Racial Identity Buffers African American Women From Body Image Problems and Disordered Eating

Psychology of Women Quarterly

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 337-350

  Watson, Laurel B ^a,b   Ancis, Julie R ^c   White, D Nicholas ^a   Nazari, Negar ^d  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI KANSAS CITY   (United States)

^c GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d ALLIANT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

body image; eating disorders; ethnic identity; objectification theory; racial and ethnic attitudes; social identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880822221     PISSN: 03616843     EISSN: 14716402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0361684312474799     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Aiken L. S.,West S. G.Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1991:.
2. Augustus-Horvath C. L.,Tylka T. L.A test and extension of objectification theory as it predicts disordered eating: Does women's age matter?.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2009;56:253-265.
3. Bradford J. W.,Petrie T. A.Sociocultural factors and the development of disordered eating: A longitudinal analysis of competing hypotheses.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2008;55:246-262.
4. Brown T. A.,Cash T. F.,Mikulka P. J.Attitudinal body-image assessment: Factor analysis of the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire.Journal of Personality Assessment. 1990;55:135-145.
5. Buchanan T. S.,Fischer A. R.,Tokar D. M.,Yoder J. D.Testing a culture-specific extension of objectification theory regarding African American women's body image.Counseling Psychologist. 2008;36:697-718.
6. Centers for Disease Control. (2011). Body mass index. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/.
7. Cross W. E.The Negro-to-Black conversion experience.Black World. 1971;20:13-27.
8. Cross W. E.,Vandiver B. J.Handbook of multicultural counseling. 2001). Nigrescence theory and measurement: Introducing the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS). In PonterottoJ. G.CasasJ. M.SuzukiL. A.AlexanderC. M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed., pp. 371-393). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Ponterotto J. G.Casas J. M.Suzuki L. A.Alexander C. M., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2001:371-393.
9. Dinsmore B.,Mallinckrodt B.Emotional self-awareness, eating disorders, and racial identity attitudes in African American women.Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 1996;24:267-277.
10. Dion K. L.,Dion K. K.,Keelan P. J.Appearance anxiety as a dimension of social-evaluative anxiety: Exploring the ugly duckling syndrome.Contemporary Social Psychology. 1990;14:220-224.
11. Engeln-Maddox R.Buying a beauty standard or dreaming of a new life? Expectations associated with media ideals.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2006;30:258-266.
12. Fredrickson B. L.,Roberts T.Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1997;21:173-206.
13. Garner D. M.Eating Disorder Inventory-2 manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991:.
14. Garner D. M.,Olmsted M. P.,Bohr Y.,Garfinkel P. E.The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates.Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences. 1982;12:871-878.
15. Garner D. M.,Olmsted M. P.,Polivy J.,Garfinkel P. E.Comparison between weight-preoccupied women and anorexia nervosa.Psychosomatic Medicine. 1984;46:255-266.
16. Gilbert S. F.,Crump S.,Madhere S.,Schutz W.Internalization of the thin ideal as a predictor of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in African, African-American, and Afro-Caribbean female college students.Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. 2009;23:196-211.
17. Gordon K. H.,Castro Y,Sitnikov L.,Holm-Denoma J. M.Cultural body shape ideals and eating disorder symptoms among White, Latina, and Black college women.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2010;16:135-143.
18. Grabe S.,Hyde J. S.Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction among women in the United States: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin. 2006;132:633-640.
19. Halliwell W.,Dittmar H.Does size matter? The impact of model's body size on women's body-focused anxiety and advertising effectiveness.Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology. 2004;23:104-122.
20. Harris S. M.Family, self, and sociocultural contributions to body-image attitudes of African-American women.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1995;19:129-145.
21. Heinberg L. J.,Thompson J. K.,Stormer S.Development and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire.International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995;17:89.
22. Henrickson H. C.,Crowther J. S.,Harrington E. F.Ethnic identity and maladaptive eating: Expectancies about eating and thinness in African American women.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2010;16:87-93.
23. Hesse-Biber S.,Livingstone S.,Ramirez D.,Barko E.,Johnson A.Racial identity and body image among Black female college students attending predominantly White colleges.Sex Roles. 2010;63:697-711.
24. Hill Collins P.Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. 2009). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.New York, NY: Routledge; 2009:.
25. Jefferson D. L.,Stake J. E.Appearance self-attitudes of African American and European American women: Media comparisons and internalization of beauty ideals.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2009;33:396-409.
26. Jöreskog K. G.,Sörbom D.LISREL 8 user's reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International; 1993:.
27. Kessler R. C.,Mickelson K. D.,Willams D. R.The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States.Health and Social Behavior. 1999;40:208-230.
28. Kline R. B.Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2005:.
29. Klonoff E. A.,Landrine H.The schedule of sexist events.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1995;19:439-473.
30. Koskina A.,Van den Eynde F.,Meisel S.,Campbell I. C.,Schmidt U.Social appearance anxiety and bulimia nervosa.Eating and Weight Disorders. 2011;16:e142-e145.
31. Kozee H. B.,Tylka T. L.A test of objectification theory with lesbian women.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2006;30:348-357.
32. Kozee H. B.,Tylka T. L.,Augustus-Horvath C. L.,Denchik A.Development and psychometric evaluation of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2007;31:189.
