Use of paleo-records in determining variability within the volcanism-climate system

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 19, Issue 1-5, 2000, Pages 417-438

  Zielinski, Gregory A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE FORCING; COOLING; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

EID: 0033971505     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00073-6     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. Angell J.K. Impact of El Niño on the delineation of tropospheric cooling due to volcanic eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research. 93:1988;3697-3704.
2. Angell J.K., Korshover J. Surface temperature changes following six major volcanic episodes between 1780 and 1980. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 24:1985;937-951.
3. Axelrod, D.I., 1981. Role of volcanism in climate and evolution, Special Paper 185. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
4. Bekki S., Pyle J.A., Zhong W., Toumi R., Haigh J.D., Pyle D.M. The role of microphysical and chemical processes in prolonging the climate forcing of the Toba eruption. Geophysical Research Letters. 23:1996;2669-2672.
5. 2 clouds from the June, 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions. Geophysical Research Letters. 19:1992;151-154.
6. Bluth G.J.S., Schnetzler C.C., Krueger D.A.J., Walter L.S. The contribution of explosive volcanism to global sulfur dioxide concentrations. Nature. 366:1993;327-330.
7. Bogaard P.V., Schmincke H.U. Laacher See tephra. A widespread isochronous late Quaternary tephra layer in central and northern Europe Geological Society of America Bulletin. 96:1985;1554-1571.
8. Bradley R.S. The explosive volcanic eruption signal in northern hemisphere continental temperature records. Climatic Change. 12:1988;221-243.
9. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Records of explosive volcanic eruptions over the last 500 years. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate since A.D. 1500. 1992;606-622 Routledge, New York.
10. Bray J.R. Glacial advance relative to volcanic activity since A.D. 1500. Nature. 248:1974;42-43.
11. Bray J.R. Volcanic triggering of glaciation. Nature. 260:1976;414-415.
12. Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Bartholin T.S., Eckstein D., Schweingruber F.H., Karlén W., Zetterberg P., Eronen M. Fennoscandian summers from AD 500. Temperature changes on short and long timescales Climate Dynamics. 7:1992;111-119.
13. Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Schweingruber F.H. Tree-ring density reconstructions of summer temperature patterns across western North America since 1600. Journal of Climate. 5:1992;735-754.
14. Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Schweingruber F.H., Osborn T.J. Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures over the past 600 years. Nature. 393:1998;450-455.
15. Bryson R.A., Goodman B.M. Volcanic activity and climate changes. Science. 207:1980;1041-1044.
16. Cadle R.D. A comparison of volcanic with other fluxes of atmospheric trace gas constituents. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics. 18:1980;746-752.
17. Carey S.N., Sparks R.S.J. Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption models. Bulletin of Volcanology. 48:1986;109-125.
18. Chesner C.A., Rose W.I., Deino A., Drake R., Westgate J.A. Eruptive history of Earth's largest Quaternary caldera (Toba, Indonesia) clarified. Geology. 19:1991;200-203.
19. Clausen H.B., Hammer C.U. The Laki and Tambora eruptions as revealed in Greenland ice cores from 11 locations. Annals of Glaciology. 10:1988;16-22.
20. Clausen H.B., Hammer C.U., Hvidberg C.S., Dahl-Jehnsen D., Steffensen J.P., Kipfstuhl J., Legrand M. A comparison of the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from the Greenland ice core project and Dye 3 Greenland ice cores. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102:1997;26707-26723.
21. Cole-Dai J., Mosley-Thompson E., Thompson L.G. Quantifying the Pinatubo volcanic signal in south polar snow. Geophysical Research Letters. 24:1997;2679-2682.
22. Cole-Dai J., Mosley-Thompson E., Thompson L. Annually resolved southern hemisphere volcanic history from two Antarctic ice cores. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102:1997;16761-16771.
23. Crowley T.J., Quinn T.M., Taylor F.W., Henin C., Joannot P. Evidence for a volcanic cooling signal in a 335-year coral record from New Caledonia. Paleoceanography. 12:1997;633-639.
