Relevance of vitamin D in bone and muscle health of cancer patients

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 58-64

  Bischoff Ferrari, Heike ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Bone density; Falls; Fractures; Muscle strength; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; ERGOCALCIFEROL; VITAMIN D;

BONE DENSITY; CANCER RISK; FRACTURE; FRACTURE REDUCTION; HAZARD RATIO; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE BIOPSY; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE TISSUE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NEOPLASM; OSTEOPOROSIS; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 84880180839     PISSN: 18715206     EISSN: 18755992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152013804487353     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Dev, R.; Del Fabbro, E.; Schwartz, G. G.; Hui, D.; Palla, S. L.; Gutierrez, N.; Bruera, E. Preliminary report: vitamin D deficiency in advanced cancer patients with symptoms of fatigue or anorexia. Oncologist, 2011, 16 (11), 1637-1641.
2. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Shao, A.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Hathcock, J.; Giovannucci, E.; Willett, W. C. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos. Int., 2010, 21 (7), 1121-1132.
3. Churilla, T. M.; Lesko, S. L.; Brereton, H. D.; Klem, M.; Donnelly, P. E.; Peters, C. A. Serum vitamin D levels among patients in a clinical oncology practice compared to primary care patients in the same community: a case-control study. BMJ Open, 2011, 1 (2), e000397.
4. Irwin, M. L.; Crumley, D.; McTiernan, A.; Bernstein, L.; Baumgartner, R.; Gilliland, F. D.; Kriska, A.; Ballard-Barbash, R. Physical activity levels before and after a diagnosis of breast carcinoma: the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle (HEAL) study. Cancer, 2003, 97 (7), 1746-1757.
5. Santini, D.; Galluzzo, S.; Vincenzi, B.; Zoccoli, A.; Ferraro, E.; Lippi, C.; Altomare, V.; Tonini, G.; Bertoldo, F. Longitudinal evaluation of vitamin D plasma levels during anthracycline-and docetaxel-based adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer patients. Ann. Oncol., 2010, 21 (1), 185-186.
6. Kailajarvi, M. E.; Salminen, E. K.; Paija, O. M.; Virtanent, A. M.; Leino, A. E.; Irjala, K. A.Serum bone markers in breast cancer patients during 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC) therapy. Anticancer Res., 2004, 24 (2C), 1271-1274.
7. Zaman, K.; Thurlimann, B.; Huober, J.; Schonenberger, A.; Pagani, O.; Luthi, J.; Simcock, M.; Giobbie-Hurder, A.; Berthod, G.; Genton, C.; Brauchli, P.; Aebi, S. Bone mineral density in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant letrozole, tamoxifen, or sequences of letrozole and tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 study (SAKK 21/07). Ann. Oncol., 2011
8. Saad, F.; Adachi, J. D.; Brown, J. P.; Canning, L. A.; Gelmon, K. A.; Josse, R. G.; Pritchard, K. I. Cancer treatment-induced bone loss in breast and prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2008, 26 (33), 5465-5476.
9. Holick, M. F. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1995, 61 (3 Suppl), 638S-645S.
10. Specker, B. L.; Ho, M. L.; Oestreich, A.; Yin, T. A.; Shui, Q. M.; Chen, X. C.; Tsang, R. C. Prospective study of vitamin D supplementation and rickets in China. J. Pediatr., 1992, 120 (5), 733-739.
11. Aksnes, L.; Aarskog, D. Plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in puberty: effect of sexual maturation and implications for growth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1982, 55 (1), 94-101.
12. Smith, R.; Dent, C. E. Vitamin D requirements in adults. Clinical and metabolic studies on seven patients with nutritional osteomalacia. Bibl. Nutr. Dieta., 1969, 13, 44-45.
13. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Dietrich, T.; Orav, E. J.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. Am. J. Med., 2004, 116 (9), 634-639.
14. Dawson-Hughes, B.; Dallal, G. E.; Krall, E. A.; Harris, S.; Sokoll, L. J.; Falconer, G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann. Intern. Med., 1991, 115 (7), 505-512.
15. Ooms, M. E.; Roos, J. C.; Bezemer, P. D.; van der Vijgh, W. J.; Bouter, L. M.; Lips, P. Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1995, 80 (4), 1052-1058.
16. Ramaswamy, B.; Shapiro, C. L. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in women with breast cancer. Semin. Oncol., 2003, 30 (6), 763-775.
