The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 2013, Pages

  Thoma, Myriam V ^a,b   La Marca, Roberto ^b   Brönnimann, Rebecca ^b   Finkel, Linda ^b   Ehlert, Ulrike ^b   Nater, Urs M ^c  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLASE; HYDROCORTISONE; WATER;

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HEART RATE AND RHYTHM; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MENTAL STRESS; MUSIC THERAPY; NORMAL HUMAN; PERCEPTION; RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA; REST; SALIVA ANALYSIS; SALIVA LEVEL; SOUND; STIMULUS RESPONSE;

ALPHA-AMYLASES; ARRHYTHMIA, SINUS; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MALE; MUSIC;

EID: 84881095291     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070156     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. McEwen BS, (1998) Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators. N Engl J Med 338: 171-179. doi:10.1056/NEJM199801153380307. PubMed: 9428819.
2. McEwen BS, (2008) Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur J Pharmacol 583: 174-185. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.071. PubMed: 18282566.
3. Nater UM, Gaab J, Rief W, Ehlert U, (2006) Recent trends in behavioral medicine. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19: 180-183. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000214345.37002.77. PubMed: 16612200.
4. Nyklicek I, Thayer JF, Van Doornen LJP, (1997) Cardiorespiratory differentiation of musically induced emotions. J Psychophysiol 11: 304-321.
5. Khalfa S, Bella SD, Roy M, Peretz I, Lupien SJ, (2003) Effects of relaxing music on salivary cortisol level after psychological stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 999: 374-376. doi:10.1196/annals.1284.045. PubMed: 14681158.
6. Nater UM, Abbruzzese E, Krebs M, Ehlert U, (2006) Sex differences in emotional and psychophysiological responses to musical stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 62: 300-308. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.05.011. PubMed: 16828911.
7. Burns JL, Labbé E, Williams K, McCall J, (1999) Perceived and physiological indicators of relaxation: as different as Mozart and Alice in chains. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 24: 197-202. doi:10.1023/A:1023488614364. PubMed: 10652638.
8. Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ, (2001) Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 11818-11823. doi:10.1073/pnas.191355898. PubMed: 11573015.
9. Juslin PN, Sloboda J, (2010) Handbook of music and emotion. USA: Oxford University Press.
10. Lazarus RS, Folkman S, (1984) Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Verlag Publishing Company.
11. Tsigos C, Chrousos GP, (2002) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J Psychosom Res 53: 865-871. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00429-4. PubMed: 12377295.
12. Sapolsky RM, Romero M, Munck AU, (2000) How do Glucocorticoids influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions? Endocr Rev 21: 55-89. doi:10.1210/er.21.1.55. PubMed: 10696570.
13. del Rey A, Chrousos GP, Besedovsky H, (2008) The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis; Berczi I, Szentivanyi A, eds. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
14. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH, (1994) Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 19: 313-333. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2. PubMed: 8047637.
15. Hellhammer DH, Wüst S, Kudielka BM, (2009) Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34: 163-171. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026. PubMed: 19095358.
16. Rohleder N, Nater UM, (2009) Determinants of salivary alpha-amylase in humans and methodological considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34: 469-485. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.004. PubMed: 19155141.
17. Nater UM, Rohleder N, (2009) Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34: 486-496. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014. PubMed: 19249160.
18. Thoma MV, Kirschbaum C, Wolf JM, Rohleder N, (2012) Acute stress responses in salivary alpha-amylase predict increases of plasma norepinephrine. Biol Psychol, 91: 342-8. PubMed: 22954623.
19. Bosch JA, Veerman EC, de Geus EJ, Proctor GB, (2011) alpha-Amylase as a reliable and convenient measure of sympathetic activity: don't start salivating just yet! Psychoneuroendocrinology 36: 449-453. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.019. PubMed: 21295411.
20. Escher J, Höhmann U, Anthenien L, Dayer E, Bosshard C, et al. (1993) [Music during gastroscopy]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 123: 1354-1358. PubMed: 8393585.
21. Uedo N, Ishikawa H, Morimoto K, Ishihara R, Narahara H, et al. (2004) Reduction in salivary cortisol level by music therapy during colonoscopic examination. Hepatogastroenterology 51: 451-453. PubMed: 15086180.
22. Ventura T, Gomes MC, Carreira T, (2011) Cortisol and anxiety response to a relaxing intervention on pregnant women awaiting amniocentesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37: 148-56. PubMed: 21705148.
23. Miluk-Kolasa B, Obminski Z, Stupnicki R, Golec L, (1994) Effects of music treatment on salivary cortisol in patients exposed to pre-surgical stress. Exp Clin Endocrinol 102: 118-120. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1211273. PubMed: 8056055.
