Pregnancy and susceptibility to infectious diseases

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Sappenfield, Elisabeth ^a   Jamieson, Denise J ^a   Kourtis, Athena P ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CHICKENPOX; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS E VIRUS; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; INFLUENZA; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LISTERIOSIS; MALARIA; MATERNAL MORTALITY; MEASLES; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PANDEMIC INFLUENZA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMALLPOX; TOXOPLASMOSIS; VIRUS PNEUMONIA; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; IMMUNOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION;

DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS;

EID: 84880913017     PISSN: 10647449     EISSN: 10980997     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/752852     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Starke J. R., Tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to the mother, fetus, and neonate. Clinics in Perinatology 1997 24 1 107 127 2-s2.0-0030888031
2. Billington W. D., The immunological problem of pregnancy: 50 Years with the hope of progress. A tribute to Peter Medawar. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 2003 60 1 1 11 2-s2.0-0142057036 10.1016/S0165-0378(03)00083-4
3. Medawar P., Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 1952 7 320 338
4. Pazos M., Sperling R. S., Moran T. M., Kraus T. A., The influence of pregnancy on systemic immunity. Immunologic Research 2012 54 1-3 254 261 2-s2.0-84858720863 10.1007/s12026-012-8303-9
5. Zoller A. L., Schnell F. J., Kersh G. J., Murine pregnancy leads to reduced proliferation of maternal thymocytes and decreased thymic emigration. Immunology 2007 121 2 207 215 2-s2.0-34247514278 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02559. x
6. Kraus T. A., Engel S. M., Sperling R. S., Characterizing the pregnancy immune phenotype: results of the viral immunity and pregnancy (VIP) study. Journal of Clinical Immunology 2012 32 2 300 311 10.1007/s10875-011-9627-2
7. Forbes R. L., Gibson P. G., Murphy V. E., Wark P. A. B., Impaired type I and III interferon response to rhinovirus infection during pregnancy and asthma. Thorax 2012 67 3 209 214 2-s2.0-84857445243 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200708
8. Priddy K. D., Immunologic adaptation dduring pregnancy. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing 1997 26 6 388 356
9. Harris J. W., Influenza occurring in pregnant women. Journal of the American Medical Association 1919 72 978 980 10.1001/jama.1919.02610140008002
10. Siston A. M., Rasmussen S. A., Honein M. A., Fry A. M., Seib K., Callaghan W. M., Louie J., Doyle T. J., Crockett M., Lynfield R., Moore Z., Wiedeman C., Anand M., Tabony L., Nielsen C. F., Waller K., Page S., Thompson J. M., Avery C., Springs C. B., Jones T., Williams J. L., Newsome K., Finelli L., Jamieson D. J., Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 2010 303 15 1517 1525 2-s2.0-77951195763 10.1001/jama.2010.479
11. Cervantes-Gonzalez M., Launay O., Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnant women: impact of early diagnosis and antiviral treatment. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2010 8 9 981 984 2-s2.0-77956488411 10.1586/eri.10.83
12. Neuzil K. M., Reed G. W., Mitchel E. F., Simonsen L., Griffin M. R., Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. American Journal of Epidemiology 1998 148 11 1094 1102 2-s2.0-2442688608
13. Schanzer D. L., Langley J. M., Tam T. W. S., Influenza-attributed hospitalization rates among pregnant women in Canada 1994-2000. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2007 29 8 622 629 2-s2.0-35248828683
14. Lindsay L., Jackson L. A., Savitz D. A., Weber D. J., Koch G. G., Kong L., Guess H. A., Community influenza activity and risk of acute influenza-like illness episodes among healthy unvaccinated pregnant and postpartum women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006 163 9 838 848 2-s2.0-33646379624 10.1093/aje/kwj095
15. Jamieson D. J., Theiler R. N., Rasmussen S. A., Emerging infections and pregnancy. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006 12 11 1638 1643 2-s2.0-33750564262
16. Gutiérrez-Pizarraya A., Pérez-Romero P., Alvarez R., Unexpected severity of cases of influenza B infection in paptients that require hospitalization duringnthe first postpandemic wave. Journal of Infection 2012 65 5 423 430 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.07.004
