Impacts of climate change on Australian marine mammals

Australian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 146-159

  Schumann, Nicole ^a   Gales, Nick J ^b   Harcourt, Robert G ^c   Arnould, John P Y ^a  

^a DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC DIVISION   (Australia)

^c MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

cetaceans; dugongs; sea lions; sea surface temperature; seals

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; BIOTA; CLIMATE CHANGE; HABITAT TYPE; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; MARINE MAMMAL; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

AUSTRALIA;

EID: 84880481350     PISSN: 0004959X     EISSN: 14465698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/ZO12131     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A., Croll, D. A., and Tershy, B. R. (2002). High feeding costs limit dive time in the largest whales. The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 1747-1753.
2. Allen, S., Marsh, H., and Hodgson, A. (2004). Occurrence and conservation of the dugong (Sirenia: Dugongidae) in New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 125, 211-216.
3. Anthony, K. R. N., and Marshall, P. (2009). Coral reefs and climate change. In 'A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2009'. (Eds E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday and A. J. Richardson.) (NCCARF Publication 05/09). Available at: http://www. oceanclimatechange.org.au/ content/index.php/2012/home/[accessed 21 December 2012].
4. Arnould, J. P. Y., and Littnan, C. L. (2000). Pup production and breeding areas of Australian fur seals Arctocephlaus pusillus doriferus at Kanowna Island and The Skerries in northeastern Bass Strait. Australian Mammalogy 22, 51-55.
5. Arnould, J. P. Y., Littnan, C. L., and Lento, G. M. (2000). First contemporary record of New Zealand fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri breeding in Bass Strait. Australian Mammalogy 22, 57-62.
6. Arnould, J. P. Y., Cherel, Y., Gibbens, J., White, J. G., and Littnan, C. L. (2011). Stable isotopes reveal inter-annual and inter-individual variation in the diet of female Australian fur seals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 422, 291-302.doi:10.3354/meps08933
7. Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E., and Rothery, P. (2004). Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature 432, 100-103.doi:10.1038/nature02996
8. Back, J. (2010). Behavioural responses of Australian fur seals to boat-based ecotourism. M.Sc. Thesis, Deakin University, Melbourne.
9. Bannister, J. L., Kemper, C. M., and Warneke, R. M. (1996). 'The Action Plan for Australian Cetaceans.' (Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra.)
10. Barbieri, M. M. (2005). Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota, Florida. M.Sc. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC.
11. Barbieri, M. M., McLellan, W. A., Wells, R. S., Blum, J. E., Hofmann, S., Gannon, J., and Pabst, D. A. (2010). Using infrared thermography to assess seasonal trends in dorsal fin surface temperatures of freeswimming bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota. Marine Mammal Science 26, 53-66. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009. 00319.x
12. Baylis, A. M. M., Page, B., and Goldsworthy, S. D. (2008a). Colony-specific foraging areas of lactating New Zealand fur seals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 361, 279-290.doi:10.3354/meps07258
13. Baylis, A. M. M., Page, B., and Goldsworthy, S. D. (2008b). Effect of seasonal changes in upwelling activity on the foraging locations of a wide-ranging central-place forager, the New Zealand fur seal. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, 774-789.doi:10.1139/Z08-055
14. Beasley, I., Arnold, P., and Heinsohn, G. (2002). Geographical variation in skull morphology of the irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris (Owen in Gray, 1866). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 10, 15-34.
15. Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Gales, N., Mann, J., Connor, R., Heithaus, M., Watson-Capps, J., Flaherty, C., and Krützen, M. (2006). Decline in relative abundance of bottlenose dolphins exposed to longterm disturbance. Conservation Biology 20, 1791-1798. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006. 00540.x
16. Biuw, M., Nøst, O. A., Stien, A., Zhou, Q., Lydersen, C., and Kovacs, K. M. (2010). Effects of hydrographic variability on the spatial, seasonal and diel diving patterns of southern elephant seals in the eastern Weddell Sea. PLoS ONE 5, e13816. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013816
17. Booth, D. J., Figueira, W., Jenkins, G., and Lenanton, R. (2012). Temperate fish. In 'A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2012'. (Eds E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday and A. J. Richardson.) (NCCARF Publication 05/09). Available at: www. oceanclimatechange.org.au [accessed 24 March 2012].
