Management of Antarctic baleen whales amid past exploitation, current threats and complex marine ecosystems

Antarctic Science

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 503-529

  Leaper, Rebecca ^a   Miller, Cara ^b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^b FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c WHALE AND DOLPHIN CONSERVATION   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC   (Fiji)

Author keywords

cetaceans; marine ecosystem management; recovery; Southern Ocean

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ECOTOURISM; EXPLOITATION; FISHERY PRODUCTION; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT USE; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; MARINE POLLUTION; MONITORING; POPULATION ESTIMATION; SHIPPING; WHALE;

SOUTHERN OCEAN;

CETACEA; MYSTICETI;

EID: 82155181752     PISSN: 09541020     EISSN: 13652079     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954102011000708     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. AGUILAR, A. & BORRELL, A. 1994. Reproductive transfer and variation of body load of organochlorine pollutants with age in fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 27, 546-554.
2. AGUILAR, A., BORRELL, A. & REIJNDERS, P.J.H. 2002. Geographical and temporal variation in levels of organochlorine contaminants in marine mammals. Marine Environmental Research, 53, 425-452.
3. ANDRIOLO, A., KINAS, P.G., ENGEL, M.H. & MARTINS, C.C.A. 2006. Monitoring humpback whale abundance (Megaptera novaeangliae) population in the Brazilian breeding ground, 2002 to 2005. Paper SC/ 58/HW15, 12 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
4. ARONSON, R.B., THATJE, S., MCCLINTOCK, J.B. & HUGHES, K.A. 2011. Anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Antarctica. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1223, 82-107.
5. ASOC (THE ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN COALITION). 2008a. Protecting the Southern Ocean sanctuary: development of a management plan. Paper CCAMLR XXVII/BG/29, 5 pp. (Available from http://www.asoc.org).
6. ASOC (THE ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN COALITION). 2008b. Antarctic shipping. Information Paper 58, XXXI Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 13 pp.
7. ATKINSON, A., SIEGEL, V., PAKHOMOV, E. & ROTHERY, P. 2004. Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature, 432, 100-103.
8. AUSTRALIA. 2008. Conservation Management Plans for Improved Cetacean Management. Paper IWC/60/15, 4 pp. (Available from http:// iwcoffice.org).
9. BAKER, C.S. & CLAPHAM, P.J. 2004. Modelling the past and future of whales and whaling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 365-371.
10. BAKER, C.S., GARRIGUE, C., CONSTANTINE, R., MADON, B., POOLE, M., HAUSER, N., CLAPHAM, P., DONOGHUE, M., RUSSELL, K., O'CALLAHAN, T., PATON, D. & MATTILA, D. 2006. Abundance of humpback whales in Oceania (South Pacific) 1999 to 2004. Paper SC/A06/HW51, 10 pp.(Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
11. BANNISTER, J.L. 2008. Population trend in right whales off southeastern Australia 1993-2007. IWC Paper SC/60/BRG14, 13 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
12. BANNISTER, J.L. & HEDLEY, S.L. 2001. Southern Hemisphere Group IV humpback whales: their status from recent aerial survey. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 47, 587-598.
13. BARRIE, L.A., GREGOR, D., HARGRAVE, B., LAKE, R., MUIR, D., SHEARER, R., TRACY, B. & BIDLEMAN, T. 1992. Arctic contaminants: sources, occurrence and pathways. Science of the Total Environment, 122, 1-74.
14. BEST, P.B., BRANDÃO, A.&BUTTERWORTH, D.S. 2005. Updated estimates of demographic parameters for southern right whales off South Africa. Paper SC/57/BRG2, 17 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org)
15. BEST, P.B., PEDDEMORS, V.M., COCKCROFT, V.G. & RICE, N. 2001. Mortalities of right whales and related anthropogenic factors in South African waters, 1963-1998. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2, 171-176.
16. BOYD, I. 2009. Antarctic marine mammals. In PERRIN, W.F., WURSIG, B. & THEWISSEN, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 42-45.
17. BRANCH, T.A. 2006. Abundance estimates for Antarctic minke whales from three completed circumpolar sets of surveys, 1978/79 to 2003/04. Paper SC/58/IA18, 28 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
18. BRANCH, T.A. 2007. Abundance of Antarctic blue whales south of 608S from three complete circumpolar sets of surveys. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 9, 253-262.