17. Pramanick A., Rathore S., Peter J. V., Moorthy M., Lionel J., Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection during pregnancy in South India. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011 113 1 32 35 2-s2.0-79952986927 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.10.025
18. Rolland-Harris E., Vachon J., Kropp R., Frood J., Morris K., Pelletier L., Robin R., Hospitalization of pregnant women with pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza in Canada. Epidemiology and Infection 2012 140 1316 1327 10.107/S0950268811001737.37
19. Mickiene A., Daniusevičiute L., Vanagaite N., Velyvyte D., Blauzdžiuniene O., Nadišauskiene R., Macas A., Sakalauskas R., Pilvinis V., Nedzelskiene I., Jodžiuniene L., Hospitalized adult patients with 2009 pandemic influenza a (H1N1) in Kaunas, Lithuania. Medicina 2011 47 1 11 18 2-s2.0-79959190948
20. Rogerson Steven J., Malaria in pregnancy and the newborn. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2010 659 139 152
21. Brabin L., Brabin B. J., Van Der Kaay H. J., High and low spleen rates distinguish two populations of women living under the same malaria endemic conditions in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988 82 5 671 676 2-s2.0-0023771619
22. Brabin B. J., Brabin L. R., Sapau J., Alpers M. P., A longitudinal study of splenomegaly in pregnancy in a malaria endemic area in Papua New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988 82 5 677 682 2-s2.0-0023796882
23. Gilles H. M., Lawson J. B., Sibellas M., Voller A., Allan N., Malaria and pregnancy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1969 63 1 1 2-s2.0-0014462208
24. Brabin B. J., An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1983 61 6 1005 1016 2-s2.0-0021081016
25. McGregor I. A., Epidemiology, malaria and pregnancy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1984 33 4 517 525 2-s2.0-0021209942
26. Taylor S. M., van Eijik A. M., Hand C. C., Quantification of the burden and consequences of pregnancy-associated malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011 204 11 1762 1771 10.1093/infdis/ jir625
27. Adam I., Khamis A. H., Elbashir M. I., Prevalence and risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnant women of eastern Sudan. Malaria Journal 2005 4, article 18 2-s2.0-19744369895 10.1186/1475-2875-4-18
28. Bray R. S., Anderson M. L., Falciparum malaria and pregnancy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1979 73 427 431
29. Menendez C., Malaria during pregnancy: a oriority area of malaria research and control. Current Molecular Medicine 2006 6 2 269 273 2-s2.0-33646182832 10.2174/156652406776055186
30. Nosten F., McGready R., Simpson J. A., Thwai K. L., Balkan S., Cho T., Hkirijaroen L., Looareesuwan S., White N. J., Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy. The Lancet 1999 354 9178 546 549 2-s2.0-0033554264 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09247-2
31. Poespoprodjo J. R., Fobia W., Kenangalem E., Lampah D. A., Warikar N., Seal A., McGready R., Sugiarto P., Tjitra E., Anstey N. M., Price R. N., Adverse pregnancy outcomes in an area where multidrug-resistant Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections are endemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008 46 9 1374 1381 2-s2.0-42549139438 10.1086/586743
32. Singh N., Shukla M. M., Sharma V. P., Epidemiology of malaria in pregnancy in central India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1999 77 7 567 572 2-s2.0-0032813122
33. Rijken M. J., McGready R., Boel M. E., Poespoprodjo R., Singh N., Syafruddin D., Rogerson S., Nosten F., Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2012 12 1 75 88 2-s2.0-84055192692 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2
34. Creasey A., Giha H., Hamad A. A., El Hassan I. M., Theander T. G., Arnot D. E., Eleven years of malaria surveillance in a Sudanese village highlights unexpected variation in individual disease susceptibility and outbreak severity. Parasitology 2004 129 3 263 271 2-s2.0-4644220087 10.1017/S0031182004005724
35. Granja A. C., Machungo F., Gomes A., Bergström S., Brabin B., Malaria-related maternal mortality in urban Mozambique. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1998 92 3 257 263 2-s2.0-0031971977 10.1080/00034989859816
