Synchronisation of palaeoenvironmental records over the last 60,000 years, and an extended INTIMATE 1 event stratigraphy to 48,000 b2k

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 36, Issue , 2012, Pages 2-10

  Blockley, Simon P E ^a   Lane, Christine S ^b   Hardiman, Mark ^a   Rasmussen, Sune Olander ^c   Seierstad, Inger K ^c   Steffensen, Jørgen Peder ^c   Svensson, Anders ^c   Lotter, Andre F ^d   Turney, Chris S M ^e   Bronk Ramsey, Christopher ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^d UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Climate change; GICC05; Ice core; Integration; Marine; Radiocarbon; Tephrochronology; Terrestrial

Indexed keywords

GICC05; ICE CORE; INTEGRATION; MARINE; RADIOCARBON; TEPHROCHRONOLOGY; TERRESTRIAL;

CLIMATE CHANGE; ISOTOPES;

STRATIGRAPHY;

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; CLIMATE VARIATION; CORRELATION; ICE CORE; LAST GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL; MARINE RECORD; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; RADIOCARBON DATING; SYNCHRONY; TEPHROCHRONOLOGY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); AUSTRALIA; ICELAND;

EID: 84857367263     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.017     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Abott, P.M., Davies, S.M., Steffensen, J.P., Pearce, N.J., Bigler, M., Johnsen, S.J., Seierstad, I.K., Svensson, A., Wastegård, S., 2012. A Detailed Framework of Marine Isotope Stages 4 and 5 Volcanic Events recorded in two Greenland Ice-cores 36, 59-77.
2. Alley R.B., Meese D.A., Shuman C.A., Gow A.J., Taylor K.C., Grotes P.M., White J.W.C., Ram M., Waddington E.D., Mayewski P.A., Zielinski G.A. Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event. Nature 1993, 362:527-529.
3. Alloway B.V., Lowe D.J., Barrell D.J.A., Newnham R.M., Almond P.C., Augustinus P.C., Bertler N.A.N., Carter L.C., Litchfield L.C., McGlone M.S., Shulmeister J., Vandergoes M.J., Williams P.W. Towards a climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand over the past 30,000 years. Journal of Quaternary Science 2007, 22:9-35. NZ-INTIMATE Members.
4. Andersen K.K., Svensson A., Rasmussen S.O., Steffensen J.P., Johnsen S.J., Bigler M., Röthlisberger R., Ruth U., Siggaard-Andersen M.-L., Dahl-Jensen D., Vinther B.M., Clausen H.B. The Greenland ice core chronology 2005, 15-42 ka. Part 1: constructing the time scale. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:3246-3257.
5. Andronico D., Calderoni G., Cioni R., Sbrana A., Sulpizio R., Santacroce R. Geological map of Somma-Vesuvius Volcano. Periodico di Mineralogia 1995, 64:77-78.
6. Austin W.N.E., Hibbert F.D. Tracing Time in the Ocean: A brief review of chronological constraints (60-8 kyr) on North Atlantic marine event-based stratigraphies. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:28-37.
7. Austin W.E.N., Hibbert F.D., Rasmussen S.O., Peters C., Abbott P.M., Bryant C.L. The synchronization of palaeoclimatic events in the North Atlantic region during Greenland Stadial 3 (ca.27.5 to 23.3 kyr b2k). Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:154-163.
8. Björck S., Walker M.J.C., Cwynar L., Johnsen S.J., Knudsen K.-L., Lowe J.J., Wohlfarth B. An event stratigraphy for the last termination in the North Atlantic region based on the Greenland Ice Core record: a proposal by the INTIMATE group. Journal of Quaternary Science 1998, 13:283-292. INTIMATE Members.
9. Blaauw M., Christen J.A. Radiocarbon peat chronologies and environmental change. Applied Statistics 2005, 54:805-816.
10. Blauuw M. Out of tune: the dangers of aligning proxy archives. Quaternary Reviews. Science Reviews 2012, 36:38-49.
11. Blockley S.P.E., Lane C.S., Lotter A.F., Pollard A.M. Evidence for the presence of the Vedde Ash in Central Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:3030-3036.