24. Dai J., Mosley-Thompson E., Thompson L.G. Ice core evidence for an explosive tropical volcanic eruption 6 years preceding Tambora. Journal of Geophysical Research. 96:1991;17361-17366.
25. D'Arrigo R.D., Jacoby G.C. Northern North American tree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after major volcanic events. Climatic Change. 41:1999;1-15.
26. De Angelis M., Fehrenbach L., Jehanno C., Maurette M. Micrometre-sized volcanic glasses in polar ices and snow. Nature. 317:1985;52-54.
27. 14C and historical evidence for a 17th century eruption of Parker volcano, Mindanao, Philippines Journal of the Geological Society of the Philippines. 52:1997;25-42.
28. Delmas R.J. Environmental information from ice cores. Reviews of Geophysics. 30:1992;1-21.
29. Delmas R.J., Legrand M., Aristarain A.J., Zanolini F. Volcanic deposits in Antarctic snow and ice. Journal of Geophysical Research. 90:1985;901-920.
30. Delmas, R.J., Kirchner, S., Palais, J. M., Petit, J.R., 1992. 1000 years of explosive volcanism recorded at the South Pole. Tellus Series B, 44, 335-350.
31. de Silva S.L., Zielinski G.A. Global influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, Peru. Nature. 393:1998;455-458.
32. Devine J.D., Sigurdsson H., Davis A.N., Self S. Estimates of sulfur and chlorine yield to the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and potential climatic effects. Journal of Geophysical Research. 89:1984;6309-6325.
33. Dibb J.E., Whitlow S.I. Recent climate anomalies and their impact on snow chemistry at South Pole, 1987-1994. Geophysical Research Letters. 23:1996;1115-1118.
34. Fiacco R.J. Jr., Palais J.M., Germani M.S., Zielinski G.A., Mayewski P.A. Characteristics and possible source of a 1479 A.D. volcanic ash layer in a Greenland ice core. Quaternary Research. 39:1993;267-273.
35. Fiacco R.J. Jr., Thordarson T., Germani M.S., Self S., Palais J.M., Whitlow S., Grootes P. Atmospheric aerosol loading and transport due to the 1783-84 Laki eruption in Iceland, interpreted from ash particles and acidity in the GISP2 ice core. Quaternary Research. 42:1994;231-240.
36. Filion L., Payette S., Gauthier L., Boutin Y. Light rings in subarctic conifers as a dendrochronological tool. Quaternary Research. 26:1986;272-279.
37. Fisher D.A., Koerner R.M. Signal and noise in four ice-core records from the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Details of the last millennium for stable isotopes, melt and solid conductivity Holocene. 4:1994;113-120.
38. Fisher D.A., Koerner R.M., Reeh N. Holocene climatic records from Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, NWT, Canada. Holocene. 5:1995;19-24.
39. Gerlach T.M., Westrich H.R., Casadevall T.J., Finnegan D.L. Vapor saturation and accumulation in magmas of the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 62:1994;317-337.
40. Gow A.J., Williamson T. Volcanic ash in the Antarctic ice sheet and its possible climatic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 13:1971;210-213.
41. Graf H.-F., Kirchner I., Robock A., Schult I. Pinatubo eruption winter climate effects. Model versus observations Climate Dynamics. 9:1993;81-93.
42. Groisman P.Y. Possible regional climate consequences of the Pinatubo eruption. Geophysical Research Letters. 19:1992;1603-1606.
43. Grove, E.W., 1976. Deglaciation-A possible triggering mechanism for recent volcanism. In Andean and Antarctic Volcanology Problems, Santiago, Chile, pp. 88-97.
44. Grönvold K., Oskarsson N., Johnsen S.J., Clausen H.B., Hammer C.U., Bond G., Bard E. Ash layers from Iceland in the Greenland GRIP ice core correlated with oceanic and land sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 135:1995;149-155.
45. Hammer C.U. Acidity of polar ice cores in relation to absolute dating, past volcanism and radio-echoes. Journal of Glaciology. 25:1980;359-372.