19. BRANCH, T.A. in press. Humpback whale abundance south of 608S from three complete circumpolar sets of surveys. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 4.
20. BRANCH, T.A. & BUTTERWORTH, D.S. 2001. Southern Hemisphere minke whales: standardized abundance estimates from the 1978/79 to 1997/98 IDCR/SOWER surveys. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 3, 143-174.
21. BRANCH, T.A., MATSUOKA, K. & MIYASHITA, T. 2004. Evidence for increases in Antarctic blue whales based on Bayesian modelling. Marine Mammal Science, 20, 726-754.
22. BRANCH, T.A., STAFFORD, K.M., PALACIOS, D.M., ALLISON, C., BANNISTER, J.L., BURTON, C.L.K., CABRERA, E., CARLSON, C.A., VERNAZZANI, B.G., GILL, P.C., HUCKE-GAETE, R., JENNER, K.C.S., JENNER, M., MATSUOKA, K., MIKHALEV, Y., MIYASHITA, T., MORRICE, M., NISHIWAKI, S., STURROCK, V.J., TORMOSOV, D., ANDERSON, R.C., BAKER, A.N., BEST, P.B., BORSA, P., BROWNELL, R.L., CHILDERHOUSE, S., FINDLAY, K., GERRODETTE, T., ILANGAKOON, A.D., JOERGENSEN, M., KAHN, D.K., LJUNGBLAD, B., MAUGHAN, B., MCCAULEY, R.D., MCKAY, S., NORRIS, T.F., OMANWHALE & DOLPHIN RESEARCH GROUP, RANKIN, S., SAMARAN, F., THIELE, D., VAN WAEREBEEK, K. & WARNEKE, R.M. 2007. Past and present distribution, densities and movements of blue whales in the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean. Mammal Review, 37, 116-175.
23. BRAVINGTON, M.V. & HEDLEY, S.L. 2009. Antarctic minke whale abundance estimates from the second and third circumpolar IDCR/ SOWER survey data using the SPLINTR model. Paper SC/61/IA14, 25 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice. org).
24. BROWNELL JR, R.L. & YABLOKOV, R.L. 2009. Whaling illegal and pirate. In PERRIN, W.F., WURSIG, B. & THEWISSEN, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1235-1238.
25. BUTTERWORTH, D.S. & PUNT, A.E. 1999. Experiences in the evaluation and implementation of management procedures. ICES Journal Marine Science, 56, 985-998.
26. CASTELLINI, M. 2009. Thermoregulation. In PERRIN, W.F., WURSIG, B. & THEWISSEN, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1166-1171.
27. CERCHIO, S., ERSTS, P., POMILLA, C., LOO, J., RAZAFINDRAKOTO, Y., LESLIE, M., ANDRIANRIVELO, N., MINDON, G., DUSHANE, J., MURRAY, A., COLLINS, T. & ROSENBAUM, H. 2009. Updated estimates of abundance for humpback whale breeding stock C3 off Madagascar, 2000-2006. Paper SC61/, 23 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org
28. CHILDERHOUSE, S., JACKSON, J., BAKER, C.S., GALES, N., CLAPHAM, P.J. & BROWNELL JR, R.L. 2008. Megaptera novaeangliae (Oceania subpopulation). In IUCN 2010. IUCN red list of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.
29. CLAPHAM, P., MIKHALEV, Y.U., FRANKLIN, W., PATON, D., BAKER, C.S., IVASHCHENKO, Y.V. & BROWNELL JR, R.L. 2009. Catches of humpback hales by the Soviet Union and other nations in the Southern Ocean, 1947-1973. Marine Fisheries Review, 71, 39-43.
30. COLLINS, T., CERCHIO, S., POMILLA, C., LOO, J., CARVALHO, L., NGOUESSONO, S. & ROSENBAUM, H.C. 2008. Revized estimates of abundance using mark-recapture data for breeding stock 1B: Gabon. Paper SC60/SH28, 8 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org
31. COOKE, J.G., ROWNTREE, V.J. & PAYNE, R. 2001. Estimates of demographic parameters for southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) observed off Península Valdés, Argentina. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2, 125-132.
32. COURCHAMP, F., CLUTTON-BROCK, T. & GRENFELL, B. 1999. Inverse density dependence and the Allee effect. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14, 405-410.
