388034B1,; 2008.
204. SCE Tsang, WO Oduru, and DJ. Redman European patent application. methanol production process World Intellectual Property Organization 2009 WO130452A1
205. S Duan, L Chen, F Su, J Lin, C He, and C Weckbecker European patent application. oxygenated hydrocarbon reforming World Intellectual Property Organization 2010 WO104467A1
206. JA Posada, and CA. Cardona Design and analysis of fuel ethanol production from raw glycerol Energy 35 12 2010 5286 5293
207. BR Oh, JW Seo, SY Heo, WK Hong, LH Luo, and MH Joe Efficient production of ethanol from crude glycerol by a Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant strain Bioresource Technology 102 4 2011 3918 3922
208. PFF Amaral, TF Ferreira, GC FonteS, and MAZ. Coelho Glycerol valorization: new biotechnological routes Food and Bioproducts Processing 87 3 2009 179 186
209. JM Defrain, AR Hippen, KF Kalscheur, and PW. Jardon Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows: effects on blood metabolites and lactation performance Journal of Dairy Science 87 2004 4195 4206 (Pubitemid 39606253)
210. SS Donkin, SL Koser, HM White, PH Doane, and MJ. Cecava Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows Journal of Dairy Science 92 10 2009 5111 5119
211. ER Carvalho, NS Schmelz-Roberts, HM White, PH Doane, and SS. Donkin Replacing corn with glycerol in diets for transition dairy cows Journal of Dairy Science 94 2 2011 908 916
212. Leoneti AB Oliveira SVWB, GMM Caldo, and MMB. Oliveira Generation of bioenergy and biofertilizer on a sustainable rural property Biomass and Bioenergy 35 7 2011 2608 2618
213. SJ Schieck, GC Shurson, BJ Kerr, and LJ. Johnston Evaluation of glycerol, a biodiesel coproduct, in grow-finish pig diets to support growth and pork quality Journal Animal Science 88 2010 3927 3935
214. MH Li, CD Minchew, DF Oberle, and EH. Robinson Evaluation of glycerol from biodiesel production as a feed ingredient for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 41 2010 1
215. YH Chung, DE Rico, CM Martinez, TW Cassidy, N Noirot, and A Ames Effects of feeding dry glycerin to early postpartum Holstein dairy cows on lactational performance and metabolic profiles Journal of Dairy Science 90 2007 5682 5691 (Pubitemid 350254458)
216. J Kansedo, KT Lee, and S. Bhatia Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil as a promising non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production Fuel 88 2009 1148 1150
217. SM Ferraro, GD Mendoza, LA Miranda, and CG. Gutierrez In vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation of glycerol, propylene glycol and molasses Animal Feed Science and Technology 154 2009 112 118
218. C Wang, Q Liu, WJ Huo, WZ Yang, KH Dong, and YX Huang Effects of glycerol on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers Animal Feed Science and Technology 121 2009 15 20
219. LJ Fisher, JD Erfle, GA Lodge, and FD. Sauer Effects of propylene glycol or glycerol supplementation of the diet of dairy cows on feed intake, milk yield and composition, and incidence of ketosis Canadian Journal of Animal Science 53 1973 289 296
220. GD Casa, D Bochicchio, V Faeti, G Marchetto, E Poletti, and A Rossi Use of pure glycerol in fattening heavy pigs Meat Science 81 2009 238 244
221. Irieb. Vegetable glycerin; 2009. Available at: 〈http:/ /www.vaporden.com/notes/Vegetable⌠Glycerin (accessed 26 December 2012).
222. Lee T, Johnson W, Earl R. May non-nutritive sweetened beverages with glycerine' IPC8 Class: AA23L238FI, USPC Class: 426590; 2008. Available at: 〈http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20080226795⌠(accessed 01 December 2012).