46. Hammer C.U., Clausen H.B., Dansgaard W., Gundustrup N., Johnsen S.J., Reeh N. Dating of Greenland ice cores by flow models, isotopes, volcanic debris, and continental dust. Journal of Glaciology. 20:1978;3-27.
47. Hammer C.U., Clausen H.B., Dansgaard W. Greenland ice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climatic impact. Nature. 288:1980;230-235.
48. Hammer C.U., Clausen H.B., Langway C.C. Jr. 50, 000 years of recorded global volcanism. Climatic Change. 35:1997;1-15.
49. Handler P. The effect of volcanic aerosols on global climate. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Processes. 37:1989;233-249.
50. Hansen J.E., Wang W., Lacis A.A. Mount Agung eruption provides test of a global climatic perturbation. Science. 199:1978;1065-1068.
51. Hansen J., Lacis A., Ruedy R., Sato M. Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption. Geophysical Research Letters. 19:1992;215-218.
52. Hansen J., Russell G., Lacis A., Fung I., Rind D. Climate response times. Dependence on climate sensitivity and ocean mixing Science. 229:1985;857-859.
53. Hardy D.A., Keller J., Galanopoulos V.P., Flemming N.C., Druitt T.H. Thera and the Aegean World III. Earth sciences:1990;The Thera Foundation, London.
54. Hardy D.A., Renfrew A.C. Thera and the Aegean World III. Chronology:1990;The Thera Foundation, London.
55. Harrington, C.R. (Ed.), 1992. The year without a summer? World climate in 1816. Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
56. 2- in Greenland and Antarctic precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research. 87:1982;3052-3060.
57. Hirschboeck K.K. A new world-wide chronology of volcanic eruptions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology. 29:1980;223-241.
58. Hofmann D.J. Perturbations to the global atmosphere associated with the El Chichon volcanic eruption of 1982. Reviews of Geophysics. 25:1987;743-759.
59. Hofmann D.J., Oltmans S.J., Harris J.M., Solomon S., Deshler T., Johnson B.J. Observation and possible causes of new ozone depletion in Antarctica in 1991. Nature. 359:1992;283-287.
60. Jones P.D., Briffa K.R., Schweingruber F.H. Tree-ring evidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic eruptions. Geophysical Research Letters. 22:1995;1333-1336.
61. Keen R.A. Volcanic aerosols and lunar eclipses. Science. 222:1983;1011-1013.
62. Keen R.A. Atmospheric effects. Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. 22:1997;15.
63. Kent G.S., McCormick M.P. SAGE and SAM II measurements of global stratospheric aerosol optical depth and mass loading. Journal of Geophysical Research. 89:1984;5303-5314.
64. Kyle P.R., Jezek P.A., Mosley-Thompson E., Thompson L.G. Tephra layers in the Byrd Station ice core and the Dome C ice core, Antarctica, and their climatic implications. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 11:1981;29-39.
65. LaMarche V.C., Hirschboeck K.K. Frost rings in trees as records of major volcanic eruptions. Nature. 307:1984;121-126.
66. Lamb H.H. Volcanic dust in the atmosphere with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 266:1970;425-533.
67. Langway C.C. Jr., Clausen H.B., Hammer C.U. An inter-hemispheric volcanic time-marker in ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology. 10:1988;102-108.
68. Langway C.C. Jr., Osada K., Clausen H.B., Hammer C.U., Shoji H. A 10-century comparison of prominent bipolar volcanic events in ice cores. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;16241-16247.
69. 4 in the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature. 327:1987;671-676.
70. Lough J.M., Fritts H.C. An assessment of the possible effects of volcanic eruptions on North American climate using tree-ring data, 1602-1900 A.D. Climatic Change. 10:1987;219-239.
71. Luckman, B.H., 1996. Dendrochronology and global change. In J.S. Dean, D.M. Meko, T.W. Swetnam, Tree rings, environment and humanity. Radiocarbon, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, pp. 3-24.
72. Luhr J.F., Carmichael I.S.E., Varekamp J.C. The 1982 eruptions of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico. Mineralogy and petrology of the anhydrite-bearing pumices Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 23:1984;69-108.