33. CURRAN, M.A.J., OMMEN, T.D.V., MORGAN, V.I., PHILLIPS, V.L. & PALMER, A.S. 2003. Ice core evidence for sea ice decline since the 1950s. Science, 302, 1203-1206.
34. CURRIE, D. 2007. International governance of the conservation and management of whales. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 16, 45-57.
35. DE LA MARE, W.K. 1997. Abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records. Nature, 389, 57-60.
36. DE LA MARE, W.K. 2009. Changes in Antarctic sea-ice extent from direct historical observations and whaling records. Climate Change, 92, 461-493.
37. DONOVAN, G.P. 1995. The International Whaling Commission and the revized management procedure. In HALLENSTVEDT, E. & BLICHFELDT, G., eds. Additional essays on whales and man. Lofoten, Norway: High North Alliance, 4-10.
38. DONOVAN, G., CAÑADAS, A. & HAMMOND, P. 2008. Towards the development of effective conservation plans for cetaceans. Paper SC60/O17, 15 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
39. ELFES, C.T., VANBLARICOM, G.R., BOYD, I., CALAMBOKIDIS, D., CLAPHAM, P.J., PEARCE, R.W., ROBBINS, J., SALINAS, J.C., STRALEY, J.M.,WADE, P.R. & KRAHN, M.K. 2010. Geographic variation of persistent organic pollutant levels in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding areas of the North Pacific and North Atlantic. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29, 824-834.
40. ESTES, J.A., DEMASTER, D.P., DOAK, D.F., WILLIAMS, T.E. & BROWNELL JR, R.L., eds. 2006. Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 402 pp.
41. FÉ LIX, F., CASTRO, C., LAAKE, J.L., HAASE, B. & SCHEIDAT, M. in press. Abundance and survival estimates of the southeastern Pacific humpback whale stock from 1991-2006 photo-identification surveys in Ecuador. Journal of Cetacean Research Management, Special Issue 4.
42. FINDLAY, K.P., BEST, P.B., PEDDEMORS, V.M. & GOVE, D. 1994. The distribution and abundance of humpback whales on their southern and central Mozambique winter grounds. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 44, 311-320.
43. FINDLAY, K., MEYER, M., ELWEN, S., KOTZE, D., JOHNSON, R., TRUTER, P., UAMUSSE, C., SITOE, S.,WILKE, C., KERWATH, S., SWANSON, S., STAVAREES, L. & VAN DERWESTHUIZEN, J. in press. Distribution and abundance of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, off the coast of Mozambique, 2004. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 4.
44. FRIEDLAENDER, A.S., LAWSON, G.L. & HALPIN, P.N. 2009. Evidence of resource partitioning between humpback and minke whales around the western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Mammal Science, 25, 402-415.
45. FRIEDLAENDER, A.S., HALPIN, P.N., QIAN, S.S., LAWSON, G.L., WIEBE, P.H., THIELE, D. & READ, A.J. 2006. Whale distribution in relation to prey abundance and oceanographic processes in shelf waters of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 317, 297-310.
46. GAMBELL, R. 1993. International management of whales and whaling: an historical review of the regulation of commercial and aboriginal subsistence whaling. Arctic, 46, 97-107.
47. GERACI, A.R. & ST AUBIN, D.J., eds. 1990. Sea mammals and OU: confronting the risks. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 282 pp.
48. GILLE, S.T. 2003. Float observations of the Southern Ocean. Part 1: Estimating mean fields, bottom velocities, and topographic steering. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33, 1167-1181
49. GILLESPIE, A. 2005. Whaling diplomacy: defining issues in international environmental law. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 277 pp.
50. GRANT, S.M. 2005. The applicability of international conservation instruments to the establishment of marine protected areas in Antarctica. Ocean and Coastal Management, 48, 782-812.
51. HAUSER, N. &, CLAPHAM, P. 2006. Occurrence & habitat use of humpback whales in the Cook Islands. Paper SC/A06/HW49 presented to IWC Workshop on the comprehensive assessment of Southern Hemisphere humpback whales, 4-7 April 2006, Hobart, Australia, 12 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org
52. HEDLEY, S.L., BANNISTER, J.L. & DUNLOP, R.A. 2009. Group IV humpback whales: abundance estimates from aerial and land-based surveys off Shark Bay, Western Australia, 2008. Paper SC/SH23 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2009, Madeira, Portugal, 17 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
53. HEDLEY, S., REILLY, S., BORBERG, J., HOLLAND, R., HEWITT, R., WATKINS, J., NAGANOBU, M. & SUSHIN, V. 2001. Modelling whale distribution: a preliminary analysis of data collected on the CCAMLR-IWC Krill Synoptic Survey, 2000. Paper SC/53/E9 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2001, London, 38 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org
54. HOLT, S. & YOUNG, N.M. 1990. Guide to review of the management of whaling prepared for the 42nd Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission. Washington, DC: Center for Marine Conservation.