36. van Eijk A. M., Ayisi J. G., ter Kuili F. O., Misore A. O., Otieno A. J., Rosen D. H., Kager P. A., Steketee R. W., Nahlen B. L., Risk factors for malaria in pregnancy in an urban and peri-urban population in western Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2002 96 6 586 592 2-s2.0-0036881070 10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90319-6
37. Fried M., Duffy P. E., Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta. Science 1996 272 5267 1502 1504 2-s2.0-0029992826
38. Gellin B. G., Broome C. V., Bibb W. F., Weaver R. E., Gaventa S., Mascola L., The epidemiology of listeriosis in the United States-1986. American Journal of Epidemiology 1991 133 4 392 401 2-s2.0-0025972858
39. Smith J. L., Foodborne infections during pregnancy. Journal of Food Protection 1999 62 7 818 829 2-s2.0-0033166205
40. Schuchat A., Deaver K. A., Wenger J. D., Role of foods in sporadic listeriosis. I. Case-control study of dietary risk factors. The Listeria Study Group. Journal of the American Medical Association 1992 267 15 2041 2045
41. Silk B. J., Date K. A., Jackson K. A., Invasive listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004-2009: further targeted prevention needed for higher-risk groups. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012 supplement 5 S396 S404
42. Mylonakis E., Paliou M., Hohmann E. L., Calderwood S. B., Wing E. J., Listeriosis during pregnancy: a case series and review of 222 cases. Medicine 2002 81 4 260 269 2-s2.0-0036318369 10.1097/00005792-200207000-00002
43. Pouillot R., Hoelzer K., Jackson K., Henao O., Silk B. J., Relative risk of listeriosis in Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) Sites according to age, pregnancy, and ethnicity. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012 54 supplement 5 S405 S420
44. Goulet V., Hebert M., Hedberg C., Laurent E., Vaillant V., De Valk H., Desenclos J.-C., Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012 54 5 652 660 2-s2.0-84856927549 10.1093/cid/cir902
45. Kane M. A., Hepatitis viruses and the neonate. Clinics in Perinatology 1997 24 181 191
46. Ornoy A., Tenenbaum A., Pregnancy outcome following infections by coxsackie, echo, measles, mumps, hepatitis, polio and encephalitis viruses. Reproductive Toxicology 2006 21 4 446 457 2-s2.0-33645842221 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.12.007
47. Khuroo M. S., Kamili S., Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2003 10 3 224 231 2-s2.0-0037903643 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00415.x
48. Kumar A., Beniwal M., Kar P., Sharma J. B., Murthy N. S., Hepatitis E in pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2004 85 3 240 244 2-s2.0-2442449462 10.1016/j.ijgo.2003.11.018
49. Aggarwal R., Krawczynski K., Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2000 15 1 9 20 2-s2.0-0034048659 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02006.x
50. Patra S., Kumar A., Trivedi S. S., Puri M., Sarin S. K., Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E virus infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007 147 1 28 33 2-s2.0-34447251083
51. Jilani N., Das B. C., Husain S. A., Baweja U. K., Chattopadhya D., Gupta R. K., Sardana S., Kar P., Hepatitis E virus infection and fulminant hepatic failure during pregnancy. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2007 22 5 676 682 2-s2.0-34247279653 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04913.x
52. Jaiswal S. P. B., Jain A. K., Naik G., Soni N., Chitnis D. S., Viral hepatitis during pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2001 72 2 103 108 2-s2.0-0035136809 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00264-2
53. Brown Z. A., Vontver L. A., Benedetti J., Genital herpes in pregnancy: risk factors associated with recurrences and asymptomatic viral shedding. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1985 153 1 24 30 2-s2.0-0021931290
54. Allen R. H., Tuomala R. E., Herpes simplex virus hepatitis causing acute liver dysfunction and thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005 106 5, part 2 1187 1189 2-s2.0-27444431865
55. Kang A. H., Graves C. R., Herpes simplex hepatitis in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 1999 54 7 463 468 2-s2.0-0033033052 10.1097/00006254-199907000-00026
56. Chase R. A., Pottage J. C. Jr., Haber M. H., Kistler G., Jensen D., Levin S., Herpes simplex viral hepatitis in adults: two case reports and review of the literature. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1987 9 2 329 333 2-s2.0-0023304454