73. Lyons W.B., Mayewski P.A., Spencer M.J., Twickler M.S., Graedel T.E. A northern hemisphere volcanic chemistry (1869-1984) and climatic implications using a South Greenland ice core. Annals of Glaciology. 14:1990;176-182.
74. Mandeville C.W., Carey S., Sigurdsson H. Magma fixing, fractional crystallization and volatile degassing during the 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano, Indonesia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 74:1996;243-274.
75. Mass C., Robock A. The short-term influence of the Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption on surface temperature in the northwest United States. Monthly Weather Review. 110:1982;614-622.
76. Mass C.F., Portman D.A. Major volcanic eruptions and climate. A critical assessment Journal of Climatology. 2:1989;566-593.
77. Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Morrison M.C., Twickler M.S., Whitlow S.I., Ferland K.K., Meese D.A., Legrand M.R., Steffensen J.P. Greenland ice core "signal" characteristics. An expanded view of climate change Journal of Geophysical Research. 98:1993;12839-12848.
78. Mayewski, P.A., Holdsworth, G., Spencer, M.J., Whitlow, S., Twickler, M., Morrison, M.C., Ferland, K. K., Meeker, L.D., 1993b. Ice core sulfate from three northern hemisphere sites: Source and temperature forcing implications. Atmospheric Environment Part A 27 2915-2919.
79. McCormick P.M., Wang P.H., Poole L.R. Stratospheric aerosols and clouds. Hobbs P.V. Aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. 1993;205-222 Academic Press, San Diego.
80. McCormick M.P., Thomason L.W., Trepte C.R. Atmospheric effects of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Nature. 373:1995;399-404.
81. McGuire W.J., Howarth R.J., Firth C.R., Solow A.R., Pullen A.D., Saunders S.J., Stewart I.S., Vita-Finzi C. Correlation between rate of sea-level change and frequency of explosive volcanism in the Mediterranean. Nature. 389:1997;473-476.
82. Mitchell J.M. A preliminary evaluation of atmospheric pollution as a cause of the global temperature fluctuation of the past century. Singer S.F. Global effects of environmental pollution. 1970;139-155 Springer, New York.
83. Monzier M., Robin C., Eissen J.P. Kuwae (˜1425 A.D.). The forgotten caldera Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 59:1994;207-218.
84. Moore J.C., Narita H., Maeno N. A continuous 770-year record of volcanic activity from East Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research. 96:1991;17353-17359.
85. Nakada M., Yokose H. Ice age as a trigger of active Quaternary volcanism and tectonism. Tectonophysics. 212:1992;321-329.
86. Newhall C.G., Self S. The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). An estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism Journal of Geophysical Research. 87:1982;1231-1238.
87. Overpeck, J.T., Rind, D., 1992. Modeling the possible causes of Little Ice Age cooling. In: Mikami, T. (Ed.), International symposium on the Little Ice Age Climate, Tokyo, pp. 331-336.
88. Overpeck J., Hughen K., Hardy D., Bradley R., Case R., Douglas M., Finney B., Gajewski K., Jacoby G., Jennings A., Lamoureux S., Lasca A., MacDonald G., Moore J., Retelle M., Smith S., Wolfe A., Zielinski G. Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science. 278:1997;1251-1256.
89. Palais J.M., Sigurdsson H. Petrologic evidence of volatile emissions from major historic and pre-historic volcanic eruptions. Berger A., Dickinson R.E., Kidson J.W. Understanding Climate Change. 1989;31-53 American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C.
90. Palais J.M., Kirchner S., Delmas R.J. Identification of some global volcanic horizons by major element analysis of fine ash in Antarctic ice. Annals of Glaciology. 14:1990;216-220.
91. Palais J.M., Taylor K., Mayewski P.A., Grootes P. Volcanic ash from the 1362 A.D. Oraefajokull eruption (Iceland) in the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters. 18:1991;1241-1244.
92. Palais J.M., Germani M.S., Zielinski G.A. Inter-hemispheric transport of volcanic ash from a 1259 A.D. volcanic eruption to the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Geophysical Research Letters. 19:1992;801-804.
