An empirical review of the neural underpinnings of receiving and giving social support: Implications for health

Psychosomatic Medicine

Volumn 75, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 545-556

  Eisenberger, Naomi I ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b FREDERICK NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR CANCER RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

brain; fMRI; functional magnetic resonance imaging; health; neural; social neuroscience; social support

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAREGIVER; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HEALTH; HUMAN; MENTAL STRESS; NERVE POTENTIAL; PATIENT SAFETY; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 84880570853     PISSN: 00333174     EISSN: 15347796     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31829de2e7     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Berkman LF, Syme SL. Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents. Am J Epidemiol 1979;109:186-203.
2. House JS, Landis KR, Umberson D. Social relationships and Health. Sci 1988;241:540-5.
3. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med 2010;7:e1000316.
4. Seeman TE. Social ties and health: the benefits of social integration. Ann Epidemiol 1996;6:442-51.
5. Chida Y, Hamer M, Wardle J, Steptoe A. Do stress-related psychosocial factors contribute to cancer incidence and survival? Nat Clin Prac Psych 2008;5:466-75.
6. Miller G, Chen E, Cole SW. Health psychology: developing biologically plausible models linking the social world and physical health. Annu Rev Psychol 2009;60:5.1-5.24.
7. Uchino BN. Social support and health: a review of psychological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J Behav Med 2006;29:377-87.
8. Brown GW, Bhrolchain MN, Harris T. Social class and psychiatric disturbance among women in an urban population. Sociol 1975;9:225-54.
9. Bosch JA, de Geus EJ, Carroll D, Goedhart AD, Anane LA, van Zanten JJ, Helmerhorst EJ, Edwards KM. A general enhancement of autonomic and cortisol responses during social evaluative threat. Psychosom Med 2009;71:877-85.
10. Uchino BN, Caccioppo JT, Kiecolt-Glaser JT. The relationship between social support and physiological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychol Bull 1996; 119:488-531.
11. Cole SW, Hawkley LC, Arevalo JM, Sung CY, Rose RM, Cacioppo JT. Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes. Genome Biol 2007;8:R189.
12. Cole SW. Social regulation of human gene expression. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2009;18:132-7.
13. Irwin MR, Cole SW. Reciprocal regulation of the neural and innate immune systems. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11:625-32.
14. Finch CE. The Biology of Human Longevity: Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in the Evolution of Life Spans. Boston, MA: Academic Press; 2007.
15. House JS, Robbins C, Metzner HL. The association of social relationships and activitieswith mortality: prospective evidence from the Tecumesh community health study. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:123-40.
16. Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Fredman L, Kleinbaum DG. Social ties and mortality in Evans County, Georgia. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:577-91.
17. Welin L, Tibblin G, Svärdsudd K, Tibblin B, Ander-Peciva S, Larsson B, Wilhelmsen L. Prospective study of social influences on mortality: the study of men born in 1913 and 1923. Lancet 1985;325:915-8.
18. Orth-Gomer K, Johnson JV. Social network interaction and mortality: a six year follow-up study of a random sample of the Swedish population. J Chronic Dis 1987;40:949-57.
19. Eisenberger NI, Cole SW. Social neuroscience and health: neurophysiological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health. Nat Neurosci 2012;15:669-74.
20. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Gouin J-P, Hantsoo L. Close relationship, inflammation, and health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010;35:33-8.
21. Miller GE, Chen E, Sze J, Marin T, Arevalo JM, Doll R, Ma R, Cole SW. A genomic fingerprint of chronic stress in humans: blunted glucocorticoid and increased NF-kappaB signaling. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64: 266-72.
22. Cohen S, Syme SL. Issues in the study and application of social support. In: Cohen S, Syme SL, editors. Social Support and Health. San Francisco, CA: Academic Press; 1985: 3-22.
23. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull 1985;98:310-57.
24. Cassel J. The contribution of the social environment to host resistance: the fourth Wade Hampton Frost Lecture. Am J Epidemiol 1976;104:107-23.
25. Cobb S. Social support as a moderator of life stresses. Psychosom Med 1976;38:300-14.
26. Epley SW. Reduction of the behavioral effects of aversive stimulation by the presence of companions. Psychol Bull 1974;81:271-83.