223. M Watanabe, T Iida, Y Aizawa, TM Aida, and H. Inomata Acrolein synthesis from glycerol in hot-compressed water Bioresource Technology 98 2007 1285 1290 (Pubitemid 44635246)
224. A Corma, GW Huber, L Sauvanaud, and P. O'Connor Biomass to chemicals: catalytic conversion of glycerol/water mixtures into acrolein, reaction network Journal of Catalysis 257 2008 163 171
225. C-J Zhou, C-J Huang, W-G Zhang, H-S Zhai, H-L Wu, and Z-S. Chao Synthesis of micro- and mesoporous ZSM-5 composites and their catalytic application in glycerol dehydration to acrolein Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 2007 527 530
226. E Tsukuda, S Sato, R Takahashi, and T. Sodesawa Production of acrolein from glycerol over silica-supported heteropoly acids Catalysis Communications 8 2007 1349 1353 (Pubitemid 47082510)
227. L Ning, Y Ding, W Chen, L Gong, R Lin, and Y Lu Glycerol dehydration to acrolein over activated carbon-supported silicotungstic acids Chinese Journal of Catalysis 29 2008 212 214
228. Cardona C, Posada J, Montoya M. Use of glycerol from biodiesel production: conversion to added value products. In: Proceedings of European congress of chemical engineering (ECCE-6); 2007.
229. K Wang, MC Hawley, and SJ. DeAthos Conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol via selective dehydroxylation Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 42 2003 2913 2923 (Pubitemid 36736667)
230. CS Gong, JX Du, NJ Cao, and GT. Tsao Coproduction of ethanol and glycerol Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 84-86 1-9 2000 543 559 (Pubitemid 30349491)
231. DS Rosa, MAG Bardi, LDB Machado, DB Dias, LGA Silva, and Y. Kodama Starch plasticized with glycerol from biodiesel and polypropylene blends: mechanical and thermal properties Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2010 181 186
232. Villamagna F, Hall BD. Explosive compositions containing glycerin, IPC8 Class: AC06B3128FI, USPC Class: 149-2; 2008. Available at: 〈 http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20080245450⌠(accessed on 10 Nov 2012).
233. SH Lee, DR Park, and H. Kim Direct preparation of dichloropropanol (DCP) from glycerol using heteropolyacid (HPA) catalysts: a catalyst screen study Catalysis Communications 9 2008 1920 1923
234. Stella M. Glycerol - the sweetener that doesn't sweeten your life. Available at: 〈http://www.diethealthclub.com/articles/500/ diet-and-wellness/glycerolthesweetener-that-doesn-t-sweeten-your-life. html⌠(accessed 03 January 2012).
235. R Bauer, N Katsikis, S Varga, and D. Hekmat Study of the inhibitory effect of the product dihydroxyacetone on Gluconobacter oxydans in a semi-continuous two-stage repeated-fed-batch process Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 28 2005 37 43 (Pubitemid 41718224)
236. SD Pollington, DI Enache, P Landon, S Meenakshisundaram, N Dimitratos, and A Wagland Enhanced selective glycerol oxidation in multiphase structured reactors Catalysis Today 145 2009 169 175
237. S Demirel-Gulen, M Lucas, and P. Claus Liquid phase oxidation of glycerol over carbon supported gold catalysts Catalysis Today 102/103 2005 166 172
238. Z Chi, D Pyle, Z Wen, C Frear, and S. Chen A laboratory study of producing docosahexaenoic acid from biodiesel-waste glycerol by microalgal fermentation Process Biochemistry 42 2007 1537 1545 (Pubitemid 47552897)
239. V Skoulou, and A. Zabaniotou Co-gasification of crude glycerol with lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced syngas production Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 99 2013 110 116
240. S Robra, R Serpa da cruz, AM Oliveira, JA Almeida neto, and JV. Santos Generation of biogas using crude glycerin from biodiesel production as a supplement to cattle slurry Biomass and Bioenergy 34 9 2010 1330 1335
241. Amon T, Kryvoruchko V, Amon B, Schreiner M. UntersuchungenzurWirkung von Rohglycerin aus der Biodieselerzeugung als leistungssteigerndes Zusatzmittel zur Biogaserzeugung aus Silomais, Körnermais, Rapspresskuchen und Schweinegülle. Institut für Landtechnik, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien. Source: 〈http://www.nas.boku.ac.at/ fileadmin/-/H93/H931/AmonPublikationen/SEEGEndbericht pdfâŒ; 2004 (accessed 25 June 2011).