18. Bowater, R. O., Norton, J., Johnson, S., Hill, B.,O'Donaghue, P., and Prior, H. (2003). Toxoplasmosis in Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins (Sousa chinensis), from Queensland. Australian Veterinary Journal 81, 627-632.doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb12509.x
19. Brabyn, M. W. (1991). An analysis of the New Zealand whale stranding record. Department of Conservation Science and Research Series No. 29.
20. Bradshaw, C. J. A., Thompson, C. M., Davis, L. S., and Lalas, C. (1999). Pup density related to terrestrial habitat use by New Zealand fur seals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 1579-1586. doi:10.1139/z99-125
21. Bradshaw, C. J. A., Higgins, J., Michael, K. J., Wotherspoon, S. J., and Hindell, M. (2004a). At-sea distribution of female southern elephant seals relative to variation in ocean surface properties. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, 1014-1027. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.012
22. Bradshaw, C. J. A., Hindell, M., Sumner, M. D., and Michael, K. J. (2004b). Loyalty pays: potential life history consequences of fidelity to marine foraging regions by southern elephant seals. Animal Behaviour 68, 1349-1360. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.013
23. Brodie, J., and Waterhouse, J. (2012). A critical review of environmental management of the 'not so Great' Barrier Reef. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 104-105, 1-22. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2012.03.012
24. Butler, A., Althaus, F., Furlani, D., and Ridgway, K. (2002). Assessment of the conservation values of the Bonney upwelling area: a component of the Commonwealth Marine Conservation Assessment Program 2002-2004: report to Environment Australia. CSIRO Marine Research.
25. Cai, W., Shi, G., Cowan, T., Bi, D., and Ribbe, J. (2005). The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L23706. doi:10.1029/2005GL024701
26. Campbell, R. A., Gales, N. J., Lento, G. M., and Baker, C. S. (2008). Islands in the sea: extreme female natal site fidelity in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea. Biology Letters 4, 139-142.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0487
27. Charlton-Robb, K., Gershwin, L.-A., Thompson, R., Ausin, J., and Owen, K. (2011). A new dolphin species, the Burrunan dolphin Tursiops australis sp. nov., endemic to southern Australian coastal waters. PLoS ONE 6(9), e24047. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024047
28. Christensen, J. H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A., Chen, A., Gao, X., Held, I., Jones, R., Kolli, R. K., Kwon, W.-T., Laprise, R., Magaña Rueda, V., Mearns, L., Menéndez, C. G., Räisänen, J., Rinke, A., Sarr, A., and Whetton, P. (2007). Regional climate projections. In 'Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
29. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'. (Eds S. Soloman, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H. L. Miller.) (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, & New York, NY, USA.) Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/publications-and-data/publications-ipcc-fourth-assessment- report-wg1-report-the-physical-science-basis.htm [accessed 21 December 2012].
30. Connelly, R. (2009). Seagrass. In 'A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2009'. (Eds E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday and A. J. Richardson.) NCCARF Publication 05/09. Available at: http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/index.php/site/welcome/[accessed 21 December 2012].
31. de Little, S. C., Bradshaw, C. J. A., McMahon, C. R., and Hindell, M. (2007). Complex interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of long-term survival trends in southern elephant seals. BMC Ecology 7, 3.
32. De Villiers, D. J., and Roux, J.-P. (1992). Mortality of newborn pups of the South African fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus in Namibia. South African Journal of Marine Science 12, 881-889.doi:10.2989/02577619209504749
33. Dennis, T. E., and Shaughnessy, P. D. (1996). Status of the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea, in the Great Australian Bight. Wildlife Research 23, 741-754.doi:10.1071/WR9960741
34. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2012). Whales, dolphins and porpoises. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/species/cetaceans/ index.html [accessed 11 March 2013].