27. Rasmussen EW. Social facilitation. Acta Psychol 1939;4:275-91.
28. Davitz JR, Mason DJ. Socially facilitated reduction of a fear response in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1955;48:149-51.
29. Liddell HS. Conditioning and emotions. Sci Am 1954:190:48-57.
30. DeVries AC, DeVries MB, Taymans S, Carter CS. Modulation of pair bonding in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) by corticosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995:92:7744-8.
31. Winslow JT, Noble PL, Lyons, CK, Sterk SM, Insel TR. Rearing effects on cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin concentration and social buffering in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003:28:910-8.
32. Conger JC, Sawrey W, Turrel ES. The role of social experience in the production of gastric ulcers in hooded rats placed in a conflict situation. J Abnorm Psychol 1958;57:214-20.
33. Henry JP, Meehan JP, Stephens PM. The use of psychosocial stimuli to induce prolonged hypertension in mice. Psychosom Med 1967;29: 408-32.
34. Amoroso DM, Walters RH. Effects of anxiety and socially mediated anxiety reduction on paired-associated learning. J Pers Soc Psychol 1969; 11:388-96.
35. Gerin W, Pieper C, Levy R, Pickering T. Social support in social interactions: a moderator of cardiovascular reactivity. Psychosom Med 1992;54:324-36.
36. GerinW,Milner D, Chawla S, Pickering TG. Social support as a moderator of cardiovascular reactivity in women: a test of the direct effects and buffering hypotheses. Psychosom Med 1995;57:16-22.
37. Kamarck TW, Manuck SB, Jennings JR. Social support reduces cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: a laboratory model. Psychosom Med 1990;52:42-58.
38. Kamarck TW, Annunziato B, Amateau LM. Affiliation moderates the effects of social threat on stress-related cardiovascular responses: boundary conditions for a laboratory model of social support. Psychosom Med 1995;57:183-94.
39. Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirschbaum C, Ehlert U. Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:1389-98.
40. Kirschbaum C, Klauer T, Hellhammer DH. Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress. Psychosom Med 1995;57:23-31.
41. Brown JL, Sheffield D, Leary MR, Robinson ME. Social support and experimental pain. Psychosom Med 2003;65:276-83.
42. Master SL, Eisenberger NI, Taylor SE, Naliboff BD, Shirinyan D, Lieberman MD. A picture's worth. Psychol Sci 2009;20:1316-8.
43. Nuckolls KB, Cassel J, Kaplan BH. Psychological assets, life crisis and the prognosis of pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 1972;95:431-41.
44. Haber MG, Cohen JL, Lucas T, Baltes BB. The relationship between selfreported received and perceived social support: a meta-analytic review. Am J Community Psychol 2007:39:133-44.
45. Reinhardt JP, Boerner K, Horowitz A. Good to have but not to use: differential impact of perceived and received support on well-being. J Soc Pers Relationships 2006:23:117-29.
46. Delgado MR, Olsson A, Phelps EA. Extending animal models of fear conditioning to humans. Biol Psychol 2006;73:39-48.
47. Schiller D, Delgado MR. Overlapping neural systems mediating extinction, reversal, and regulation of fear. Trends Cogn Sci 2010;14:268-76.
48. Bowlby J. Attachment & Loss, Vol. I: Attachment. New York: Basic Books; 1969.
49. Mobbs D, Marchant JL, Hassabis D, Seymour B, Tan G, Gray M, Petrovic P, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. From threat to fear: the neural organization of defensive fear systems in humans. J Neurosci 2009;29:12236-43.
50. Mobbs D, Yu R, Rowe JB, Eich H, FeldmanHall O, Dalgeish T. Neural activity associated with monitoring the oscillating threat value of a tarantula. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;23:20582-6.
51. Phelps EA, Delgado MR, Nearing KI, LeDoux JE. Extinction learning in humans: role of the amygdala and vmPFC. Neuron 2004;43:897-905.
52. Rainville P. Brain mechanisms of pain affect and pain modulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002;12:195-204.
53. Mobbs D, Petrovic P, Marchant JL, Hassabis D, Weiskopf N, Seymour B, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. When fear is near: threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science 2007;317: 1079-83.
54. Nili U, Goldberg H, Weizman A, Dudai Y. Fear thou not: activity of frontal and temporal circuits in moments of real-life courage. Neuron 2010;66:949-62.