17. Peppone, L. J.; Huston, A. J.; Reid, M. E.; Rosier, R. N.; Zakharia, Y.; Trump, D. L.; Mustian, K. M.; Janelsins, M. C.; Purnell, J. Q.; Morrow, G. R.The effect of various vitamin D supplementation regimens in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat, 2011, 127 (1), 171-177.
18. Rastelli, A. L.; Taylor, M. E.; Gao, F.; Armamento-Villareal, R.; Jamalabadi-Majidi, S.; Napoli, N.; Ellis, M. J. Vitamin D and aromatase inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS): a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Breast Cancer Res. Treat, 2011, 129 (1), 107-116.
19. Guise, T. A. Bone loss and fracture risk associated with cancer therapy. Oncologist, 2006, 11 (10), 1121-1131.
20. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Willett, W. C.; Wong, J. B.; Stuck, A. E.; Staehelin, H. B.; Orav, E. J.; Thoma, A.; Kiel, D. P.; Henschkowski, J. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med., 2009, 169 (6), 551-561.
21. Cranney, A.; Horsley, T.; O'Donnell, S.; Weiler, H.; Puil, L.; Ooi, D.; Atkinson, S.; Ward, L.; Moher, D.; Hanley, D.; Fang, M.; Yazdi, F.; Garritty, C.; Sampson, M.; Barrowman, N.; Tsertsvadze, A.; Mamaladze, V. Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess. (Full Rep), 2007, (158), 1-235.
22. Boonen, S.; Lips, P.; Bouillon, R.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Vanderschueren, D.; Haentjens, P. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin d supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 92 (4), 1415-23; 23.
23. Avenell, A.; Gillespie, W. J.; Gillespie, L. D.; O'Connell, D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2009, (2), CD000227.
24. DIPART, Patient level pooled analysis of 68 500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe. BMJ, 2010, 340, b5463.
25. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Orav, E. J.; Willett, W. C.; Meunier, P.; Lyons, R. A.; Lips, P.; Flicker, L.; Wark, J.; Jackson, R. D.; Cauley, J.; Meyer, H.; Pfeifer, M.; Avenell, A.; Staehelin, H. B.; Henschkowski, J.; Theiler, R.; Dawson-Hughes, B. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. New Eng. J. Med., 2012, 40-49
26. Cranny, A.; Horsley, T.; O'Donnell, S.; Weiler, H.; Puil, L.; Ooi, D.; Atkinson, S.; Ward, L.; Moher, D. Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/ tp/vitadtp.htm (accessed November 2012) 2007.
27. Boonen, S.; Lips, P.; Bouillon, R.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Vanderschueren, D.; Haentjens, P. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 30, 1415-1423
28. DIPART. Patient level pooled analysis of 68 500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe. Bmj 340, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b5463.
29. Porthouse, J.; Cockayne, S.; King, C.; Saxon, L.; Steele, E.; Aspray, T.; Baverstock, M.; Birks, Y.; Dumville, J.; Francis, R.; Iglesias, C.; Puffer, S.; Sutcliffe, A.; Watt, I.; Torgerson, D. J. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ, 2005, 330 (7498), 1003.
30. Larsen, E. R.; Mosekilde, L.; Foldspang, A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents severe falls in elderly communitydwelling women: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 2005, 17 (2), 125-132.
31. Smith, H.; Anderson, F.; Raphael, H.; Maslin, P.; Crozier, S.; Cooper, C. Effect of annual intramuscular vitamin D on fracture risk in elderly men and women--a population-based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2007, 46 (12), 1852-1857.
32. Lyons, R. A.; Johansen, A.; Brophy, S.; Newcombe, R. G.; Phillips, C. J.; Lervy, B.; Evans, R.; Wareham, K.; Stone, M. D. Preventing fractures among older people living in institutional care: a pragmatic randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos. Int., 2007, 18 (6), 811-818.
33. Meyer, H. E.; Smedshaug, G. B.; Kvaavik, E.; Falch, J. A.; Tverdal, A.; Pedersen, J. I. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the risk of fracture in the elderly? A randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2002, 17 (4), 709-715.
34. Grant, A. M.; Avenell, A.; Campbell, M. K.; McDonald, A. M.; MacLennan, G. S.; McPherson, G. C.; Anderson, F. H.; Cooper, C.; Francis, R. M.; Donaldson, C.; Gillespie, W. J.; Robinson, C. M.; Torgerson, D. J.; Wallace, W. A., Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2005, 365 (9471), 1621-1628.