35. Derraik, J. G. B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 842-852.doi:10.1016/ S0025-326X(02)00220-5
36. Evans, K., Thresher, R., Warneke, R. M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Pook, M., Thiele, D., and Hindell, M. (2005). Periodic variabiltiy in cetacean strandings: links to large-scale climate events. Biology Letters 1, 147-150.doi:10.1098/ rsbl.2005.0313
37. Feng, M., Weller, E., and Hill, K. (2012). The Leeuwin Current. In 'AMarine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2012'. (Eds E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday and A. J. Richardson.) (NCCARF Publication 05/09). Available at: www.oceanclimatechange.org.au [accessed 13 March 2012].
38. Fury, C. A., and Harrison, P. L. (2011). Impact of flood events on dolphin occupancy patterns. Marine Mammal Science 27, E185-E205. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00447.x
39. Gales, N. J., Shaughnessy, P. D., and Dennis, T. E. (1994). Distribution, abundance and breeding cycle of the Australian sea lion Neophoca cinerea (Mammalia: Pinnipedia). Journal of Zoology 234, 353-370.doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998. 1994.tb04853.x
40. Gaskin, D. E. (1968). Distribution of Delphinidae (Cetacea) in relation to sea surface temperatures off eastern and southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 2, 527-534.doi:10.1080/00288330.1968. 9515253
41. Gentry, R. L. (1973). Thermoregulatory behavior of eared seals. Behaviour 46, 73-93. doi:10.1163/156853973X00175
42. Gibbens, J., and Arnould, J. P. Y. (2009). Interannual variation in pup production and the timing of breeding in benthic foraging Australian fur seals. Marine Mammal Science 25, 573-587.doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00270.x
43. Gill, P. C. (2002). A blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) feeding ground in a southern Australian coastal upwelling zone. The Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4, 179-184.
44. Gill, P. C. (2004). Ecological linkages in the Bonney Upwelling blue whale feeding area. Ph.D. Thesis, Deakin University, Victoria.
45. Gill, P. C., Morrice, M. G., Page, B., Pirzl, R., Levings, A. H., and Coyne, M. (2011). Blue whale habitat selection and within-season distribution in a regional upwelling system of southern Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 421, 243-263.doi:10.3354/meps08914
46. Goldsworthy, S. D., and Page, B. (2007). A risk-assessment approach to evaluating the significance of seal bycatch in two Australian fisheries. Biological Conservation 139, 269-285.doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007. 07.010
47. Goldsworthy, S. D., Page, B., and Lancaster, M. L. (2007a). The fur seal research program at Macquarie Island. Report to the Macquarie Island Research Advisory Group (MIRAG), South Australian Research and Development Institute.
48. Goldsworthy, S. D., Peters, K. J., and Page, B. (2007b). Foraging ecology and diet analysis of Australian sea lions. Final report to the Department of Environment and Water Resources. SARDI Aquatic Sciences Publication No. F2007/001024-1, SARDI Research Report Series No. 251.
49. Goldsworthy, S. D., McKenzie, J., Shaughnessy, P. D., McIntosh, R. R., Page, B., and Campbell, R. (2009). An update of the report: Understanding the impediments to the growth of Australian sea lion populations. Report to the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. SARDI Publication No. F2008/000847-1, SARDI Research Report Series No. 356.
50. Goldsworthy, S. D., Page, B., Shaughnessy, P. D., and Linnane, A. (2010). Mitigating seal interactions in the SRLF and the gillnet sector SESSF in South Australia. Final report for the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. FRDC Project No. 2007/041. SARDI Publication No. F2009/000613-1, SARDI Research Report Series No. 405.
51. González, A. F., López, A., and Valeiras, X. (2000). First recorded mass strandings of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846) in the northeastern Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science 16, 640-646.doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00958.x
52. Grech, A., and Marsh, H. (2008). Rapid assessment of risks to a mobile marine mammal in an ecosystem-scale marine protected area. Conservation Biology 22, 711-720.doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00923.x
53. Green, K., Williams, R., and Burton, H. R. (1997). Foraging ecology of antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella Peters around Heard Island. In 'Marine Mammal Research in the Southern Hemisphere: Status, Ecology and Medicine. Vol. 1'. (Eds M. Hindell and C. Kemper.) pp. 105-113. (Surrey Beatty: Sydney.)