55. Büchel C, Dolan RJ. Classical fear conditioning in functional neuroimaging. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000;10:219-23.
56. Milad MR, Quirk GJ, Pitman RK, Orr SP, Fischi B, Rauch SL. A role for the human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in fear expression. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:1191-4.
57. Burgos-Robles A, Vidal-Gonzalez I, Quirk GJ. Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are correlated with fear expression and extinction failure. J Neurosci 2009;29:8474-82.
58. Telliólu T, Aker R, Oktay S, Onat F. Effect of brain acetylcholine depletion on bicuculline-induced cardiovascular and locomotor reponses. Int J Neurosci 1997;89:143-52.
59. Kalin NH, Shelton SE, Davidson RJ. The role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in mediating fear and anxiety in the primate. J Neurosci 2004;24:5506-15.
60. McCabe PM, Gentile CG, Markgraf CG, Teich AH, Schneiderman N. Ibotenic acid lesions in the amygdaloid central nucleus but not in the lateral subthalamic area prevent the acquisition of differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbits. Brain Res 1992;580:155-63.
61. Critchley HD, Mathias CJ, Josephs O, O'Doherty J, Zanini S, Dewar BK, Cipolotti L, Shallice T, Dolan RJ. Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain 2003;126: 2139-52.
62. Henke PG. The telencephalic limbic system and experimental gastric pathology: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1982;6:381-90.
63. Bandler R, Keay KA, Floyd N, Price J. Central circuits patterned autonomic activity during active vs. passive emotional coping. Brain Res Bull 2000;53:95-104.
64. Critchley HD. Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. J Comp Neurol 2005;493:154-66.
65. Levy DJ, Glimcher PW. The root of all value: a neural common currency for choice. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012;22:1027-38.
66. Atlas LY, Bolger N, Lindquist MA, Wager TD. Brain mediators of predictive cue effects on perceived pain. J Neurosci 2010;30:12964-77.
67. Pruessner JC, Dedovic K, Khalili-Mahani N, Engert V, Pruessner M, Buss C, Renwick R, Dagher A, Meaney MJ, Lupien S. Deactivation of the limbic system during acute psychosocial stress: evidence from positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:234-40.
68. Wager TD, van Ast VA, Hughes BL, Davidson ML, Lindquist MA, Ochsner KN. Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat, Part II: prefrontal-subcortical pathways and relationship with anxiety. Neuroimage 2009;47:836-51.
69. Milad MR, Quirk GJ. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature 2002;420:70-4.
70. Critchley HD, Corfield DR, Chandler MP, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ. Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: a functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. J Physiol 2000;5I:259-70.
71. Gianaros PJ, van der Veen FM, Jennings JR. Regional cerebral blood flow correlates with heart period and high-frequency heart period variability during working-memory tasks: implications for the cortical and subcortical regulation of cardiac autonomic activity. Psychophysiology 2004;41:521-30.
72. Eisenberger NI, Taylor SE, Gable SL, Hilmert CJ, Lieberman MD. Neural pathways link social support to attenuated neuroendocrine stress responses. Neuroimage 2007;35:1601-12.
73. Buchanan TW, Driscoll D, Mowrer SM, Sollers JJ 3rd, Thayer JF, Kirschbaum C, Tranel D. Medial prefrontal cortex damage affects physiological and psychological stress responses differently in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010;35:56-66.
74. Thayer JF, Ahs F, Fredrikson M, Sollers JJ III,Wager TD. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36:747-56.
75. Porges SW. The polyvagal perspective. Biol Psychol 2007;74:116-43.
76. Eisenberger NI, Master SL, Inagaki TI, Taylor SE, Shirinyan D, Lieberman MD, Naliboff B. Attachment figures activate a safety signalrelated neural region and reduce pain experience. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:11721-6.
77. Younger J, Aron A, Parke S, Chatterjee N, Mackey S. Viewing pictures of a romantic partner reduces experimental pain: involvement of neural reward systems. PLoS One 2010;5:e133309.
78. Coan JA, Schaefer HS, Davidson RJ. Lending a hand: social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychol Sci 2006;17:1032-9.
79. Beckes L, Coan JA. Social baseline theory: the role of social proximity in emotion and economy of action. Soc Pers Psychol Compass 2011;5: 976-88.