55. IAATO (INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ANTARCTIC TOUR OPERATORS). 2010. Overview of Antarctic tourism: 2009-10 season and preliminary estimates for 2010-11 and beyond. Information Paper 113 for XXXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Punta del Este, Uruguay, May 3-14, 2010.
56. IMO-MEPC (INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE). 2009. Guidance document for minimizing the risk of ship strikes with cetaceans. MEPC.1/Circ.674, 31 July 2009, 7 pp.
57. IUCN (WORLD CONSERVATION UNION 2005 Marine Protected Areas: discussions and decisions in the CCAMLR context. Information paper for the Eighth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP8), Curitiba, Brazil, 20-31 March 2006.
58. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 1987. Chairman's Report of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 37, 10-59.
59. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 1991. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Second Annual Meeting. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 41, 6.
60. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 1993. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting. Appendix 2. Resolution on the need for research on the environment and whale stocks in the Antarctic region. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 43, 9-40.
61. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 1996. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting. Appendix 11. IWC Resolution 1995-10. Resolution on the environment and whale stocks. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 46, 47.
62. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 1997. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting. Appendix 8. IWC Resolution 1996-8.
63. Resolution on environmental change and cetaceans. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 47, 52.
64. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 1999. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting. Appendix 8. IWC Resolution 1998-7. Resolution on coordinating and planning for environmental research in the Antarctic. Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission, 1998, 45.
65. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2001. Report of the workshop on the comprehensive assessment of right whales: a worldwide comparison. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2, 1-60.
66. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2004. Chairman's Report of the Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting. Annex C. IWC Resolution 2003-1. The Berlin Initiative on Strengthening the Conservation Agenda of the International Whaling Commission. Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission, 2003, 58-77.
67. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2005. Chairman's Report of the Fifty-Sixth Annual Meeting. Annex H. Report of the Conservation Committee. Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission, 2004, 99-105.
68. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2006. Chairman's Report of the Fifty-Seventh Annual Meeting. Annex H. Report of the Conservation Committee. Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission, 2005, 62-63.
69. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2007a. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex H. Report of the Sub-Committee on other Southern Hemisphere whale stocks. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, S9, 188-209.
70. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2007b. Report of the Intersessional workshop to review data and results from special permit research on minke whales in the Antarctic, Tokyo 4-8 December 2006. Document SC/59/Rep1, 6 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org
71. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2008. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex G. Report of the Sub-committee on In-Depth Assessments (IA). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, S10, 167-196.
72. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2009a. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex H. Report of the sub-committee on other Southern Hemisphere whale stocks. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, S11, 220-247.
73. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2009b. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex G. Report of the Sub-committee on In-Depth Assessments (IA). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, S11, 180-197.
74. IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION). 2010. A proposal from the Chair on a way forward. Document IWC/62/31, 1 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice. org).
75. JACKSON, J., ZERBINI, A., CLAPHAM, P., CONSTANTINE, R., GARRIGUE, C., HAUSER, N., POOLE, M. & BAKER, C.S. 2008a. Progress on a two-stock catch allocation model for reconstructing population histories of east Australia and Oceania. 2008a. Paper SC/60/SH14, 12 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
76. JACKSON, J.A., PATENAUDE, N.J. CARROLL, E.L. & BAKER, C.S. 2008b. How few whales were there after whaling? Inference from contemporary mtDNA diversity. Molecular Ecology, 17, 236-251.
77. JACKSON, J.A., CARROLL, E.L., SMITH, T., PATENAUDE, N.J. & BAKER, C.S. 2009. Appendix 3: Taking stock: the historical demography of the New Zealand right whale (the Tohora). ZBD2005-05 Progress Report #5 to the NZ Ministry of Fisheries, 188 pp.
78. JENSEN, A.S. & SILBER, G.K. 2004. Large whale ship strike database. NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-OPR. January 2004, 37 pp.