12. Blockley S.P.E., Ramsey C.B., Lane C.S., Lotter A.F. Improved age modelling approaches as exemplified by the revised chronology for the Central European Varved Lake, Soppensee. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:61-71.
13. Blockley S.P.E., Ramsey C.B., Pyle D.M. Improved age modelling and high-precision age estimates of late Quaternary tephras, for accurate palaeoclimate reconstruction. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2008, 177:251-262.
14. Blunier T., Brook J. Timing of millennial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the Last Glacial Period. Science 2001, 291:109-112.
15. Bourne A., Lowe J.J., Trincardi F., Asioli A., Blockley S.P.E., Wulf S., Matthews I.P., Piva A., Vigliotti L. Distal tephra record for the last ca 105,000 years from core PRAD 1-2 in the central Adriatic Sea: implications for marine tephrostratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29(23-24):3079-3094.
16. Brauer A., Endres C., Gunter C., Litt T., Stebich M., Negendank J.F.W. High resolution sediment and vegetation responses to Younger Dryas climate change in varved lake sediments from Meerfelder Maar, Germany. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18:321-329.
17. Brauer A., Mingram J., Frank U., Günter C., Schettler G., Wulf S., Zolitschka B., Negendank J.F.W. Abrupt environmental oscillations during the Early Weichselian recorded at Lago Grande di Monticchio, southern Italy. Quaternary International 2000, 73-74:79-90.
18. Broecker W. Palaeocean circulation during the last deglaciation: a bipolar seesaw?. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:119-121.
19. Bronk Ramsey C. Deposition models for chronological records. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:42-60.
20. Civetta L., Cornette Y., Gillot P.-Y., Orsi G. The eruptive history of Pantelleria (Sicily Channel) in the last 50 ka. Bulletin of Volcanology 1988, 50:47-57.
21. Davies S.M., Branch N.P., Lowe J.J., Turney C.S.M. Towards a European tephrochronological framework for the last termination and early Holocene, Holocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 2002, 360:767-802.
22. Davies S.M., Wastegård S., Rasmussen T.L., Johnsen S.J., Steffensen J.P., Andersen K.K., Svensson A. Identification of the Fugloyarbanki tephra in the NGRIP ice-core: a key tie-point for marine and ice-core sequences during the last glacial period. Journal of Quaternary Science 2008, 23:409-414.
23. Davies S.M., Wastegård S., Abbott P.M., Barbante C., Bigler M., Johnsen S.J., Rasmussen T.L., Steffensen J.P., Svensson A. Tracing volcanic events in the NGRIP ice-core and synchronising North Atlantic marine records during the last glacial period. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 294:69-79.
24. Davies S.M., Abbott P.M., Pearce N.J.G., Wastegård S., Blockley S.P.E. Integrating the INTIMATE records using tephrochronology: rising to the challenge. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:11-27.
25. de Vivo B., Rolandi G., Gans P.B., Calvert A., Bohrson W.A., Spera F.J., Belkin H.E. New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic Plain (Italy). Mineralogy and Petrology 2001, 73:47-65.
26. Deino A.L., Orsi G., de Vita S., Piochi M. The age of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera-forming eruption (Campi Flegrei caldera - Italy) assed by 40Ar/39Ar dating method. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2004, 133:157-170.
27. Di Vito M.A., Isaia R., Orsi G., Southon J., de Vita S., Antonio M.D., Pappalardo L., Piochi M. Volcanism and deformation since 12,000 years at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1999, 91:221-246.
28. Di Vito M.A., Sulpizio R., Zanchetta G., D'Orazio M. The late Pleistocene pyroclastic deposits of the Campanian Plain: new insights into the explosive activity of Neapolitan volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2008, 177:19-48.
29. EPICA Community Members (2006): Methane and stable isotope record of ice core EDML from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.586834.
30. Federman A.N., Carey S.N. Electron microprobe correlation of tephra layers from eastern Mediterranean abyssal sediments and the island of Santorini. Quaternary Research 1980, 13:160-171.