24. Nilsson U, Unosson M, Rawal N, (2005) Stress reduction and analgesia in patients exposed to calming music postoperatively: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 22: 96-102. doi:10.1017/S0265021505000189. PubMed: 15816586.
25. Suda M, Morimoto K, Obata A, Koizumi H, Maki A, (2008) Emotional responses to music: towards scientific perspectives on music therapy. Neuroreport 19: 75-78. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f3476f. PubMed: 18281896.
26. Knight WE, Rickard NS, (2001) Relaxing music prevents stress-induced increases in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in healthy males and females. J Music Ther 38: 254-272. PubMed: 11796077.
27. Yamamoto M, Naga S, Shimizu J, (2007) Positive musical effects on two types of negative stressful conditions. Psychol Music 35: 249-275. doi:10.1177/0305735607070375.
28. Bartlett DL, (1996) Physiological responses to music and sound stimuli. In: Hodges DA, eds. Handbook of music psychology. San Antonio: University of Texas. pp. pp. 343-385.
29. Standley JM, (1992) Meta-analysis of research in music and medical treatment: Effective size as a basis for comparison across multiple dependent and independent variables; Spintge R, Droh R, eds. St. Louis: MMB. pp. pp. 105-133.
30. Hodges DA, (2010) Psychophysiological responses to music. In: Juslin JA, Sloboda JA, eds. Handbook of Music and Emotion: Theory, Research, Applications. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. pp. 279-311.
31. Ellis RJ, Thayer JF, (2010) Music and autonomous nervous system (dys)function. Music Percept 27: 317-326. doi:10.1525/mp.2010.27.4.317. PubMed: 21197136.
32. Peretz I, Zatorre RJ, (2005) Brain organization for music processing. Annu Rev Psychol 56: 89-114. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070225. PubMed: 15709930.
33. Allen K, Golden LH, Izzo JL Jr., Ching MI, Forrest A, et al. (2001) Normalization of hypertensive responses during ambulatory surgical stress by perioperative music. Psychosom Med 63: 487-492. PubMed: 11382277.
34. Menon VJ, Butt WR, Thiercelin JF, Gomeni R, Morselli PL, et al. (1984) Effects in man of progabide on prolactin release induced by haloperidol or domperidone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9: 141-146. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(84)90033-7. PubMed: 6473615.
35. Kreutz G, Russ MO, Bongard S, Lanfermann H, (2003) Zerebrale Korrelate des Musikhörens; Eine fMRT Studie zur Wirkung "fröhlicher" und "trauriger" klassischer Musik Cerebral correlates of music listening. An fMRI-study on the effects of''happy''and ''sad'' classical music]. Nervenheilkund 3. pp.: 150-156.
36. Koelsch S, (2010) Towards a neural basis of music-evoked emotions. Trends Cogn Sci 14: 131-137. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.002. PubMed: 20153242.
37. Wang SM, Kulkarni L, Dolev J, Kain ZN, (2002) Music and preoperative anxiety: a randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg 94: 1489-1494. doi:10.1097/00000539-200206000-00021. PubMed: 12032013.
38. Voss JA, Good M, Yates B, Baun MM, Thompson A, et al. (2004) Sedative music reduces anxiety and pain during chair rest after open-heart surgery. Pain 112: 197-203. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.08.020. PubMed: 15494201.
39. Labbé E, Schmidt N, Babin J, Pharr M, (2007) Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 32: 163-168. doi:10.1007/s10484-007-9043-9. PubMed: 17965934.
40. Evans D, (2002) The effectiveness of music as an intervention for hospital patients: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs 37: 8-18. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02052.x. PubMed: 11784393.
41. Nilsson U, (2008) The Anxiety- and Pain-Reducing Effects of Music Interventions: A Systematic Review. AORN J 87: 780-807. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2007.09.013. PubMed: 18395022.
42. Richards T, Johnson J, Sparks A, Emerson H, (2007) The effect of music therapy on patients' perception and manifestation of pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction. Medsurg Nurs 16: 7-14. PubMed: 17441624.
43. Thoma MV, Joksimovic L, Kirschbaum C, Wolf JM, Rohleder N, (2011) Altered salivary alpha-amylase awakening response in Bosnian War refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37: 810-7. PubMed: 22001009.
44. Heim C, Newport DJ, Bonsall R, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB, (2001) Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Am J Psychiatry 158: 575-581. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.575. PubMed: 11282691.
45. Lam S, Dickerson SS, Zoccola PM, Zaldivar F, (2009) Emotion regulation and cortisol reactivity to a social-evaluative speech task. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34: 1355-1362. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.006. PubMed: 19464808.