79. JOHNSTON, S.J. & BUTTERWORTH, D.S. 2006. Updated assessments of various breeding populations of Southern Hemisphere humpback whales. Paper SC/ A06/HW22, 38 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
80. JOHNSTON, S.J. & BUTTERWORTH, D.S. 2008. Updated assessments of Southern Hemisphere humpback whale breeding sub-stock B1. Paper SC/60/SH41, 10 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
81. KAREIVA, P., YUAN-FARRELL, C. & O'CONNER, C. 2006. Whales are big and it matters. In ESTES, J.A., DEMASTER, D.P., DOAK, D.F., WILLIAMS, T.E. & BROWNELL JR, R.L., eds. Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems. Berkeley C.A. University of California Press, 379-387.
82. KENNICUTT, M.C., SWEET, S.T., FRASER, W.R., STOCHTON, W.L. & CULVER, M. 1991. Grounding of the Bahia Paraiso at Arthur Harbor, Antarctica. 1. Distribution and fate of oil spill related hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 509-518.
83. KOCK, K.-H., PURVES, M.G. & DUHAMEL, G. 2006. Interactions between cetacean and fisheries in the Southern Ocean. Polar Biology, 29, 379-388.
84. LAIST, D., KNOWLTON, A.R., READ, J.G., COLLET, A.S. & PODESTA, M. 2001. Collisions between whales and ships. Marine Mammal Science, 17, 35-75.
85. LEAPER, R. & LAVIGNE, D. 2007. How much do large whales eat? Journal of Cetacean Research Management, 9, 179-188.
86. LEAPER, R., COOKE, J., TRATHAN, P., REID, K., ROWNTREE, V. & PAYNE, R. 2006. Global climate drives southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) population dynamics. Biology Letters, 2, 289-292.
87. LEAPER, R., ZERBINI, A.N., BANNISTER, J.L., BRANCH, T.A., CLAPHAM, P.J., DONOVAN, G.P., MATSUOKA, K. & REILLY, S. 2008. A review of abundance, trends, foraging and life history parameters of baleen whales in the Southern Hemisphere. Paper CCAMLR-IWC-WS-08/4 presented to the joint CCAMLR-IWC workshop to review input data for Antarctic marine ecosystem models, 11-15 August 2008, Hobart, Australia, 29 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
88. LEWISON, R.L., FREEMAN, S.A. & CROWDER, L.B. 2004. Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: the impact of pelagic longlines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology Letters, 7, 221-231.
89. LOUGHLIN, T.R., ed. 1994. Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 395 pp.
90. MEREDITH, M.P., MURPHY, E.J., HAWKER, E.J., KING, J.C. & WALLACE, M.I. 2008. On the interannual variability of ocean temperatures around South Georgia, Southern Ocean: forcing by El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode. Deep-Sea Research II, 55, 2007-2022.
91. MOORE, S.E. 2009. Climate change. In PERRIN, W.F., WURSIG, B. & THEWISSEN, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 238-241.
92. MOORE, M.J., BERROW, S.D., JENSEN, B.A., CARR, P., SEARS, R., ROWNTREE, V.J., PAYNE, R. & HAMILTON, P.K. 1999. Relative abundance of large whales around South Georgia (1979-1998). Marine Mammal Science, 15, 1287-1302.
93. MORI, M. & BUTTERWORTH, D.S. 2006. A first step towards modelling the krill-predator dynamics of the Antarctic ecosystem. CCAMLR Science, 13, 217-277.
94. MOY, A.D., HOWARD, W.R., BRAY, S.G. & TRULL, T.W. 2009. Reduced calcification in modern Southern Ocean planktonic foraminifera. Nature Geoscience, 2, 276-280.
95. MURPHY, E.J., CLARKE, A., SYMON, C. & PRIDDLE, J. 1995. Temporal variation in Antarctic sea-ice: analysis of a long-term fast-ice record from the South Orkney Islands. Deep-Sea Research I, 42, 1045-1062.
96. NICOL, S. & FOSTER, J. 2003. Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill. Aquatic Living Resources, 16, 42-45.
97. NICOL, S. & ROBERTSON, G. 2003. Ecological consequences of Southern Ocean harvesting. In GALES, N., HINDELL, M. & KIRKWOOD, R., eds. Marine mammals: fisheries, tourism and management issues. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 48-61.
98. NICOL, S., FOSTER, J. & KAWAGUCHI, S. 2011. The fishery for Antarctic krill: recent developments. Fish and Fisheries, 12, 10.1111/j.1467-2979. 2011.00406.x.