31. Friedrich M., Remmele S., Kromer B., Hofmann J., Spurk M., Kaiser K.F., Orcel C., Küppers M. The 12,460-Year Hohenheim Oak and Pine tree-ring chronology from central Europe - a Unique annual record for radiocarbon calibration and Paleoenvironment reconstructions. Radiocarbon 2004, 46:1111-1122.
32. Goslar T., Arnold M., Tisnerat-Laborde N., Ch Hatte, Paterne M., Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M. Radiocarbon calibration by means of varve versus 14C ages of terrestrial macrofossils from Lake Gościa{ogonek}ż and Lake Perespilno, Poland. Radiocarbon 2000, 42:335-348.
33. Guillou H., Singer B.S., Laj C., Kissel C., Scaillet S., Jicha B. On the age of the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 227:331-343.
34. Hughen K., Southon J., Lehmanc S., Bertrand C., Turnbull J. Marinederived 14C calibration and activity record for the past 50,000 years updated from the Cariaco Basin. Quarternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:3216-3227.
35. Kaiser K.F., Friedrich M., Miramont C., Kromer B., Sgier M., Schaub M., Boeren I., Talamo S., Guibal F., Sivan O. Challenging process to make the Late-glacial tree-ring chronologies from Europe absolute - an inventory, Late-glacial tree-ring chronologies from Europe absolute - an inventory. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:78-90.
36. Koren J.H., Svendsen J.I., Mangerud J., Furnes H. The Dimna ash - a 12.8 14CKa-old volcanic ash in Western Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 27:85-94.
37. Lane C.S., Andrič M., Cullen V.L., Blockley S.P.E. The occurrence of distal Icelandic and Italian tephra in the Lateglacial of Lake Bled, Slovenia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:1013-1018.
38. Lane, C. S., Blockley, S. P. E., Lotter, A. F. and Bronk Ramsey, C. Tephrochronology and absolute centennial scale synchronisation of European and Greenland records for the last glacial to interglacial transition: a case study of Soppensee and NGRIP. Quaternary International. in press. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.028.
39. Lane C.S., Blockley S.P.E., Lotter A.F., Finsinger W., Filippi M.L., Matthews I.P. A regional tephrostratigraphic framework for central and southern European climate archives during the Last Glacial to Interglacial Transition: comparisons north and south of the Alps. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:50-58.
40. Litt T., Brauer A., Goslar T., Merkt J., Balaga K., Muller H., Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M., Stebich M., Negendank J.F.W. Correlation and synchronisation of Lateglacial continental sequences in northern central Europe based on annually laminated lacustrine sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1233-1249.
41. Lorrey, A.M., Vandergoes, M., Almond, P., Renwick, J.A., Stephens, T., Bostock, H., Mackintosh, A., Newnham, R., Williams, P.W., Ackerley, D., Neil, H., Fowler, A.M., 2012. Palaeocirculation across New Zealand during the late Last Glacial Coldest Period at ~21 ka. 36, 189-213.
42. Lotter A.F. How long was the Younger Dryas? Preliminary evidence from annually laminated sediments of Soppensee (Switzerland). Hydrobiologia 1991, 214:53-57.
43. Lotter A.F., Oliver Heiri, Brooks S., van Leeuwen J.N., Eicher U., Ammann B. Rapid summer temperature changes during Termination 1a: high-resolution multi-proxy climate reconstructions from Gerzensee (Switzerland). Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:103-113.
44. Lowe J.J., Hoek W. Inter-regional correlation of palaeoclimatic records for the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition: a protocol for improved precision recommended by the INTIMATE project group. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1175-1187. INTIMATE Group.
45. Lowe J.J., Blockley S., Trincardi F., Asioli A., Cattaneo A., Matthews I.P., Pollard M., Wulf S. Age modelling of late Quaternary marine sequences in the Adriatic: towards improved precision and accuracy using volcanic event stratigraphy. Continental Shelf Research 2007, 27:560-582.
46. Lowe J.J., Rasmussen S.O., Bjorck S., Hoek W.Z., Steffensen J.P., Walker M.J.C., Yu Z.C. Synchronisation of palaeoenvironmental events in the North Atlantic region during the Last Termination: a revised protocol recommended by the INTIMATE group. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:6-17.