93. Pang K.D. The legacies of eruption. The Sciences. 31:1991;30-33.
94. Pang K.D. Climatic impact of the mid-fifteenth century Kuwae Caldera formation, as reconstructed from historical and proxy data. EOS. 74:1993;106.
95. Pang K.D., Pieri D., Chou H.-h. Climatic impacts of the 44-42 BC eruptions of Etna, reconstructed from ice core and historical records [abs.]. EOS. 67:1986;880-881.
96. Pollack J.B., Toon O.B., Sagan C., Summers A., Baldwin B., Van Camp W. Volcanic explosions and climatic change. A theoretical assessment Journal of Geophysical Research. 81:1976;1071-1083.
97. Porter S.C. Recent glacier variations and volcanic eruptions. Nature. 291:1981;139-142.
98. Porter S.C. Pattern and forcing of northern hemisphere glacier variations during the last millennium. Quaternary Research. 26:1986;27-48.
99. Portman D.A., Gutzler D.S. Explosive volcanic eruptions, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and U.S. climate variability. Journal of Climate. 9:1996;17-33.
100. Pyle D.M. The thickness, volume, and grainsize of tephra fall deposits. Bulletin of Volcanology. 51:1989;1-15.
101. Pyle D.M. Ice-core acidity peaks, retarded tree growth and putative eruptions. Archaeometry. 31:1989;88-91.
102. Pyle, D.M., 1990. The application of tree-ring and ice-core studies to the dating of the Minoan eruption. In: Hardy, D.A., Renfrew., A.C., (Eds.), Thera and the Aegean World III, The Thera Foundation, London, pp. 167-173.
103. Pyle D.M. On the "climatic effectiveness" of volcanic eruptions. Quaternary Research. 37:1992;125-129.
104. Pyle D.M. How did the summer go? Nature. 393:1998;415-416.
105. Pyle D.M., Beattie P.D., Bluth G.J.S. Sulphur emissions to the stratosphere from explosive volcanic eruptions. Bulletin of Volcanology. 57:1996;663-671.
106. Quinn W.H., Neal V.T. The historical record of El Niño events. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate since A.D. 1500. 1992;623-648 Routledge, London.
107. Rampino M.R., Self S., Fairbridge R.W. Can rapid climatic change cause volcanic eruptions? Science. 206:1979;826-829.
108. Rampino M.R., Self S. Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact. Quaternary Research. 18:1982;127-143.
109. Rampino M.R., Self S. Sulphur-rich volcanic eruptions and stratospheric aerosols. Nature. 310:1984;677-679.
110. Rampino M.R., Stothers R.B., Self S. Climatic effects of volcanic eruptions. Nature. 313:1985;272.
111. Rampino M.R., Self S., Stothers R.B. Volcanic winters. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science. 16:1988;73-99.
112. Rampino M.R., Self S. Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption. Nature. 359:1992;50-52.
113. Rampino M.R., Self S. Climate-volcanism feedback and the Toba eruption of ˜74, 000 years ago. Quaternary Research. 40:1993;269-280.
114. Rind D., Balachandran N.K., Suozzo R. Climate change and the middle atmosphere. Part II. The impact of volcanic aerosols Journal of Climate. 5:1992;189-208.
115. Robock A. The "Little Ice Age" Northern Hemisphere average observations and model calculations Science. 206:1979;1402-1404.
116. Robock A. A latitudinally dependent volcanic dust veil index, and its effect on climate simulations. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 11:1981;67-80.
117. Robock A. The Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption of 18 May 1980. Minimal climatic effect Science. 212:1981;1383-1384.
118. Robock A., Free M.P. Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;11549-11567.
119. Robock A., Free M.P. The volcanic record in ice cores for the past 2000 years. Jones P.D., Bradley R.S., Jouzel J. Climatic variations and forcing mechanisms of the last 2000 years. 1995;535-548 Springer, Berlin.