99. NICOL, S., WORBY, A. & LEAPER, R. 2008. Changes in the Antarctic sea ice ecosystem: potential effects on krill and baleen whales. Marine and Freshwater Research, 59, 361-382.
100. NOAD, M.J., DUNLOP, R.A., PATON, D. & CATO, D.H. in press. Absolute and relative abundance estimates of Australian east coast humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 4.
101. NORTHRIDGE, S.P. 1991. An updated world review of interactions between marine mammals and fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 251. Rome: FAO, 58 pp.
102. NOWACEK, D.P., FRIEDLAENDER, A.S., HALPIN, P.N., HAZEN, E.L., JOHNSTON, D.W., READ, A.J., ESPINASSE, B., ZHOU, M. & ZHU, Y. 2011. Superaggregations of krill and humpback whales in Wilhelmina Bay, Antarctic Peninsula. PLoS ONE, 6(4), 0.1371/journal.pone.0019173.
103. O'CONNOR, S., CAMPBELL, R., CORTEZ, H. & KNOWLES, T. 2009. Whale watching worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic enefits. Yarmouth Port, MA: International Fund for Animal Welfare, 295 pp.
104. OKAMURA, H. & KITAKADO, T. 2009. Abundance estimates and diagnostics of Antarctic minke whales from the historical IDCR/SOWER survey data using the OK method. Paper SC/61/IA6, 58 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
105. PALUMBI, J.&ROMAN, S.R. 2006. The history of whales read from DNA. In ESTES, J.A., DEMASTER, D.P., DOAK, D.F., WILLIAMS, T.E. & BROWNELL JR, R.L., eds. Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 102-115.
106. PASTENE, L.A., GOTO, M., NISHIWAKI, S., YOSHIDA, H. & KANDA, N. 2006. Genetic characteristics and population structure of humpback whales in the Antarctic feeding ground as revealed by mitochondrial DNA control region sequencing and microsatellite analyses. Paper SC/D06/ J9, JARPA Review Workshop, Tokyo, 4-8 December 2006, 22 pp. (Available from http://www.icrwhale.org
107. PEW ENVIRONMENT GROUP. 2009. Policy guide for the Pew Whales Commission. www.pewwhales.org, accessed 12 February 2010.
108. POOLE, M.M. in press. An update on the occurrence of humpback whales in French Polynesia. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 4.
109. PUNT, A.E. & DONOVAN, G.P. 2007. Developing management procedures that are robust to uncertainty: lessons from the International Whaling Commission. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 603-612.
110. READ, A.J., DRINKER, P. & NORTHRIDGE, S. 2006. Bycatch of marine mammals in U.S. and global fisheries. Conservation Biology, 20, 163-169.
111. REEVES, R.R. 2009. Conservation efforts. In PERRIN, W.F., WURSIG, B. & THEWISSEN, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 275-289.
112. REIJNDERS, P.J.H. & AGUILAR, A. 2006. Pollution and marine mammals. In PERRIN, W.F., WURSIG, B. & THEWISSEN, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 948-956.
113. REILLY, S., HEDLEY, S.L., BORBERG, J., HEWITT, R., THIELE, D., WATKINS, J. & NAGANOBU, M. 2004. Biomass and energy transfer to baleen whales in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II, 51, 1397-1409.
114. REILLY, S.B., BANNISTER, J.L., BEST, P.B., BROWN, M., BROWNELL JR, R.L.,BUTTERWORTH, D.S., CLAPHAM, P.J., COOKE, J., DONOVAN, G.P., URBÁ N, J. & ZERBINI, A.N. 2008a. Megaptera novaeangliae. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.
115. REILLY, S.B., BANNISTER, J.L., BEST, P.B., BROWN, M., BROWNELL JR, R.L., BUTTERWORTH, D.S., CLAPHAM, P.J., COOKE, J., DONOVAN, G.P., URBÁ N, J. & ZERBINI, A.N. 2008b. Balaenoptera musculus ssp. intermedia. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.
116. REILLY, S.B., BANNISTER, J.L., BEST, P.B., BROWN, M., BROWNELL JR, R.L., BUTTERWORTH, D.S., CLAPHAM, P.J., COOKE, J., DONOVAN, G.P., URBÁ N, J. & ZERBINI, A.N. 2008c. Balaenoptera physalus. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.