54. Hale, P. (1997). Conservation of inshore dolphins in Australia. Asian Marine Biology 14, 83-91.
55. Hamer, D. J., and Goldsworthy, S. D. (2006). Seal-fishery operational interactions: identifying the environmental and operational aspects of a trawl fishery that contribute to by-catch and mortality of Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). Biological Conservation 130, 517-529.doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.014
56. Hamer, D. J., Goldsworthy, S. D., Costa, D. P., Fowler, S. L., Page, B., and Sumner, M. D. (2013). The endangered Australian sea lion extensively overlaps with and regularly becomes by-catch in demersal shark gill-nets in South Australian shelf waters. Biological Conservation 157, 386-400.doi:10.1016/ j.biocon.2012.07.010
57. Hays, G. C., Richardson, A. J., and Robinson, C. (2005). Climate change and marine plankton. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, 337-344.doi:10.1016/ j.tree.2005.03.004
58. Heinsohn, G. E., and Spain, A. V. (1974). Effects of a tropical cyclone on littoral and sub-littoral biotic communities and on a population of dugongs (Dugong dugon (Müller)). Biological Conservation 6, 143-152.doi:10.1016/ 0006-3207(74)90026-3
59. Heinsohn, G. E., Marsh, H., and Spain, A. V. (1976). Extreme risk of mortality to dugongs (Mammalia: Sirenia) from netting operations. Australian Wildlife Research 3, 117-121.doi:10.1071/WR9760117
60. Heinsohn, R., Lacy, R. C., Lindenmayer, D. B., Marsh, H., Kwan, D., and Lawler, I. R. (2004). Unsustainable harvest of dugongs in Torres Strait and Cape York (Australia) waters: two case studies using population viability analysis. Animal Conservation 7, 417-425.doi:10.1017/S1367 943004001593
61. Hobday, A. J., Ward, T., and Griffiths, S. (2012). Pelagic fishes and sharks. In 'A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2012'. (Eds E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday and A. J. Richardson.) (NCCARF Publication 05/09). Available at: www. oceanclimatechange.org.au [accessed 24 March 2012].
62. Hodgson, A. J., and Marsh, H. (2007). Response of dugongs to boat traffic: the risk of disturbance and displacement. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 340, 50-61. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006. 08.006
63. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and Bruno, J. F. (2010). The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems. Science 328, 1523-1528. doi:10.1126/science. 1189930
64. Honma, Y., Minowa, K., Nakamura, Y., and Aoyagi, A. (1993). Remarkable strandings of Pacific white sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill, 1865, and other cetaceans on the coast of the Niigata District, Sea of Japan, during severe winter conditions, 1992-1993. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 48, 81-86.
65. Hughes, L. (2000). Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent. Trends in Ecology&Evolution 15, 56-61. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4
66. Hume, F., Hindell, M. A., Pemberton, D., and Gales, R. (2004). Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of a high trophic level predator, the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). Marine Biology 144, 407-415.doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1219-0
67. IUCN (2011). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2012.2). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/[accessed 21 December 2012].
68. Kawaguchi, S., Kurihara, H., King, R., Hale, L., Berli, T., Robinson, J., Ishida, A., Wakita, M., Virtue, P., Nicol, S., and Ishimatsu, A. (2011). Will krill fare well under Southern Ocean acidification? Biology Letters 7, 288-291.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0777
69. Kemper, C., Gibbs, P., Obendorf, D., Marvanek, S., and Lenghaus, C. (1994). A review of heavy metal and organochlorine levels in marine mammals in Australia. The Science of the Total Environment 154, 129-139.doi:10.1016/0048- 9697(94)90083-3
70. Kemper, C. M., Flaherty, A., Gibbs, S. E., Hill, M., Long, M., and Byard, R. W. (2005). Cetacean captures, strandings and mortalities in South Australia 1881-2000, with special reference to human interactions. Australian Mammalogy 27, 37-47.