35. Jackson, R. D.; LaCroix, A. Z.; Gass, M.; Wallace, R. B.; Robbins, J.; Lewis, C. E.; Bassford, T.; Beresford, S. A.; Black, H. R.; Blanchette, P.; Bonds, D. E.; Brunner, R. L.; Brzyski, R. G.; Caan, B.; Cauley, J. A.; Chlebowski, R. T.; Cummings, S. R.; Granek, I.; Hays, J.; Heiss, G.; Hendrix, S. L.; Howard, B. V.; Hsia, J.; Hubbell, F. A.; Johnson, K. C.; Judd, H.; Kotchen, J. M.; Kuller, L. H.; Langer, R. D.; Lasser, N. L.; Limacher, M. C.; Ludlam, S.; Manson, J. E.; Margolis, K. L.; McGowan, J.; Ockene, J. K.; O'Sullivan, M. J.; Phillips, L.; Prentice, R. L.; Sarto, G. E.; Stefanick, M. L.; Van Horn, L.; Wactawski-Wende, J.; Whitlock, E.; Anderson, G. L.; Assaf, A. R.; Barad, D. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 354 (7), 669-683.
36. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Dietrich, T.; Orav, E. J.; Hu, F. B.; Zhang, Y.; Karlson, E. W.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged >=60 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004, 80 (3), 752-758.
37. Wicherts, I. S.; van Schoor, N. M.; Boeke, A. J.; Visser, M.; Deeg, D. J.; Smit, J.; Knol, D. L.; Lips, P. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 6, 6.
38. Armas, L. A.; Hollis, B. W.; Heaney, R. P. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2004, 89 (11), 5387-5391.
39. Houghton, L. A.; Vieth, R., The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. Am. J.Clin. Nutr., 2006, 84 (4), 694-697.
40. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Staehelin, H. B.; Orav, J. E.; Stuck, A. E.; Theiler, R.; Wong, J. B.; Egli, A.; Kiel, D. P.; Henschkowski, J. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 2009, 339 (1):b3692.
41. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Shao, A.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Hathcock, J.; Giovannucci, E.; Willett, W. C. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos. Int., 2009.
42. Priemel, M.; von Domarus, C.; Klatte, T. O.; Kessler, S.; Schlie, J.; Meier, S.; Proksch, N.; Pastor, F.; Netter, C.; Streichert, T.; Puschel, K.; Amling, M. Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2011, 25 (2), 305-312.
43. Dawson-Hughes, B.; Mithal, A.; Bonjour, J. P.; Boonen, S.; Burckhardt, P.; Fuleihan, G. E.; Josse, R. G.; Lips, P.; Morales-Torres, J.; Yoshimura, N. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos. Int., 2010, 21 (7), 1151-1154.
44. Holick, M. F.; Binkley, N. C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Gordon, C. M.; Hanley, D. A.; Heaney, R. P.; Murad, M. H.; Weaver, C. M. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin d deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 96 (7), 1911-1930.
45. Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Ranges for Calcium and Vitamin D. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D.aspx (Accessed February 13 2012), 2010.
46. Glerup, H.; Mikkelsen, K.; Poulsen, L.; Hass, E.; Overbeck, S.; Andersen, H.; Charles, P.; Eriksen, E. F. Hypovitaminosis D myopathy without biochemical signs of osteomalacic bone involvement. Calcif. Tissue Int., 2000, 66 (6), 419-424.
47. Boonstra, A.; van Zadelhoff, J.; Timmer-Bonte, A.; Ottevanger, P. B.; Beurskens, C. H.; van Laarhoven, H. W. Arthralgia During Aromatase Inhibitor Treatment in Early Breast Cancer Patients: Prevalence, Impact, and Recognition by Healthcare Providers. Cancer Nurs., 2012.
48. Al-Shoha, A.; Qiu, S.; Palnitkar, S.; Rao, D. S. Osteomalacia with bone marrow fibrosis due to severe vitamin D deficiency after a gastrointestinal bypass operation for severe obesity. Endocr. Pract., 2009, 15 (6), 528-533.
49. Schott, G. D.; Wills, M. R. Muscle weakness in osteomalacia. Lancet, 1976, 1 (7960), 626-629.
50. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Borchers, M.; Gudat, F.; Durmuller, U.; Stahelin, H. B.; Dick, W. Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2004, 19 (2), 265-269.