117. REILLY, S.B., BANNISTER, J.L., BEST, P.B., BROWN, M., BROWNELL JR, R.L., BUTTERWORTH, D.S., CLAPHAM, P.J., COOKE, J., DONOVAN, G.P., URBÁ N, J. & ZERBINI, A.N. 2008d. Balaenoptera borealis. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.
118. REILLY, S.B., BANNISTER, J.L., BEST, P.B., BROWN, M., BROWNELL JR, R.L., BUTTERWORTH, D.S., CLAPHAM, P.J., COOKE, J., DONOVAN, G.P., URBÁ N, J. & ZERBINI, A.N. 2008e. Balaenoptera bonaerensis. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.
119. REILLY, S.B., BANNISTER, J.L., BEST, P.B., BROWN, M., BROWNELL JR, R.L., BUTTERWORTH, D.S., CLAPHAM, P.J., COOKE, J., DONOVAN, G.P., URBÁ N, J. & ZERBINI, A.N. 2008f. Eubalaena australis. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.
120. REILLY, S.B., BANNISTER, J.L., BEST, P.B., BROWN, M., BROWNELL JR, R.L., BUTTERWORTH, D.S., CLAPHAM, P.J., COOKE, J., DONOVAN, G.P., URBÁ N, J. & ZERBINI, A.N. 2008g. Eubalaena australis (Chile-Peru subpopulation). In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010
121. REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA. 2009. Decision of the Commissioner of Maritime Affairs, R. L., and the Report of Investigation in the Matter of Sinking of Passenger Vessel EXPLORER (O.N. 8495) 23 November 2007 in the Bransfield Strait near the South Shetland Islands. Monrovia, Liberia: Bureau of Maritime Affairs, 97 pp.
122. RINTOUL, S.R. 2007. Rapid freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water formed in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, 10.1029/2006GL028550.
123. ROBBINS, J., DALLA ROSA, L., ALLEN, J.M., MATTILA, D.K., SECCHI, E.R., FRIEDLAENDER, A.S., STEVICK, P.T., NOWACEK, D.P. & STEEL, D. 2011. Return movement of a humpback whale between the Antarctic Peninsula and American Samoa: a seasonal migration record. Endangered Species Research, 13, 117-121.
124. RUEGG, K., ANDERSON, E., BAKER, C.S., VANT, M., JACKSON, J. & PALUMBI, S.R. 2010. Are Antarctic minke whales unusually abundant because of 20th century whaling? Molecular Ecology, 19, 281-291.
125. SANTORA, J.A., REISS, C.S., LOEB, V.J. & VEIT, R.R. 2010. Spatial association between hotspots of baleen whales and demographic patterns of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba suggests size-dependent predation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 405, 255-269.
126. SCAR (SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH) 2006 SCAR Report on Marine Acoustics on the Southern Ocean). Paper WP41, XXIX Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 17
127. SC-CCAMLR. 2009. Report of the Twenty-eighth Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart, TAS: CCAMLR, 584 pp.
128. SOLOMON, S., QIN, D., MANNING, M., MARQUIS, M., AVERYT, K.B., TIGNOR, M., MILLER, H.L. & CHEN, Z. eds. 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 996 pp.
129. SOUTHALL, B.L., BOWLES, A.E., ELLISON, W.T., FINNERAN, J.J., GENTRY, R.L., GREENE JR, C.R. , KASTAK, D., KETTEN, D.R., MILLER, J.H., NACHTIGALL, P.E., RICHARDSON, W.J., THOMAS, J.A. & TYACK, P.L. 2007. Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals, 33, 411-521.
130. STAMMERJOHN, S.E., MARTINSON, D.G., SMITH, R.C., YUAN, X. & RIND, D. 2008. Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, 1-20.
131. STEEL, D., FUNAHASHI, N., HAMNER, R.M. & BAKER, C.S. 2009. Market surveys of whale meat in Japan 2008/2009: how many fin whales are for sale? Paper SC/61/BC8 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2009, Madeira, Spain, 6 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
132. STEVICK, P.T., NEVES, M.C., JOHANSEN, F., ENGEL, M.H., ALLEN, J., MARCONDES, M.C.C. & CARLSON, C. 2010. A quarter of a world away: female humpback whale moves 10 000 km between breeding areas. Biology Letters, 7, 299-302.