33. Lester R.,Petrie T. A.Physical, psychological, and societal correlates of bulimic symptomatology among African American college women.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1998;45:315-321.
34. Mazzeo S. E.Modification of an existing measure of body image preoccupation and its relationship to disordered eating in female college students.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1999;46:42-50.
35. McKinley N. M.,Hyde J. S.The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1996;20:216.
36. Mitchell K. S.,Mazzeo S. E.Evaluation of a structural model of objectification theory and eating disorder symptomatology among European American and African American undergraduate women.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2009;33:384-395.
37. Moradi B.,Dirks D.,Matteson A. V.Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomology: A test and extension of objectification theory.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2005;52:420-428.
38. Myers T. A.,Crowther J. H.Is self-objectification related to interoceptive awareness? An examination of potential mediating pathways to disordered eating attitudes.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2008;32:172-180.
39. Noll S. M.,Fredrickson B. L.A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1998;22:623-636.
40. Oney C.,Cole E.,Sellers R.Racial identity and gender as moderators of the relationship between body image and self-esteem for African Americans.Sex Roles. 2011;65:619-631.
41. Phelps L,Sapia J.,Nathanson D.,Nelson L.An empirically supported eating disorder prevention program.Psychology in the Schools. 2000;37:443-453.
42. Poran M.Denying diversity: Perception of beauty and social comparison processes among Latina, Black, and White women.Sex Roles. 2002;47:65-81.
43. Preacher K. J.,Hayes A. F.Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.Behavior Research Methods. 2008;40:879-891.
44. Preacher K. J.,Rucker D. D.,Hayes A. F.Addressing moderated mediated hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions.Multivariate Behavioral Research. 2007;42:185-227.
45. Roberts A.,Cash T.,Feingold A.,Johnson B. T.Are Black-White differences in females' body dissatisfaction decreasing? A meta-analytic review.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2006;74:1121-1131.
46. Rogers Wood N. A.,Petrie T. A.Body dissatisfaction, ethnic identity, and disordered dating among African American women.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2010;57:141-153.
47. Rubin L. R.,Nemeroff C. J.,Russo N. F.Exploring feminist women's body consciousness.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2004;28:27-37.
48. Sabik N. J.,Tylka T. L.Do feminist identity styles moderate the relation between perceived sexist events and disordered eating.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2006;30:77-84.
49. Shuttlesworth M. E.,Zotter D.Disordered eating in African American and Caucasian women: The role of ethnic identity.Journal of Black Studies. 2011;42:906-922.
50. Sifneos P. E.The prevalence of alexithymic characteristics in psychosomatic patients.Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1973;22:255-262.
51. Slater A.,Tiggemann M.A test of objectification theory in adolescent girls.Sex Roles. 2002;46:343-349.
52. Slater A.,Tiggemann M.Body image and disordered eating in adolescent girls and boys: A test of objectification theory.Sex Roles. 2010;63:42-49.
53. Szymanski D. M.,Carr E. R.,Moffitt L. B.Sexual objectification of women: Clinical implications and training consideration.Counseling Psychologist. 2011;39:107-126.
54. Szymanski D. M.,Stewart D. N.Racism and sexism and correlates of African American women's psychological distress.Sex Roles. 2010;63:226-238.
55. Taylor G. J.,Bagby R. M.,Parker J. D. A.The alexithymia construct: A potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine.Psychosomatics. 1991;32:153-164.
56. Tiggemann M.,Slater A.A test of objectification theory in former dancers and non-dancers.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2001;25:57-74.
57. Tiggemann M.,Williams E.The role of self-objectification in disordered eating, depressed mood, and sexual functioning among women: A comprehensive test of objectification theory.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2012;36:66-75.
58. Tylka T. L.Development and psychometric evaluation of a measure of intuitive eating.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2006;53:226-240.
59. Tylka T. L.,Hill M. S.Objectification theory as it relates to disordered eating among college women.Sex Roles. 2004;51:719-730.
60. Tylka T. L.,Subich L. M.Examining a multidimensional model of eating disorder symptomatology among college women.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2004;51:314-328.
61. Vandiver B. J.,Cross W. E.,Worrell F. C.,Fhagen-Smith P. E.Validating the Cross Racial Identity Scale.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2002;49:71-85.
62. Watson L. B.,Matheny K. B.,Gagne P.,Brack G. L.,Ancis J. R.A model linking diverse women's child sexual abuse history with sexual risk taking.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2012;:.
63. Watson L. B,Robinson D.,Dispenza F.,Nazari N.African American women's sexual objectification experiences: A qualitative study.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2012;:.
64. Wear R. W.,Pratz O.Test-retest reliability for the Eating Disorder Inventory.International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1987;6:767-769.
65. Weston R.,Gore P. A.A brief guide to structural equation modeling.The Counseling Psychologist. 2006;34:719-751.
66. Wiseman M. C.,Moradi B.Body image and eating disorder symptoms in sexual minority men: A test and extension of objectification theory.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2010;57:154-166.
67. Woods-Giscombé C. L.,Lobel M.Race and gender matter: A multidimensional approach to conceptualizing and measuring stress in African American women.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2008;14:173-182.
68. Woolley L.2010:.
69. Worrell F. C.,Vandiver B. J.,Cross W. E.Reliability and structural validity of Cross Racial Identity Scales Scores in a sample of African American adults.Journal of Black Psychology. 2004;30:489-505.
70. Worrell F. C.,Vandiver B. J.,Schaefer B. A.,Cross W. E.,Fhagen-Smith P. E.Generalizing nigrescence profiles: A cluster analysis of Cross Racial Identity (CRIS) scores in three independent samples.The Counseling Psychologist. 2006;34:519-547.