120. Robock A., Mao J. Winter warming from large volcanic eruptions. Geophysical Research Letters. 12:1992;2405-2408.
121. Robock A., Mass C. The Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption of 18 May 1980. Large short-term surface temperature effects Science. 216:1982;628-630.
122. Rose W.I. Jr. Scavenging of volcanic aerosol by ash. Atmospheric and volcanologic implications Geology. 5:1977;621-624.
123. Rose W.I., Chesner C.A. Worldwide dispersal of ash and gases from earth's largest known eruption. Toba, Sumatra, 75 ka Palaeogeography, Paleoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 89:1990;269-275.
124. Sedlacek W.A., Mroz E.J., Heiken G. Stratospheric sulfate from the Gareloi eruption, 1980. Contribution to the "ambient" aerosol by a poorly documented volcanic eruption Geophysical Research Letters. 8:1981;761-764.
125. Sedlacek W.A., Mroz E.J., Lazrus A.L., Gandrud B.W. A decade of stratospheric sulfate measurements compared with observations of volcanic eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research. 88:1983;3741-3776.
126. Sato M., Hansen J.E., McCormick M.P., Pollack J.B. Stratospheric aerosol optical depths, 1850-1990. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98:1993;22987-22994.
127. Schnetzler C.S., Doiron S.D., Krueger A.J., Walter L.S. The December, 1981 eruption of Nyamuragira volcano (Zaire), and the origin of the "mystery cloud" of early 1982. EOS Transactions, AGU. 72:1991;94.
128. Schultz H., von Rad U., Erienkeuser H. Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations of the past 110, 000 years. Nature. 393:1998;54-57.
129. Scuderi L.A. Tree ring evidence for climatically effective volcanic eruptions. Quaternary Research. 34:1990;67-86.
130. Self, S., Rampino, M.R., 1988. The relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change: Still a conundrum? EOS 69, 74-75, 85-86.
131. Self S., Rampino M., Barbera J.J. The possible effects of large 19th and 20th century volcanic eruptions on zonal and hemispheric surface temperatures. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 11:1981;41-60.
132. Self S., Rampino M.R., Carr M.J. A reappraisal of the 1835 eruption of Cosigüina and its atmospheric impact. Bulletin of Volcanology. 52:1989;57-65.
133. Self S., King A.J. Petrology and sulfur and chlorine emissions of the 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung, Bali, Indonesia. Bulletin of Volcanology. 58:1996;263-285.
134. Self, S., Zhao, J.-X., Holasek, R.E., Torres, R.C., King, A.J., 1996. The atmospheric impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. In: Newhall, C.G., Punongbayan, R.S., (Eds.), Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. University of Washington Press, Seattle. pp. 1089-1115.
135. Self S., Rampino M.R., Zhao J., Katz M.G. Volcanic aerosol perturbations and strong El Niño events. No general correlation Geophysical Research Letters. 24:1997;1247-1250.
136. Sigurdsson H. Volcanic pollution and climate. the 1783 Laki eruption EOS. 63:1982;601-602.
137. Sigurdsson H. Evidence of volcanic loading of the atmosphere and climate response. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section). 89:1990;277-289.
138. Sigurdsson H., Devine J.D., Davis A.N. The petrologic estimation of volcanic degassing. Jökull. 35:1985;1-8.
139. Sigvaldason G.E., Annertz K., Nilsson M. Effect of glacier loading/deloading on volcanism. Postglacial volcanic production rate of the Dyngjufjöll area, central Iceland Bulletin of Volcanology. 54:1992;385-392.
140. Simarski, L.T., 1992. Volcanism and climate change. American Geophysical Union Special Report, Washington D.C.
141. Simarski, L.T., 1996. Constantinople's volcanic twilight. Aramoco World November/December, 8-15.
142. Simkin T., Fiske R.S. Krakatau 1883. The volcanic eruption and its effects:1983;Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C.