46. Thoma MV, Ryf S, Mohiyeddini C, Ehlert U, Nater UM, (2011) Emotion regulation through listening to music in everyday situations. Cogn Emot.
47. Thoma MV, Scholz U, Ehlert U, Nater UM, (2011) Listening to music and physiological and psychological functioning: The mediating role of emotion regulation and stress reactivity. Psychol Health, 27: 227-41. PubMed: 21678187.
48. Kirschbaum C, Kudielka BM, Gaab J, Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH, (1999) Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychosom Med 61: 154-162. PubMed: 10204967.
49. Stroud LR, Salovey P, Epel ES, (2002) Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress. Biol Psychiatry 52: 318-327. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01333-1. PubMed: 12208639.
50. McFarland RA, Kadish R, (1991) Sex differences in finger temperature response to music. Int J Psychophysiol 11: 295-298. doi:10.1016/0167-8760(91)90024-R. PubMed: 1797764.
51. Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH, (1993) The 'Trier Social Stress Test'- a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28: 76-81. doi:10.1159/000119004. PubMed: 8255414.
52. Edwards S, Clow A, Evans A, Hucklebridge F, (2001) Exploration of the awakening cortisol response in relation to diurnal cortisol secretory activity. Life Sci 68: 2093-2103. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(01)00996-1. PubMed: 11324714.
53. Nater UM, Rohleder N, Schlotz W, Ehlert U, Kirschbaum C, (2007) Determinants of the diurnal course of salivary alpha-amylase. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32: 392-401. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.02.007. PubMed: 17418498.
54. Pelletier CL, (2004) The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: a meta-analysis. J Music Ther 41: 192-214. PubMed: 15327345.
55. Heilman KJ, Porges SW, (2007) Accuracy of the LifeShirt® (Vivometrics) in the detection of cardiac rhythms. Biol Psychiatry 75: 300-305. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.04.001.
56. Nater UM, Krebs M, Ehlert U, (2005) Sensation Seeking, music preference and psychophysiological reactivity to music. Musicae Sci 9: 239-254.
57. Beck AT, (1961) Beck-Depressions-Inventar. Bern: Huber.
58. Gotthardt U, Schweiger U, Fahrenberg J, Lauer CJ, Holsboer F, et al. (1995) Cortisol, ACTH, and cardiovascular response to a cognitive challenge paradigm in aging and depression. Am J Physiol 268: R865-R873. PubMed: 7733395.
59. Abler B, Kessler H, (2009) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire- Eine deutschsprachige Fassung des ERQ von Gross und John. Diagnostica 55: 144-152. doi:10.1026/0012-1924.55.3.144.
60. Gross JJ, John OP, (2003) Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 85: 348-362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348. PubMed: 12916575.
61. Schulz P, Schlotz W, Becker P, (2004) Das Trier Inventar zum chronischen Stress- Manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
62. Laux L, Glanzmann P, Schaffner P, Spielberger CD, (1981) Das State-Trait-Angstinventar. Theoretische Grundlagen und Handanweisungen. Weinheim: Beltz.
63. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE, (1970) STAI, Manual for the State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.
64. Vasey MW, Thayer JF, (1987) The continuing problem of false positives repeated measures ANOVA in psychophysiology: a multivariate solution. Psychophysiology 24: 479-486. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00324.x. PubMed: 3615759.
65. Greenhouse JB, Junker BW, (1992) Exploratory statistical methods, with applications to psychiatric research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 17: 423-441. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(92)90001-N. PubMed: 1484911.
66. Pruessner JC, Kirschbaum C, Meinlschmid G, Hellhammer DH, (2003) Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28: 916-931. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7. PubMed: 12892658.
67. Tsao C, Gordon T, Maranto C, Lerman C, Murasko D, (1991) The effect of music and directed biological imagery on immune response S-IgA. In: Maranto C, eds. Applications of music in medicine. Washington, DC: National Association of Music. Therapy: pp. 85-121.
68. Enk R, Franzke P, Offermanns K, Hohenadel M, Boehlig A, et al. (2008) Music and the immune system. Int J Psychophysiol 69: 207-241. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.013.
69. Bartlett D, Kaufman D, Smeltekop R, (1993) The effects of music listening and perceived sensory experience on the immune system as measured by interleukin-1 and cortisol. J Music Ther 30: 194-209.
70. Möckel M, Röcker L, Störk T, Vollert J, Danne O, et al. (1994) Immediate physiological responses of healthy volunteers to different types of music: cardiovascular, hormonal and mental changes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 68: 451-459. doi:10.1007/BF00599512. PubMed: 7826431.