71. Kirkwood, R., Gales, R., Terauds, A., Arnould, J. P. Y., Pemberton, D., Shaughnessy, P. D., Mitchell, A. T., and Gibbens, J. (2005). Pup production and population trends of the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). Marine Mammal Science 21, 260-282.doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01227.x
72. Kirkwood, R., Hume, F., and Hindell, M. (2008). Sea temperature variations mediate annual changes in the diet of Australian fur seals in Bass Strait. Marine Ecology Progress Series 369, 297-309.doi:10.3354/meps07633
73. Last, P. R., White, W. T., Gledhill, D. C., Hobday, A. J., Brown, R., Edgar, G. J., and Pecl, G. (2011). Long-term shifts in abundance and distribution of a temperate fish fauna: a response to climate change and fishing practices. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20, 58-72. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238. 2010.00575.x
74. Lavigne, D. M., and Schmitz, O. J. (1990). Global warming and increasing population densities: a prescription for seal plagues. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, 280-284.doi:10.1016/0025-326X(90) 90590-5
75. Lawler, I. R., Parra, G., and Noad, M. (2007). Vulnerability of marine mammals in the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In 'Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: a Vulnerability Assessment'. (Eds J. E. Johnson and P. A. Marshall.) pp. 497-513. (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority: Townsville.)
76. Leaper, R., and Miller, C. (2011). Management of Antarctic baleen whales amid past exploitation, current threats and complex marine ecosystems. Antarctic Science 23, 503-529.doi:10.1017/S09541020 11000708
77. Leaper, R., Cooke, J., Trathan, P., Reid, K., Rowntree, V., and Payne, R. (2006). Global climate drives southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) population dynamics. Biology Letters 2, 289-292.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0431
78. Lemon, M., Lynch, T. P., Cato, D. H., and Harcourt, R. G. (2006). Response of travelling bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) to experimental approaches by a powerboat in Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 127, 363-372.doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005. 08.016
79. Loeb, V., Siegel, V., Holm-Hansen, O., Hewitt, R., Fraser, W., Trivelpiece, W., and Trivelpiece, S. (1997). Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web. Nature 387, 897-900.doi:10.1038/ 43174
80. Lough, J., Gupta, A. S., and Hobday, A. J. (2012). Temperature. In 'AMarine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2009'. (Eds E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday and A. J. Richardson.) (NCCARF Publication 05/09). Available at: http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/index.php/ 2012/home/[accessed 21 December 2012].
81. MacLeod, C. D. (2009). Global climate change, range changes and potential implications for the conservation of marine cetaceans: a review and synthesis. Endangered Species Research 7, 125-136.doi:10.3354/esr00197
82. MacLeod, C. D., Bannon, S. M., Pierce, G. J., Schweder, C., Learmoth, J. A., Herman, J. S., and Reid, R. J. (2005). Climate change and the cetacean community of north-west Scotland. Biological Conservation 124, 477-483. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.02.004
83. Marsh, H. E. (1989). Mass stranding of dugongs by a tropical cyclone in northern Australia. Marine Mammal Science 5, 78-84. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692. 1989.tb00215.x
84. Marsh, H., and Kwan, D. (2008). Temporal variability in the life history and reproductive biology of female dugongs in Torres Strait: the likely role of sea grass dieback. Continental Shelf Research 28, 2152-2159.doi:10.1016/j.csr. 2008.03.023
85. Marsh, H., Channells, P. W., Heinsohn, G. E., and Morrissey, J. (1982). Analysis of stomach contents of dugongs from Queensland. Australian Wildlife Research 9, 55-67. doi:10.1071/WR9820055
86. Marsh, H., Prince, R. I. T., Saalfield, W. K., and Shepherd, R. (1994). The distribution and abundance of the dugong in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 21, 149-161.doi:10.1071/WR9940149
87. Marsh, H., Corkeron, P., Lawler, I. R., Lanyon, J. M., and Preen, A. R. (1996). The status of the dugong in the southern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. GBRMPA Research Publication No. 41.
88. McCauley, R. D., Bannister, J., Burton, C., Jenner, C. K. S., Rennie, S., and Kent, C. S. (2004). Western Australian Exercise Area Blue Whale Project. Final Summary Report. Milestone 6, September 2004. CMST Report R2004-29, Project 350.