143. Simkin T., Siebert L. Volcanoes of the world. 2nd ed:1994;Geoscience Press, Tucson, AZ.
144. Stommel H., Stommel E. Volcano weather. 1983;Seven Seas Press, Newport, RI.
145. Stothers R.B. Mystery cloud of AD 536. Nature. 307:1984;344-345.
146. Stothers R.B. The great Tambora eruption in 1815 and its aftermath. Science. 224:1984;1191-1198.
147. Stothers R.B. Major optical depth perturbations to the stratosphere from volcanic eruptions. The pyrheliometric period, 1881-1969 Journal of Geophysical Research. 101:1996;3901-3920.
148. Stothers R.B., Rampino M.R. Volcanic eruptions in the Mediterranean before A.D. 630 from written and archaeological sources. Journal of Geophysical Research. 88:1983;6357-6371.
149. Stothers R.B., Rampino M.R. Historic volcanism, European dry fogs, and Greenland acid precipitation, 1500 B.C. to A.D. 1500. Science. 222:1983;411-413.
150. Stothers R.B., Wolff J.A., Self S., Rampino M.R. Basaltic fissure eruptions, plume heights, and atmospheric aerosols. Geophysical Research Letters. 13:1986;725-728.
151. Tabazadeh A., Turco R.P. Stratospheric chlorine injection by volcanic eruptions. HCl scavenging and implications for ozone Science. 260:1993;1082-1086.
152. Taylor K., Alley R., Fiacco J., Grootes P., Lamorey G., Mayewski P., Spencer M.J. Ice-core dating and chemistry by direct-current electric conductivity. Journal of Glaciology. 38:1992;325-332.
153. Thompson L.G., Mosley-Thompson E., Dansgaard W., Grootes P.M. The Little Ice Age as recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical Quelccaya ice cap. Science. 234:1986;361-364.
154. Thordarson T., Self S. The Laki (Skaftar Fires) and Grimsvotn eruptions in 1783-1785. Bulletin of Volcanology. 55:1993;233-263.
155. Volz F.E. Atmospheric turbidity after the Agung eruption of 1963 and size distribution of the volcanic aerosol. Journal of Geophysical Research. 75:1970;5185-5193.
156. Volz F.E. Distribution of turbidity after the 1912 Katmai eruption in Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research. 80:1975;2643-2648.
157. Yamaguchi D.K. New tree-ring dates for recent eruptions of Mount St. Helens. Quaternary Research. 20:1983;246-250.
158. Yamaguchi D.K., Filion L., Savage M. Relationship of temperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline and implications for climate reconstruction. Quaternary Research. 39:1993;256-262.
159. Zdanowicz C.M., Zielinski G.A., Germani M.S. The Mt. Mazama eruption: Calendrical age verified and atmospheric impact assessed. Geology. 27:1999;621-624.
160. Zielinski G.A. Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosive volcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the GISP2 Greenland ice core. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;20937-20955.
161. Zielinski G.A., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Whitlow S., Twickler M.S., Morrison M., Meese D., Alley R.B., Gow A.J. Record of volcanism since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland ice core and implications for the volcano-climate system. Science. 264:1994;948-952.
162. Zielinski G.A., Fiacco R.J., Whitlow S., Twickler M.S., Germani M.S., Endo K., Yasui M. Climatic impact of the AD 1783 eruption of Asama (Japan) was minimal. Evidence from the GISP2 ice core Geophysical Research Letters. 21:1994;2365-2368.
163. Zielinski G.A., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Whitlow S., Twickler M. A 110, 000-year record of explosive volcanism from the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core. Quaternary Research. 45:1996;109-118.
164. Zielinski G.A., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Whitlow S., Twickler M., Taylor K. Potential atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ˜71, 000 years ago. Geophysical Research Letters. 23:1996;837-840.
165. Zielinski G.A., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Grönvold K., Germani M.S., Whitlow S., Twickler M.S., Taylor K. Volcanic aerosol records and tephrochronology of the Summit. Greenland, ice cores. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102:1997;26625-26640.
166. Zielinski G.A., Dibb J.E., Yang Q., Mayewski P.A., Whitlow S., Twickler M.S. Assessment of the record of the 1982 El Chichón eruption as preserved in Greenland snow. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102:1997;30031-30045.