80. Onoda K, Okamoto Y, Nakashima K, Nittono H, Ura M, Yamawaki S. Decreased ventral anterior cingulate cortex activity is associated with reduced social pain during emotional support. Soc Neurosci 2009;4: 443-54.
81. Karremans JC, Heslenfeld DJ, van Dillen LF, Van Lange PAM. Secure attachment partners attenuate neural responses to social exclusion: an functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Int J Psychophysiol 2011;81:44-50.
82. Masten CL, Telzer EH, Fuligni A, Lieberman MD, Eisenberger NI. Time spent with friends in adolescence relates to less neural sensitivity to later peer rejection. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012;7:106-14.
83. DeWall CN, Masten CL, Powell D, Schurtz DR, Eisenberger NI. Do neural responses to rejection depend on attachment style? An fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011;7:184-92.
84. Maddock RJ, Garrett AS, Buonocore MH. Remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and autobiographical memory retrieval. Neuroscience 2001;104:667-76.
85. Krienen FM, Tu P-C, Buckner RL. Clan mentality: evidence that the medial cortex responds to close others. J Neurosci 2010;30:13906-15.
86. Krause N, Herzog AR, Baker E. Providing support to others and wellbeing in later life. J Gerontol 1992;47:300-11.
87. Piferi RL, Lawler KA. Social support and ambulatory blood pressure: an examination of both receiving and giving. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 62:328-36.
88. Schwartz C, Meisenhelder JB, Ma Y, Reed G. Altruistic social interest behaviors are associated with better mental health. Psychosom Med 2003;65:778-85.
89. Brown SL, Brown RM, House JS, Smith DM. Coping with spousal loss: potential buffering effects of self-reported helping behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2008;34:849-61.
90. Brown SL, Nesse RM, Vinokur AD, Smith DS. Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it: results from a perspective study of mortality. Psychol Sci 2003;14:320-7.
91. Musick MA, Herzog AR, House JA. Volunteering and mortality among older adults: findings from a national sample. J Gerontol 1999;54B: S173-80.
92. Oman D, Thoresen CE, McMahon K. Volunteerism and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly. J Health Psychol 1999;4:301-16.
93. Schulz R, Beach SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the caregiver health effects study. JAMA 1999;22:15-9.
94. Vitaliano PP, Zhang J, Scanlan JM. Is caregiving hazardous to one's physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2003;129:946-72.
95. Amirkhanyan AA, Wolf DA. Caregiver stress and noncaregiver stress: exploring the pathways of psychiatric morbidity. Gerontologist 2003;48: 817-27.
96. Brown SL, Smith DM, Schulz R, Kabeto MU, Ubel PA, Poulin M, Yi J, Kim C, Langa KM. Caregiving behavior is associated with decreased mortality risk. Psychol Sci 2009;20:488-94.
97. Inagaki TK, Eisenberger NI. Neural correlates of giving support to a loved one. Psychosom Med 2012;74:3-7.
98. Moll J, Krueger F, Zahn R, Pardini M, de Oliveira-Souza R, Grafman J. Human fronto-mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:15623-8.
99. Panksepp J. Affective Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
100. Numan M. Hypothalamic neural circuits regulating maternal responsiveness toward infants. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 2006;5:163-90.
101. Numan M, Corodimas KP, Numan MJ, Factor EM, Piers WD. Axonsparing lesions of the preoptic region and substantia innominata disrupt maternal behavior in rats. Behav Neurosci 1988;102:381-96.
102. Numan M, Insel TR. The Neurobiology of Parental Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2003.
103. Bridges RS, Robertson MC, Shiu RPC, Sturgis JD, Henriquez BM, Mann PE. Central lactogenic regulation of maternal behavior in rats: steroid dependence, hormone specificity, and behavioral potencies of rat prolactin and rat placental lactogen. Endocrinology 1997;138:756-63.
104. Stack EC, Balakrishnan R, Numan MJ, Numan M. A functional neuroanatomical investigation of the roles of medial preoptic area in neural circuits regulating maternal behavior. Behav Brain Res 2002;131:17-36.
105. O'Doherty JP. Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: insights from neuroimaging. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004;14: 769-76.
106. Fields HL, Hjelmstad GO, Margolis EB, Nicola SM. Ventral tegmental area neurons in learned appetitive behavior and positive reinforcement. Ann Rev Neurosci 2007;30:289-316.