89. McIntyre, T., Ansorge, I. J., Bornemann, H., Plötz, J., Tosh, C. A., and Bester, M. N. (2011). Elephant seal dive behaviour is influenced by ocean temperature: implications for climate change impacts on an ocean predator. Marine Ecology Progress Series 441, 257-272.doi:10.3354/meps09383
90. McMahon, C. R., and Burton, H. R. (2005). Climate change and seal survival: evidence for environmentally mediated changes in elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, pup survival. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 272, 923-928.doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.3038
91. Meagher, E. M., McLellan, W. A., Westgate, A. J., Wells, R. S., Frierson, D. Jr, and Pabst, D. A. (2002). The relationship between heat flow and vasculature in the dorsal fin of wild bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus. The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 3475-3486.
92. Meagher, E. M., McLellan, W. A., Westgate, A. J., Wells, R. S., Blum, J. E., and Pabst, D. A. (2008). Seasonal patterns of heat loss in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 178, 529-543.doi:10.1007/ s00360-007-0245-5
93. Möller, L. M., Allen, S. J., and Harcourt, R. G. (2002). Group characteristics, site fidelity and seasonal abundance of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus in Jervis Bay and Port Stephens, south-eastern Australia. Australian Mammalogy 24, 11-21. doi:10.1071/AM02011
94. Munday, P. L., Cheal, A. J., Graham, N. A. J., Meekan, M., Pratchett, M. S., Sheaves, M., Sweatman, H., and Wilson, S. K. (2009). Tropical fish. In 'A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2009'. (Eds E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday and A. J. Richardson.)NCCARF Publication 05/09. Available at: http://www. oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/index.php/ site/welcome/[accessed 21 December 2012].
95. Natural Heritage Trust (Australia)/Director of National Parks (2005). Great Australian Bight Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) Management Plan 2005-2012. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
96. Neumann, D. R. (2001). Seasonal movements of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the north-western Bay of Plenty, New Zealand: influence of sea surface temperature and El Niño/La Niña. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35, 371-374.doi:10.1080/00288330.2001.9517007
97. Nicol, S., Worby, A., and Leaper, R. (2008). Changes in the Antarctic sea ice ecosystem: potential effects on krill and baleen whales. Marine and Freshwater Research 59, 361-382.doi:10.1071/MF07161
98. Nieblas, A.-E., Sloyan, B. M., Hobday, A. J., Coleman, R., and Richardson, A. J. (2009). Variability of biological production in low wind-forced regional upwelling systems: a case study off southeastern Australia. Limnology and Oceanography 54, 1548-1558. doi:10.4319/lo.2009. 54.5.1548
99. Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ashida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R. G., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A. (2005). Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681-686.doi:10.1038/nature04095
100. Page, B., McKenzie, J., McIntosh, R., Baylis, A., Morrissey, A., Calvert, N., Haase, T., Berris, M., Dowie, D., Shaughnessy, P. D., and Goldsworthy, S. D. (2004). Entanglement of Australian sea lions and New Zealand fur seals in lost fishing gear and other marine debris before and after Government and industry attempts to reduce the problem. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49, 33-42. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.01.006
101. Parra, G. J. (2006). Resource partitioning in sympatric delphinids: space use and habitat preferences of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Journal of Animal Ecology 75, 862-874.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006. 01104.x
102. Parra, G. J., Corkeron, P. J., and Marsh, H. (2006). Population sizes, site fidelity and residence patterns of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins: implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 129, 167-180.doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.031
103. Pemberton, D., and Gales, R. (2004). Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) breeding in Tasmania: population size and status. Wildlife Research 31, 301-309.doi:10.1071/WR02083
104. Pemberton, D., and Kirkwood, R. J. (1994). Pup production and distribution of the Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, in Tasmania. Wildlife Research 21, 341-352.doi:10.1071/WR9940341
105. Perry, A. L., Low, P. J., Ellis, J. R., and Reynolds, J. D. (2005). Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes. Science 308, 1912-1915. doi:10.1126/science.1111322
106. Pirzl, R. (2008). Spatial ecology of E. australis: habitat selection at multiple scales. Ph.D. Thesis, Deakin University, Victoria.