57. Yaziji H., Hill T., Pitman T. C., Cook C. R., Schrodt G. R., Gestational herpes simplex virus hepatitis. Southern Medical Journal 1997 90 3 347 351 2-s2.0-0030891992 10.1097/00007611-199703000-00019
58. Foulon W., Naessens A., Lauwers S., De Meuter F., Amy J.-J., Impact of primary prevention on the incidence of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988 72 3, part 1 363 366 2-s2.0-0023786549
59. Jacquier P., Hohlfeld P., Vorkauf H., Zuber P., Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Switzerland: national study of seroprevalence monitored in pregnant women 1990-1991. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 1995 65 29S 38S 2-s2.0-0028901164
60. Remington J. S., Klein J. O., Infectious Disease of the Fetus and the Newborn Infant 1995 Philadelphia, Pa, USA W.B. Saunders Company
61. Antoniou M., Tzouvali H., Sifakis S., Galanakis E., Georgopoulou E., Liakou V., Giannakopoulou C., Koumantakis E., Tselentis Y., Incidence of toxoplasmosis in 5532 pregnant women in Crete, Greece: management of 185 cases at risk. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2004 117 2 138 143 2-s2.0-8444237029 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.03.001
62. Avelino M. M., Campos D. Jr., De Parada J. D. C. B., De Castro A. M., Pregnancy as a risk factor for acute toxoplasmosis seroconversion. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2003 108 1 19 24 2-s2.0-0037402734 10.1016/S0301-2115(02)00353-6
63. Porto A. M., Amorim M. M., Coelho I. C., Santos L. C., Serologic profile of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women attended a teaching hospital in Recife. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 2008 54 242 248 10.1590/S0104-42302008000300018
64. Zadik P. M., KudesiaG. K., Siddons A. D., Low incidence of primary infection with toxoplasma among women in Sheffield: a seroconversion study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995 102 8 608 610 2-s2.0-0029085009
65. Taha T. E., Dallabetta G. A., Hoover D. R., Chiphangwi J. D., Mtimavalye L. A. R., Liomba G. N., Kumwenda N. I., Miotti P. G., Trends of HIV-1 and sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant and postpartum women in urban Malawi. AIDS 1998 12 2 197 203 2-s2.0-0032556973 10.1097/00002030-199802000- 00010
66. Leroy V., Van De Perre P., Lepage P., Saba J., Nsengumuremyi F., Simonon A., Karita E., Msellati P., Salamon R., Dabis F., Seroincidence of HIV-1 infection in African women of reproductive age: a prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda, 1988-1992. AIDS 1994 8 7 983 986 2-s2.0-0028235739
67. Moodley D., Esterhuizen T. M., Pather T., Chetty V., Ngaleka L., High HIV incidence during pregnancy: compelling reason for repeat HlV testing. AIDS 2009 23 10 1255 1259 2-s2.0-67651097715 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832a5934
68. Mugo N. R., Heffron R., Donnell D., Wald A., Were E. O., Rees H., Celum C., Kiarie J. N., Cohen C. R., Kayintekore K., Baeten J. M., Increased risk of HIV-1 transmission in pregnancy: a prospective study among African HIV-1-serodiscordant couples. AIDS 2011 25 15 1887 1895 2-s2.0-80052950992 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834a9338
69. Gray R. H., Li X., Kigozi G., Serwadda D., Brahmbhatt H., Wabwire-Mangen F., Nalugoda F., Kiddugavu M., Sewankambo N., Quinn T. C., Reynolds S. J., Wawer M. J., Increased risk of incident HIV during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda: a prospective study. The Lancet 2005 366 9492 1182 1188 2-s2.0-25844448685 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67481-8
70. Reid S. E., Dai J. Y., Wang J., Sichalwe B. N., Akpomiemie G., Cowan F. M., Delany-Moretlwe S., Baeten J. M., Hughes J. P., Wald A., Celum C., Pregnancy, contraceptive use, and HIV acquisition in HPTN 039: relevance for HIV prevention trials among African women. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2010 53 5 606 613 2-s2.0-77950267975 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181bc4869
71. Morrison C. S., Wang J., Van Der Pol B., Padian N., Salata R. A., Richardson B. A., Pregnancy and the risk of HIV-1 acquisition among women in Uganda and Zimbabwe. AIDS 2007 21 8 1027 1034 2-s2.0-34247560675 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3280f00fc4
72. Berrebi A., Kobuch W. E., Puel J., Tricoire J., Herne P., Grandjean H., Pontonnier G., Influence of pregnancy on human immunodeficiency virus disease. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1990 37 3 211 217 2-s2.0-0024990845