107. Olds J, Milner P. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1965;47:419-27.
108. Bishop MP, Elder ST, Heath RG. Intracranial self-stimulation in man. Science 1963;26:394-6.
109. Hansen S. Maternal behavior of female rats with 6-OHDA lesions in the ventral striatum: characterization of the pup retrieval deficit. Physiol Behav 1994;55:615-20.
110. Numan M, Smith HG. Maternal behavior in rats: evidence for the involvement of preoptic projections to the ventral tegmental area. Behav Neurosci 1984;98:712-27.
111. Slotnick BM, Burton BJ. Maternal behavior of mice with cingulate cortical, amygdala, or septal lesions. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1975;88: 118-27.
112. Flannelly KJ, Kemble ED, Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ. Effects of septalforebrain lesions on maternal aggression and maternal care. Behav Neural Biol 1986;45:17-30.
113. Melia KR, Sananes CB, Davis M. Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block the excitatory effects of septal ablation on the acoustic startle reflex. Physiol Behav 1991;51:175-80.
114. Thomas E. Forebrain mechanisms in the relief of fear: the role of the lateral septum. Psychobiology 1988;16:36-44.
115. Covian MR, Antunes-Rodrigues J, O'Flaherty JJ. Role of various brain structures on physiological functions. J Neurophysiol 1964;27:394-407.
116. Malmo RB. Slowing down of heart rate after septal self-stimulation in rats. Science 1961;133:1128-30.
117. Brady JV, Nauta WJH. Subcortical mechanisms in emotional behavior: affective changes following septal forebrain lesions in the albino rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1953;46:339-46.
118. Insel TR. A neurobiological basis of social attachment. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:726-35.
119. Taylor SE, Klein LC, Lewis BP, Gruenwald TL, Gurung AR, Updegraff JA. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychol Rev 2000;107:411-29.
120. Pereira M, Morerell JI. Functional mapping of the neural circuitry of rat maternal motivation: effects of site-specific transient neural inactivation. J Neuroendochronol 2011;23:1020-35.
121. Lorberbaum JP, Newman JD, Horwitz AR, Dubno JR, Lydiard RB, Hamner MB, Bohning DE, George MS. A potential role for thalamocingulate circuitry in human maternal behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2002;51: 431-45.
122. Glocker ML, Langleben DD, Ruparel K, Loughead JW, Valdez JN, Griffin MD, Sachser N, Gur RC. Baby schema modulates the brain reward system in nulliparous women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:9115-9.
123. Strathearn L, Li J, Fonagy P, Montague PR. What's in a smile? Maternal brain responses to infant facial cues. Pediatrics 2008;122:40-51.
124. Bartels A, Zeki S. The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Neuroimage 2004;21:1155-66.
125. Leibenluft E, Gobbini MI, Harrison T, Haxby JV. Mothers' neural activation in response to pictures of their children and other children. Biol Psychiatry 2003;56:225-32.
126. Seifritz E, Esposito F, Neuhoff JG, Lü thi A, Mustovic H, Dammann G, von Bardeleben U, Radue EW, Cirillo S, Tedeschi G, Di Salle F. Differential sex-independent amygdala response to infant crying and laughing in parents versus nonparents. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:1367-75.
127. Ranote S, Elliott R, Abel KM, Mitchell R, Deakin JFW, Appleby L. The neural basis of maternal responsiveness to infants: An fMRI study. Neuroreport 2004;15:1825-9.
128. Sander K, Frome Y, Scheich H. fMRI activations of amygdala, cingulate cortex, and auditory cortex by infant laughing and crying. Hum Brain Mapp 2007;28:1007-22.
129. Uvnas-Moberg K. Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998;23:819-35.
130. Insel TR, Shapiro LE. Oxytocin receptor distribution reflects social organization in monogamous and polygamous voles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:5981-5.
131. Zubieta JK, Smith YR, Bueller JA, Xu Y, Kilbourn MR, Jewett DM, Meyer CR, Koeppe RA, Stohler CS. Regional mu opioid receptor regulation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Science 2001;293: 311-5.
132. Loup F, Tribollet E, Dubois-Dauphin M, Dreifuss JJ. Localization of high-affinity binding sites for oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: an autoradiographical study. Brain Res 1991;555:220-32.