107. Pompa, S., Ehrlich, P. R., and Ceballos, G. (2011). Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, 13 600-13 605.doi:10.1073/pnas. 1101525108
108. Preen, A., and Marsh, H. (1995). Response of dugongs to large-scale loss of seagrass from Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia. Wildlife Research 22, 507-519.doi:10.1071/WR9950507
109. Rennie, S. J. (2005). Oceanographic processes in the Perth Canyon and their impact on productivity. Ph.D. Thesis, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtain University of Technology, Perth.
110. Ridgway, K. R. (2007). Long-term trend and decadal variability of the southward penetration of the East Australian Current. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L13613. doi:10.1029/2007GL030393
111. Rounsevell, D., and Eberhard, I. (1980). Leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx (Pinnipedia) at Macquarie Island from 1949 to 1979. Australian Wildlife Research 7, 403-415.doi:10.1071/WR9800403
112. Schumann, N., Arnould, J. P. Y., Gales, N., and Harcourt, R. G. (2012). Marine mammals. In 'A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2012'. (Eds E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday and A. J. Richardson.) (NCCARF Publication 05/09). Available at:http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/ content/index.php/2012/home/[accessed 21 December 2012].
113. Simmonds, M. P., and Eliot, W. J. (2009). Climate change and cetaceans: concerns and recent developments. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, 203-210.doi:10.1017/S0025315408003196
114. Sleeman, J. C., Meekan, M. G., Wilson, S. G., Jenner, C. K. S., and Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2007). Biophysical correlates of relative abundances of marine megafauna at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 58, 608-623.doi:10.1071/MF06213
115. Steckenreuter, A., Harcourt, R., and Möller, L. (2011). Distance does matter: close approaches by boats impede feeding and resting behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins. Wildlife Research 38, 455-463.doi:10.1071/ WR11048
116. Steckenreuter, A., Möller, L., and Harcourt, R. (2012). How does Australia's largest dolphin-watching industry affect the behaviour of a small and resident population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins? Journal of Environmental Management 97, 14-21. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011. 11.002
117. Suppiah, R., Hennessy, K. J., Whetton, P. H., McInnes, K., Macadam, I., Bathols, J., Ricketts, J., and Page, C. M. (2007). Australian climate change projections derived from simulations performed for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report. Australian Meteorological Magazine 56, 131-152.
118. Trathan, P. N., Forcada, J., and Murphy, E. J. (2007). Environmental forcing and Southern Ocean marine predator populations: effects of climate change and variability. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 362, 2351-2365. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1953
119. Twiss, S. D., Thomas, C., Poland, V., Graves, J. A., and Pomeroy, P. (2007). The impact of climatic variation on the opportunity for sexual selection. Biology Letters 3, 12-15. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0559
120. Wassmann, P., Duarte, C. M., Agustí, S., and Sejr, M. K. (2011). Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem. Global Change Biology 17, 1235-1249. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486. 2010.02311.x
121. Wei, G., McCullock, M. T., Mortimer, G., Deng, W., and Xie, L. (2009). Evidence for ocean acification in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 2332-2346. doi:10.1016/j. gca.2009.02.009
122. Whitehead, H., and Moore, M. J. (1982). Distribution and movements of West Indian humpback whales in winter. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60, 2203-2211. doi:10.1139/z82-282
123. Whitehead, H., McGill, B., and Worm, B. (2008). Diversity of deep-water cetaceans in relation to temperature: implications for ocean warming. Ecology Letters 11, 1198-1207.
124. Wiedenmann, J., Cresswell, K. A., Goldbogen, J., Potvin, J., and Mangel, M. (2011). Exploring the effects of reductions in krill biomass in the Southern Ocean on blue whales using a state-dependent foraging model. Ecological Modelling 222, 3366-3379. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011. 07.013
125. Willis, K. (2008). Behavioural thermoregulation in the Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus. B.Sc.(Honours) Thesis, Deakin University, Melbourne.