47. Mahood G.A., Hildreth W. Geology of the peralkaline volcano at Pantelleria, Strait of Sicily. Bulletin of Volcanology 1986, 48:143-172.
48. Mangerud J., Gulliksen S., Larsen E. 14C-dated fluctuations of the western flank of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet 45-25 kyr BP compared with Bølling-Younger Dryas fluctuations and Dansgaard-Oeschger events in Greenland, Dryas fluctuations and Dansgaard-Oeschger events in Greenland. Boreas 2009, 39:328-342.
49. Margari V., Pyle D.M., Bryant C., Gibbard P. Mediterranean tephra stratigraphy revisited: results from a long terrestrial sequence from Lesvos Island, Greece. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2007, 163:34-54.
50. Miallier D., Michon L., Évin J., Pilleyre T., Sanzelle S., Vernet G. Vocans de la chaîne des Puys (Massif Central, France): point sur la chronologie Vasset-Kilian-Pariou-Chopine. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 2004, 336:1345-1353.
51. Moreno A., González-Sampériz P., Morellón M., Valero-Garcés B.L., Fletcher W.J. Northern Iberian abrupt climate change dynamics during the last glacial cycle: a view from lacustrine sediments. Quaternary Science Review 2012, 36:139-153.
52. Mortensen A.K., Bigler M., Grönvold K., Steffensen J.P., Johnsen S.J. Volcanic ash layers from the Last Glacial Termination in the NGRIP ice core. Journal of Quaternary Science 2005, 20:209-219.
53. Muscheler R., Beer J., Wagner G., Finkel R.C. Changes in deep-water formation during the Younger Dryas event inferred from 10Be and 14C records. Nature 2000, 408:567-570.
54. Muscheler R., Kromer B., Björck S., Svensson A., Friedrich M., Kaiser K.F.K., Southon J. Tree rings and ice cores reveal 14C calibration uncertainties during the Younger Dryas. Nature Geoscience 2009, 1:263-267.
55. Nakagawa, T., Gotanda, K., Haraguchi, T., Danhara, T., Yonenobu, H., Brauer, A., Yokoyama, Y., Tada, R., Takemura, K., Staff, R.A., Payne, R., Bronk Ramsey, C., Bryant, C., Brock, F., Schlolaut, G., Marshall, M., Tarasov, P., Lamb, H., and Suigetsu. Project Members, 2012. SG06, a fully continuous and varved sediment core from Lake Suigetsu, Japan: stratigraphy and potential for improving the radiocarbon calibration model and understanding of late Quaternary climate changes. Quaternary Science Reviews. 36, 164-176.
56. Newnham R.M., Vandergoes M.J., Sikes E., Carter L., Wilmshurst J., Lowe D., McGlone M., Sandiford A. Does the bipolar seesaw extend to the terrestrial southern mid-latitudes?. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:214-222.
57. Orsi G., De Vita S., Di Vito M. The restless, resurgent Campi Flegrei nested caldera (Italy): constraints on its evolution and configuration. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1996, 74:179-214.
58. Palmer A., Rose J., Rasmussen S.O. Evidence for phase-locked changes in climate between Scotland and Greenland during GS-1 (Younger Dryas) using micromorphology of glaciolacustrine varves from Glen Roy. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:114-123.
59. Pappalardo L., Civetta L., D'Antonio M., Deino A., Di Vito M., Orsi G., Carandente A., de Vita S., Isaia R., Piochi M. Chemical and Sr-isotopical evolution of the Phlegrean magmatic system before the Campanian Ignimbrite and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1999, 91:141-166.
60. Pedro J.B., van Ommen T.D., Rasmussen S.O., Morgan V.I., Chappellaz J., Moy A.D., Masson-Delmotte V., Delmotte M. The last deglaciation: timing the bipolar seesaw. Climate of the Past 2011, 7:671-683.
61. Pyle D.M., Ricketts G.D., Margari V., van Andel T.H., Sinitsyn A.A., Praslov N.D., Nicolai D., Lisitsyn S. Wide dispersal and deposition of distal tephra during the Pleistocene 'Campanian Ignimbrite/Y5' eruption, Italy. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:2713-2728.