73. Weisser M., Rudin C., Battegay M., Pfluger D., Kully C., Egger M., Does pregnancy influence the course of HIV infection? Evidence from two large Swiss cohort studies. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 1998 17 5 404 410 2-s2.0-0032522088
74. Minkoff H. L., Willoughby A., Mendez H., Moroso G., Holman S., Goedert J. J., Landesman S. H., Serious infections during pregnancy among women with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1990 162 1 30 34 2-s2.0-0025090032
75. Bessinger R., Clark R., Kissinger P., Rice J., Coughlin S., Pregnancy is not associated with the progression of HIV disease in women attending an HIV outpatient program. American Journal of Epidemiology 1998 147 5 434 440 2-s2.0-0032031058
76. Deschamps M.-M., Pape J. W., Desvarieux M., Williams-Russo P., Madhavan S., Ho J. L., Johnson W. D. Jr., A prospective study of HIV-seropositive asymptomatic women of childbearing age in a developing country. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1993 6 5 446 451 2-s2.0-0027246112
77. Landers D. V., De Tejada B. M., Coyne B. A., Immunology of HIV and pregnancy: the effects of each on the other. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1997 24 4 821 831 2-s2.0-0031437872 10.1016/S0889-8545(05) 70346-6
78. Haake D. A., Zakowski P. C., Haake D. L., Bryson Y. J., Early treatment with acyclovir for varicella pneumonia in otherwise healthy adults: retrospective controlled study and review. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1990 12 5 788 798 2-s2.0-0025028711
79. Siegel M., Congenital malformations following chickenpox, measles, mumps, and hepatitis. Results of a cohort study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1973 226 13 1521 1524 2-s2.0-0015935002 10.1001/jama.226.13.1521
80. Balducci J., Rodis J. F., Rosengren S., Vintzileos A. M., Spivey G., Vosseller C., Pregnancy outcome following first-trimester varicella infection. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992 79 1 5 6 2-s2.0-0026592617
81. Stagno S., Whitley R. J., Herpesvirus infections of pregnancy. Part I: cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections. New England Journal of Medicine 1985 313 20 1270 1274 2-s2.0-0022386240
82. Nilsson A., Örtqvist A., Severe varicella pneumonia in adults in Stockholm County 1980-1989. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996 28 2 121 123 2-s2.0-0029904139
83. Miller E., Marshall R., Vurdien J., Epidemiology, outcome and control of varicella-zoster infection. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 1993 4 4 222 230 2-s2.0-0027485808
84. Esmonde T. F., Herdman G., Anderson G., Chickenpox pneumonia: an association with pregnancy. Thorax 1989 44 10 812 815 2-s2.0-0024404401
85. Paryani S. G., Arvin A. M., Intrauterine infection with varicella-zoster virus after maternal varicella. New England Journal of Medicine 1986 314 24 1542 1546 2-s2.0-0022542960
86. Triebwasser J. H., Harris R. E., Bryant R. E., Rhoades E. R., Varicella pneumonia in adults. Report of seven cases and a review of literature. Medicine 1967 46 5 409 423 2-s2.0-0014129948
87. Enders G., Varicella-zoster virus infection in pregnancy. Progress in Medical Virology 1984 29 166 196
88. Christensen P. E., Schmidt H., Bang H. O., Andersen V., Jordal B., Jensen O., Measles in virgin soil, Greenland 1951. Danish Medical Bulletin 1954 1 1 2 6 2-s2.0-0043274154
89. Atmar R. L., Englund J. A., Hammill H., Complications of measles during pregnancy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1992 14 1 217 226 2-s2.0-0026565465
90. Chiba M. E., Saito M., Suzuki N., Honda Y., Yaegashi N., Measles infection in pregnancy. Journal of Infection 2003 47 1 40 44 2-s2.0-0037481811 10.1016/S0163-4453(03)00045-8
91. Eberhart-Phillips J. E., Frederick P. D., Baron R. C., Mascola L., Measles in pregnancy: a descriptive study of 58 cases. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993 82 5 797 801 2-s2.0-0027434059
92. Elamin Ali M., Albar H. M., Measles in pregnancy: maternal morbidity and perinatal outcome. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1997 59 2 109 113 2-s2.0-0030703112 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)00196-3
93. Nishiura H., Smallpox during pregnancy and maternal outcomes. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006 12 7 1119 1121 2-s2.0-33745939681