133. Drolet G, Dumont EC, Gosselin I, Kinkead R, Laforest S, Trotter J-F. Role of endogenous opioid system in the regulation of the stress response. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001;25:729-41.
134. Bonnet M-P, Beloeil H, Benhamou D, Mazoit J-X, Asehnoune K. The mu-opioid receptor mediates morphine-induced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 inhibition in toll-like receptor 2-stimulated monocytes. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1142-9.
135. Telzer EH, Masten CL, Berkman ET, Lieberman MD, Fuligni AJ. Gaining while giving: an fMRI study of the rewards of family assistance among white and Latino youth. Soc Neurosci 2010;5:508-18.
136. Telzer EH, Masten CL, Berkman ET, Lieberman MD, Fuligni AJ. Neural regions associated with self control and mentalizing are recruited during prosocial behaviors towards the family. Neuroimage 2011;58:242-9.
137. Harbaugh WT, Mayr U, Burghart DR. Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science 2007;316:1622-5.
138. Zahn R, Moll J, Paiva M, Garrido G, Krueger F, Huey ED, Graftman J. The neural basis of human social values: evidence from functional MRI. Cereb Cortex 2009;19:276-83.
139. Moll J, de Oliveira-Souza R, Garrido GJ, Bramati IE, Caparelli-Daquer EM, Paiva ML, Zahn R, Grafman J. The self as a moral agent: linking the neural bases of social agency and moral sensitivity. Soc Neurosci 2007;2:336-52.
140. Moll J, Zahn R, de Oliveira-Souza R, Bramati IE, Krueger F, Tura B, Cavanagh AL, Grafman J. Impairment of prosocial sentiments is associated with frontopolar and septal damage in frontotemporal dementia. Neuroimage 2011;54:1735-42.
141. Moll J, Bado P, de Oliveira-Souza R, Bramati IE, Lima DO, Paiva FF, Sato JR, Tovar-Moll F, Zahn R. A neural signature of affiliative emotion in the human septo-hypothalamic area. J Neurosci 2012;32;12499-505.
142. Mathur VA, Harada T, Lipke T, Chiao JY. Neural basis of extraordinary empathy and altruistic motivation. Neuroimage 2010;51:1468-75.
143. Masten CL, Morelli SA, Eisenberger NI. An fMRI investigation of empathy for 'social pain' and subsequent prosocial behavior. Neuroimage 2011;55:381-8.
144. Rameson LT, Morelli SA, Lieberman MD. The neural correlates of empathy: experience, automaticity, and prosocial behavior. J Cogn Neurosci 2011;24:235-45.
145. Bovard EW. The balance between negative and positive brain system activity. Perspect Biol Med 1962;6:116-27.
146. Olds J. Differentiation of reward systems in the brain by self-stimulation techniques. In: Ramey ER, O'Doherty DS, editors. Electrical Studies on the Unanesthetized Brain. New York, NY: Medical Division of Harper & Brothers; 1960: 17-41.
147. Lilly JC. Learning motivated by subcortical stimulation: the "start" and the "stop" patterns of behavior. In: Ramey ER, O'Doherty DS, editors. Electrical Studies on the Unanesthetized Brain. New York, NY: Medical Division of Harper & Brothers 1960L 78-105.
148. Heath RG, Mickle WA. Evaluation of seven years' experience with depth electrode studies in human patients. In: Ramey ER, O'Doherty DS, editors. Electrical Studies on the Unanesthetized Brain. New York, NY: Medical Division of Harper & Brothers; 1960: 214-47.
149. Leknes S, Tracey I. A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:314-20.
150. Ulrich-Lai YM, Christiansen AM, Ostrander MM, Jones AA, Jones KR, Choi DC, Krause EG, Evanson NK, Furay AR, Davis JF, Solomon MB, deKloet AD, Tamashiro KL, Sakai RR, Seeley RJ,Woods, JP, Herman JP. Pleasurable behaviors reduce stress via brain reward pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:20529-34.
151. Berridge KC. Pleasures of the brain. Brain Cogn 2003;52:106-28.
152. Müller Ribeiro FC, Zaretsky DV, Zaretskaia MV, Santos RA, DiMicco JA, Fontes MAP. Contribution of infralimbic cortex in the cardiovascular response to acute stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012: 303;639-50.