51. Ceglia, L.; da Silva Morais, M.; Park, L. K.; Morris, E.; Harris, S. S.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Fielding, R. A.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Multi-step immunofluorescent analysis of vitamin D receptor loci and myosin heavy chain isoforms in human skeletal muscle. J. Mol. Histol., 2010, 41 (2-3), 137-142.
52. Sorensen, O. H.; Lund, B.; Saltin, B.; Andersen, R. B.; Hjorth, L.; Melsen, F.; Mosekilde, L. Myopathy in bone loss of ageing: improvement by treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium. Clin. Sci (Colch)., 1979, 56 (2), 157-161.
53. Freedman, L. P. Transcriptional targets of the vitamin D3 receptormediating cell cycle arrest and differentiation. J. Nutr., 1999, 129 (2S Suppl), 581S-586S.
54. Bouillon, R.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.; Willett, W. Vitamin D and Health: Perspectives from Mice and Man. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2008, 28, 28.
55. Endo, I.; Inoue, D.; Mitsui, T.; Umaki, Y.; Akaike, M.; Yoshizawa, T.; Kato, S.; Matsumoto, T. Deletion of vitamin D receptor gene in mice results in abnormal skeletal muscle development with deregulated expression of myoregulatory transcription factors. Endocrinology, 2003, 144 (12), 5138-5144.
56. Bischoff, H. A.; Stahelin, H. B.; Dick, W.; Akos, R.; Knecht, M.; Salis, C.; Nebiker, M.; Theiler, R.; Pfeifer, M.; Begerow, B.; Lew, R. A.; Conzelmann, M. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2003, 18 (2), 343-351.
57. Pfeifer, M.; Begerow, B.; Minne, H. W.; Suppan, K.; Fahrleitner-Pammer, A.; Dobnig, H. Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals. Osteoporos. Int., 2008, 16, 16.
58. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Orav, E. J.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Effect of cholecalciferol plus calcium on falling in ambulatory older men and women: a 3-year randomized controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med., 2006, 166 (4), 424-430.
59. Pfeifer, M.; Begerow, B.; Minne, H. W.; Abrams, C.; Nachtigall, D.; Hansen, C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2000, 15 (6), 1113-1118.
60. Broe, K. E.; Chen, T. C.; Weinberg, J.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Holick, M. F.; Kiel, D. P. A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2007, 55 (2), 234-239.
61. Wang, Y.; DeLuca, H. F. Is the vitamin d receptor found in muscle? Endocrinology,2011, 152 (2), 354-363.
62. Bischoff, H. A.; Borchers, M.; Gudat, F.; Duermueller, U.; Theiler, R.; Stahelin, H. B.; Dick, W. In situ detection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in human skeletal muscle tissue. Histochem. J., 2001, 33 (1), 19-24.
63. Boland, R., Role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle function. Endocr. Rev., 1986, 7 (4), 434-448.
64. Costa, E. M.; Blau, H. M.; Feldman, D. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and hormonal responses in cloned human skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology, 1986, 119 (5), 2214-2220.
65. Simpson, R. U.; Thomas, G. A.; Arnold, A. J. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and activities in muscle. J. Biol. Chem., 1985, 260 (15), 8882-8891.
66. Sorensen, O. H.; Lund, B.; Saltin, B.; Andersen, R. B.; Hjorth, L.; Melsen, F.; Mosekilde, L. Myopathy in bone loss of ageing: improvement by treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 1979, 56 (2), 157-161.
67. Sato, Y.; Iwamoto, J.; Kanoko, T.; Satoh, K. Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc. Dis., 2005, 20 (3), 187-192.
68. de Boland, A. R.; Boland, R. L. Rapid changes in skeletal muscle calcium uptake induced in vitro by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are suppressed by calcium channel blockers. Endocrinology, 1987, 120 (5), 1858-1864.
69. Vazquez, G.; de Boland, A. R.; Boland, R. Stimulation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels as a potential mechanism involved in non-genomic 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3-induced Ca2+ entry in skeletal muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997, 239 (2), 562-565.
70. Horst, R. L.; Goff, J. P.; Reinhardt, T. A. Advancing age results in reduction of intestinal and bone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor. Endocrinology, 1990, 126 (2), 1053-1057.
71. Gonzalez Pardo, V.; Boland, R.; de Boland, A. R. Vitamin D receptor levels and binding are reduced in aged rat intestinal subcellular fractions. Biogerontology, 2008, 9 (2), 109-118.