62. Pyne-O'Donnell S.D.F. Three new distal tephras in sediments spanning the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition in Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 2007, 22:559-570.
63. Pyne-O'Donnell S.D.F., Blockley S.P.E., Turney C.S.M., Lowe J.J. Distal volcanic ash layers in the Lateglacial Interstadial (GI-1): problems of stratigraphic discrimination. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:72-84.
64. Raisbeck G.M., Yiou F., Jouzel J., Stocker T.F. Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt climate change records in ice cores using beryllium 10. Climate of the Past 2007, 3:541-547.
65. Ranner P.H., Allen J.R.M., Huntley B. A new early Holocene cryptotephra from northwest Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 2005, 20:201-208.
66. Rasmussen S.O., Andersen K.K., Svensson A.M., Steffensen J.P., Vinther B.M., Clausen H.B., Siggaard-Andersen M.-L., Johnsen S.J., Larsen L.B., Dahl-Jensen D., Bigler M., Röthlisberger R., Fischer H., Goto-Azuma K., Hansson M.E., Ruth U. A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:D6.
67. Rasmussen S.O., Vinther B.M., Clausen H.B., Andersen K.K. Early Holocene climate oscillations recorded in three Greenland ice cores. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:1907-1914.
68. Rasmussen S.O., Seierstad I.K., Andersen K.K., Bigler M., Dahl-Jensen D., Johnsen S.J. Synchronization of the NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice cores across MIS 2 and palaeoclimatic implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:18-28.
69. Reimer P.J., Baillie M., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Blackwell P.G., Bronk, Ramsey C., Buck C.E., Burr C.E., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K.A., Kaiser K.F., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Manning S.W., Reimer R.W., Richards D.A., Southon J.R., Talamo S., Turney C.S.M., van der Plicht J., Weyhenmeyer C.E. INTCAL09 and MARINE09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 2009, 51:1111-1150.
70. Phlegrean Fields. CNR Quaderni Ricerca Scientifica 1987, vol. 114(9):175. M. Rosi, A. Sbrana (Eds.).
71. Siani G., Paterne M., Michel E., Sulpizio R., Sbrana A., Arnold M., Haddad G. Mediterranean Sea Surface radiocarbon reservoir age changes since the last glacial maximum. Science 2001, 294:1917-1920.
72. Siani G., Sulpizio R., Paterne M., Sbrana A. Tephrostratigraphy study for the last 18,000 14C years in a deep-sea sediment sequence for the South Adriatic. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:2485-2500.
73. Singer B.S., Guillou H., Jicha B.R., Laj C., Kissel C., Beard B.L., Johnson C.M. Ar-40/Ar-39, K-Ar and Th-230-U-238 dating of the Laschamp excursion: a radioisotopic tie-point for ice core and climate chronologies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 286:80-88.
74. Steffensen J.P., Andersen K.K., Bigler M., Clausen H.B., Dahl-Jensen D., Fischer H., Goto-Azuma K., Hansson M., Johnsen S.J., Jouzel J., Masson-Delmotte V., Popp T., Rasmussen S.O., Röthlisberger R., Ruth R.U., Stauffer B., Siggaard-Andersen M.-L., Sveinbjörnsdóttir A.E., Svensson A., White J.W.C. High-resolution Greenland Ice Core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years. Science 2008, 321:680-684.
75. Stocker T.F., Johnsen S.J. A minimum thermodynamic model for the bipolar seesaw. Paleoceanography 2003, 18:1087.
76. Svensson A., Andersen K.K., Bigler M., Clausen H.B., Dahl-Jensen D., Davies S.M., Johnsen S.J., Muscheler R., Parrenin F., Rasmussen S.O., Röthlisberger R., Seierstad I.K., Steffensen J.P., Vinther B.M. A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology. Climate of the Past 2008, 4:47-57.