133. TIN, T., FLEMING, Z.L., HUGHES, K.A., AINLEY, D.G., CONVEY, P.,MORENO, C.A., PFEIFFER, S., SCOTT, J. & SNAPE, I. 2009. Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment: a review. Antarctic Science, 21, 3-33.
134. Tønnessen, J.N. & JOHNSEN, A.O. 1982. The history of modern whaling. London: C. Hurst, 798 pp.
135. TRATHAN, P.N., MURPHY, E.J., FORCADA, J., CROXALL, J.P., REID, K. & THORPE, S. 2006. Physical forcing in the southwest Atlantic: ecosystem control. In BOYD, I.L., WANLESS, S. & CAMPHUYSEN, C.J., eds. Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 28-45.
136. TREGENZA, N., AGUILAR, N., CARRILLO, M., DELGADO, I. & DIAZ, F. 2002. Collisions between fast ferries and whales in the Canary Islands: observational data and theoretical limits. Paper SC/54/BC4, 7 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
137. TRITES, A.W., BREDESEN, E.L. & COOMBS, A.P. 2004. Whales, whaling and ecosystem change in the Antarctic and Eastern Bering Sea: insights from ecosystem models. CSIEM Workshop Monographs, 25, 85-92.
138. TURNER, J., COMISO, J.C., MARSHALL, G.J., LACHLAN-COPE, T.A., BRACEGIRDLE, T., MAKSYM, T.,MEREDITH, M.P., WANG, Z. & ORR, A. 2009. Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, 10.1029/2009GL037524.
139. TYACK, P. 2008. Implications for marine mammals of large-scale changes in the marine acoustic environment. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 549-558.
140. VAN WAEREBEEK, K. & LEAPER, R., eds. 2007. Report from the IWC vessel strike data standardization group. Paper SC/59/BC12, 6 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
141. VAN WAEREBEEK, K., BAKER, A.N., FÉ LIX, F., GEDAMKE, J., IÑIGUEZ, M., SANINO, G.P., SECCHI, E., SUTARIA, D., VAN HELDEN, A. & WANG, Y. 2007. Vessel collisions with small cetaceans worldwide and with large whales in the Southern Hemisphere, an initial assessment. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 6, 43-69.
142. VAUGHAN, D.G., MARSHALL, G.J., CONNOLLEY, W.M., PARKINSON, C.L., MULVANEY, R., HODGSON, D.A., KING, J.C., PUDSEY, C.J. & TURNER, J. 2003. Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. Climatic Change, 60, 243-274.
143. WADE, P.R. 2009. Population dynamics. In PERRIN, W.F., WURSIG, B. & THEWISSEN, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 913-918.
144. WANIA, F. &MACKAY, D. 1993. Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in Polar Regions. Ambio, 22, 10-18.
145. WARD, E., ZERBINI, A.N., KINAS, P.G. ENGEL, M.H. & ANDRIOLO, A. 2006. Estimates of population growth rates of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the wintering grounds off the coast of Brazil (Breeding Stock A). Paper SC/58/SH14, 12 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).
146. WARE, C., FRIEDLAENDER, A.S. & NOWACEK, D.P. 2010. Shallow and deep lunge feeding of humpback whales in fjords of the West Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Mammal Science, 27, 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00427.x.
147. WILLIAMS, R. & CROSBIE, K. 2007. Antarctic whales and Antarctic tourism. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4, 195-202.
148. YASUNAGA, G., FUJISE, Y., ZENITANI, R., TANABE, S. & KATO, H. 2006. Spatial and temporal variations in organochlorine contaminants in the Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis. Paper SC/D06/J29, JARPA Review Workshop, 4-8 December, Tokyo, Japan. (Available from http://www.icrwhale.org).
149. ZERBINI, A.N., WARD, E., ENGEL, M.H., ANDRIOLO, A. &KINAS, P.G. 2006a. A Bayesian assessment of the conservation status of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the western South Atlantic Ocean (Breeding Stock A). Paper SC/58/SH2, 25 pp. (Available from http:// iwcoffice.org).
150. ZERBINI, A.N., ANDRIOLO, A., HEIDE-JøRGENSEN, M.P., PIZZORNO, J.L., MAIA, Y.G., VANBLARICOM, G.R., DEMASTER, D.P., SIMÕES-LOPES, P.C., MOREIRA, S. & BETHLEM, C. 2006b. Satellite-monitored movements of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the southwest Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 313, 295-304.