72. Yoshikawa, S.; Nakamura, T.; Tanabe, H.; Imamura, T. Osteomalacic myopathy. Endocrinol. Jpn., 1979, 26 (Suppl), 65-72.
73. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Willett, W. C.; Orav, E. J.; Kiel, D. P.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Re: Fall prevention with Vitamin D. Clarifications needed. http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj. b3692?tab=responses (Accessed February 13 2012) 2011.
74. Grimby, G.; Saltin, B., The ageing muscle. Clin. Physiol., 1983, 3 (3), 209-218.
75. Tisdale, M. L. Mechsnisms of cancer cachexia. Physiol. Rev., 2009, 89 (2), 381-410.
76. Wicherts, I. S.; van Schoor, N. M.; Boeke, A. J.; Visser, M.; Deeg, D. J.; Smit, J.; Knol, D. L.; Lips, P. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 92 (6), 2058-2065.
77. LeBoff, M. S.; Hawkes, W. G.; Glowacki, J.; Yu-Yahiro, J.; Hurwitz, S.; Magaziner, J. Vitamin D-deficiency and post-fracture changes in lower extremity function and falls in women with hip fractures. Osteoporos. Int., 2008, 19 (9), 1283-1290.
78. Visser, M.; Deeg, D. J.; Puts, M. T.; Seidell, J. C.; Lips, P. Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older persons and the risk of nursing home admission. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2006, 84 (3), 616-22; quiz 671-2.
79. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Dietrich, T.; Orav, E. J.; Hu, F. B.; Zhang, Y.; Karlson, E. W.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004, 80 (3), 752-758.
80. Stockton, K. A.; Mengersen, K.; Paratz, J. D.; Kandiah, D.; Bennell, K. L. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos. Int., 2011, 22 (3), 859-871.
81. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Willett, W. C.; Staehelin, H. B.; Bazemore, M. G.; Zee, R. Y.; Wong, J. B. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. Jama, 2004, 291 (16), 1999-2006.
82. Jackson, C.; Gaugris, S.; Sen, S. S.; Hosking, D. The effect of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on the risk of fall and fracture: a metaanalysis. Qjm, 2007, 100 (4), 185-192.
83. Kalyani, R. R.; Stein, B.; Valiyil, R.; Manno, R.; Maynard, J. W.; Crews, D. C. Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2010, 58 (7), 1299-1310.
84. O'Donnell, S.; Moher, D.; Thomas, K.; Hanley, D. A.; Cranney, A. Systematic review of the benefits and harms of calcitriol and alfacalcidol for fractures and falls. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 2008, 26 (6), 531-542.
85. Richy, F.; Dukas, L.; Schacht, E. Differential effects of D-hormone analogs and native vitamin D on the risk of falls: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcif. Tissue Int., 2008, 82 (2), 102-107.
86. Michael, Y. L.; Lin, J. S.; Whitlock, E. P.; Gold, R.; Fu, R.; O'Connor, E. A.; Zuber, S. P.; Beil, T. L.; Lutz, K. W. Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: An Updated Systematic Review. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. 2011.
87. Michael, Y. L.; Whitlock, E. P.; Lin, J. S.; Fu, R.; O'Connor, E. A.; Gold, R. Primary care-relevant interventions to prevent falling in older adults: a systematic evidence review for the u.s. Preventive services task force. Ann. Intern. Med., 2011, 153 (12), 815-825.
88. Cameron, I. D.; Murray, G. R.; Gillespie, L. D.; Robertson, M. C.; Hill, K. D.; Cumming, R. G.; Kerse, N., Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane. Database Syst. Rev., 2010, (1), CD005465.
89. American Geriatric Society/British Geriatric Society Guidelines on Fall Prevention in older Persons. http://www.patientsafetysolutions.com/docs/February_2011_Updated_Fall_Prevention_Guidelines.htm (Accessed February 13 2012) 2011.
90. Graafmans, W. C.; Ooms, M. E.; Hofstee, H. M.; Bezemer, P. D.; Bouter, L. M.; Lips, P. Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1996, 143 (11), 1129-1136.
91. Trivedi, D. P.; Doll, R.; Khaw, K. T. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ, 2003, 326 (7387), 469.
92. Latham, N. K.; Anderson, C. S.; Lee, A.; Bennett, D. A.; Moseley, A.; Cameron, I. D. A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: the Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2003, 51 (3), 291-299.