71. McKinney CH, Antoni MH, Kumar M, Tims FC, McCabe PM, (1997) Effects of guided imagery and music (GIM) therapy on mood and cortisol in healthy adults. Health Psychol 16: 390-400. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.16.4.390. PubMed: 9237092.
72. Field T, Martinez A, Nawrocki T, Pickens J, Fox NA, et al. (1998) Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. Adolescence 33: 109-116. PubMed: 9583665.
73. Fukui H, Yamashita M, (2003) The effects of music and visual stress on testosterone and cortisol in men and women. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 24: 173-180. PubMed: 14523353.
74. Kreutz G, Bongard S, Rohrmann S, Hodapp V, Grebe D, (2004) Effects of choir singing or listening on secretory immunoglobulin A, cortisol, and emotional state. J Behav Med 27: 623-635. doi:10.1007/s10865-004-0006-9. PubMed: 15669447.
75. Nakayama H, Kikuta F, Takeda H, (2007) A pilot study on effectiveness of music therapy in hospice in Japan. J Music Ther 46: 160-172.
76. le Roux FH, Bouic PJ, Bester MM, (2007) The effect of Bach's magnificat on emotions, immune, and endocrine parameters during physiotherapy treatment of patients with infectious lung conditions. J Music Ther 44: 156-168. PubMed: 17484523.
77. Burns SJ, Harbuz MS, Hucklebridge F, Bunt L, (2001) A pilot study into the therapeutic effects of music therapy at a cancer help center. Altern Ther Health Med 7: 48-56. PubMed: 11191042.
78. Jankord R, Herman JP, (2008) Limbic regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical function during acute and chronic stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1148: 64-73. doi:10.1196/annals.1410.012. PubMed: 19120092.
79. Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ, Bermudez P, Evans AC, (1999) Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. Nat Neurosci 2: 382-387. doi:10.1038/7299. PubMed: 10204547.
80. Brown S, Martinez MJ, Parsons LM, (2004) Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport 15: 2033-2037. doi:10.1097/00001756-200409150-00008. PubMed: 15486477.
81. Kim YK, Kim SM, Myoung H, (2011) Musical intervention reduces patients' anxiety in surgical extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 69: 1036-1045. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2010.02.045. PubMed: 20708320.
82. Eitner S, Sokol B, Wichmann M, Bauer J, Engels D, (2011) Clinical use of a novel audio pillow with recorded hypnotherapy instructions and music for anxiolysis during dental implant surgery: a prospective study. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 59: 180-197. doi:10.1080/00207144.2011.546196. PubMed: 21390978.
83. Bekhuis T, (2009) Music therapy may reduce pain and anxiety in children undergoing medical and dental procedures. J Evid Based Dent Pract 9: 213-214. doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2009.03.002. PubMed: 19913737.
84. Tran D, Edenfield SM, Coulton K, Adams D, (2010) Anxiolytic intervention preference of dental practitioners in the Savannah, Chatham County area: a pilot study. J Dent Hyg 84: 151-155. PubMed: 20579428.
85. Arai YCP, Sakakibara S, Ito A, Ohshima K, Sakakibara T, et al. (2008) Intra-operative natural sound decreases salivary amylase activity of patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair under epidural anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 33: 234-234. doi:10.1097/00115550-200809001-00455. PubMed: 18477078.
86. Migneault B, Girard F, Albert C, Chouinard P, Boudreault D, et al. (2004) The effect of music on the neurohormonal stress response to surgery under general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 98: 527-532. PubMed: 14742400.
87. Iwanaga M, Tsukamoto M, (1997) Effects of excitative and sedative music on subjective and physiological relaxation. Percept Mot Skills 85: 287-296. doi:10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.287. PubMed: 9293589.
88. Yanagihashi R, Ohira M, Kimura T, Fujiwara T, (1997) Physiological and psychological assessment of sound. Int J Biometeorol 40: 157-161. doi:10.1007/s004840050036. PubMed: 9195862.
89. White JM, (1999) Effects of relaxing music on cardiac autonomic balance and anxiety after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Crit Care 8: 220-230. PubMed: 10392221.
90. Hughes JW, Stoney CM, (2000) Depressed mood is related to high-frequency heart rate variability during stressors. Psychosom Med 62: 796-803. PubMed: 11138999.
91. Dishman RK, Nakamura Y, Garcia ME, Thompson RW, Dunn AL, et al. (2000) Heart rate variability, trait anxiety, and perceived stress among physically fit men and women. Int J Psychophysiol 37: 121-133. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00085-4. PubMed: 10831999.
92. MacDonald RAR, Mitchell LA, Dillon T, Serpell MG, Davies JB, et al. (2003) An empirical investigation of the anxiolytic and pain reducing effects of music. Psychol Music 31: 187-203. doi:10.1177/0305735603031002294.