242. JA Siles, MA Martín, AF Chica, and A. Martín Anaerobic co-digestion of glycerol and wastewater derived from biodiesel manufacturing Bioresource Technology 101 16 2010 6315 6321
243. MS Fountoulakis, and T. Manios Enhanced methane and hydrogen production from municipal solid waste and agro-industrial by-products co-digested with crude glycerol Bioresource Technology 100 12 2009 3043 3047
244. DE. Newton Top shelf environmental chemistry 2004 Walch Publishing Portland. USA
245. Metzger B. Glycerol Combustion, MSc. Thesis, North Carolina State University; 2007. Raleigh, NC, USA.
246. N Luo, X Fu, F Cao, T Xiao, and PP. Edwards Glycerol aqueous phase reforming for hydrogen generation over Pt catalyst - effect of catalyst composition and reaction conditions Fuel 87 2008 3483 3489
247. Pyle, D. 2008. Use of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol for the production of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by the microalga Schizochytrium limacinum. Master on Sciences Thesis in Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
248. T Valliyappan, TT Bakhshi, and AK. Dalai Pyrolysis of glycerol for the production of hydrogen or syn gas Bioresource Technology 99 2008 4476 4483 (Pubitemid 351380835)
249. M H'ajek, and F. Skopal Treatment of glycerol phase formed by biodiesel production Bioresource Technology 101 2010 3242 3245
250. EPP T. Combustion of Glycerine for Combined Heat and Power Systems in Biodiesel Processing Facilities, Bachelor Thesis, University of Manitoba; 2008. Canada
251. Department of Agriculture and Food (DAF), Government of Western Australia, Glycerin Overview, 2006, 〈http://www.agric.wa.gov. au/PC-93205.html?s=0âŒ, (accessed 02 November 2011).
252. D Bombos, L Mihaescu, I Pisa, I Bolma, G Vasilievici, and E Zaharia Burning glycerol emulsion in liquid fossil fuel Revista de Chimie 62 5 2011 562 566 Bucharest
253. Patzer R. Stack Emissions Evaluation: Combustion of Crude Glycerin and Yellow Grease in an Industrial Fire Tube Boiler, Agricultural Utilization Research Institute, Marshall, MN, USA; 2007.
254. S Brady, K Tam, G Leung, and Ch. Salam Zero waste biodiesel: using glycerin and biomass to create renewable energy, University of California Riverside Undergraduate Research Journal 2 2008 5 11
255. N Striugas Processing of the glycerol fraction from biodiesel production plants to provide new fuels for heat generation Energetika 54 3 2008 5 12
256. Striugas N. Analysis of acroleine production during glycerol combustion, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Laboratory of Combustion Processes, Kaunas, Lithuania; 2010, 〈http://www.lei.lt⌠(accessed January 2012)
257. EPA, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxicological Review of Acrolein, CAS No. 107-02-8, EPA/635/R-03/003; 2003.
258. Bohon MD. Characterization of glycerin combustion and emission; MSc thesis. North Caroline State University, USA; 2010.
259. S Steinmetz, J Herrington, C Winterrowd, W Roberts, J Wendt, and W. Linak Crude glycerol combustion: particulate, acrolein, and other volatile organic emissions Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34 2 2013 2749 2757
260. F Mantzouridou, E Naziri, and MZ. Tsimidou Industrial glycerol as a supplementary carbon source in the production of β-carotene by Blakeslea trispora Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 2008 2668 2675 (Pubitemid 351685209)
261. BLUER, Incineración de glicerina. Availabe in: 〈http://www.bluer.es/Aplicaciones/Incineracion-glicerina. htmâŒ, (accessed 07 December 2011)
262. M Carmona, JL Valverde, A Pérez, J Warchol, and JF. Rodriguez Purification of glycerol/water solutions from biodiesel synthesis by ion exchange: sodium removal Part I Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 84 7 2009 738 744
263. M Carmona, A Lech, A de Lucas, A Pérez, and JF. Rodriguez Purification of glycerol/water solutions from biodiesel synthesis by ion exchange: sodium removal Part II Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 84 8 2009 1130 1135