77. Turney C.S.M., ven den Burg K., Wastegård S., Davies S.M., Whitehouse N.J., Pilcher J.R., Callaghan C. North European last Glacial-interglacial transition (LGIT; 15-10 ka) tephrochronology: extended limits and new events. Journal of Quaternary Science 2006, 21:335-345.
78. Vernet G., Raynal J.P., Miallier D., Pilleyre T., Fain J., Sanzelle S., Montret M. La retombée de la Moutade, marqueur stratigraphique de l'Alleröd en limagne septentrionale (Massif Central, France) 1990, série II 310. Comptes rendus l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1077-1082.
79. Vinther B.M., Clausen H.B., Johnsen S.J., Rasmussen S.O., Andersen K.K., Buchardt S.L., Dahl-Jensen D., Seierstad I.K., Siggaard-Andersen M.-L., Steffensen J.P., Svensson A.M., Olsen J., Heinemeier J. A synchronized dating of three Greenland ice cores throughout the Holocene. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:D13102.
80. Walker M.J.C., Björck S., Lowe J.J., Cwynar L., Johnsen S., Knudsen K.-L., Wohlfarth B. Isotopic 'events' in the GRIP ice core: a stratotype for the Late Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18:1143-1150. INTIMATE group.
81. Walker M.J.C., Coope G.R., Sheldrick C., Turney C.S.M., Lowe J.J., Blockley S.P.E., Harkness D.D. Devensian Lateglacial environmental changes in Britain: a multi-proxy record from Llanilid, South Wales. UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:475-520.
82. Walker M.J.C., Johnsen S., Rasmussen S.O., Popp T., Steffensen J.P., Gibbard P., Hoek W., Lowe J.J., Andrews J., Björck S., Cwynar L.C., Hughen K., Kershaw P., Kromer B., Litt T., Lowe D.J., Nakagawa T., Newnham R., Schwander J. Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records. Journal of Quaternary Science 2009, 24:3-17.
83. Walker M.J.C., Lowe J.J., Blockley S.P.E., Bryant C., Coombes P., Davies S.W., Hardiman M., Turney C.S., Watson J. Lateglacial and Early Holocene palaeoenvironmental 'events' in Sluggan Bog, Northern Ireland: comparisons with the Greenland NGRIP GICC05 event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:124-138.
84. Wang Y.J., Cheng H., Edwards R.L., An Z.S., Wu J.Y., Shen C.C., Dorale J.A. High-Resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. Science 2001, 294:2345-2348.
85. Wastegård S., Rasmussen T.L., Kuijpers A., Nielsen T., van Weering T.C.E. Composition and origin of ash zones from Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2 in the North Atlantic. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:2409-2419.
86. Wastegard S., Wohlfarth B., Subetto D.A., Sapelko T.V. Extending the known distribution of the Younger Dryas G. R Vedde ash into northwestern Russia. Journal of Quaternary Science 2000, 15:581-586.
87. Weber M., Kuhn G., Sprenk D., Christian R., Ricken W. Dust transport from Patagonia to Antarctica - a Scotia Sea perspective for the last glacial cycle. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 36:177-188.
88. Wohlfarth B., Blaauw M., Davies S.M., Andersson M., Wastegård, Hormes A., Possnert G. Constraining the age of Lateglacial and early Holocene pollen zones and tephra horizons in southern Sweden with Bayesian probability methods. Journal of Quaternary Science 2006, 21:321-334.
89. Wulf S., Kraml M., Keller J., Negendank J.F.W. Tephrochronology of the 100 ka lacustrine sediment record of Lago Grande di Monticchio (southern Italy). Quaternary International 2004, 122:7-30.
90. Wulf S., Brauer A., Mingram J., Zolitschka B., Negendank J.F.W. Distal tephras in the sediments of Monticchio maar lakes. Geologia del Monte Vulture. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 2007, 105-122. C. Principe (Ed.).
91. Wulf S., Kraml M., Keller J. Towards a detailed distal tephrostratigraphy in the Central Mediterranean: the Last 20,000 yrs record of Lago Grande di Monticchio. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2008, 177:118-132.
92. Zolitschka B. Paläoklimatische Bedeutung laminierter Sedimente 1998, Gebr. Bornträger Verlag, Berlin, Stuttgart.