메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 70, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1744-1767

Performance of a triclass parameterization for the collision-coalescence process in shallow clouds

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION; CLOSURE ASSUMPTIONS; DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; GAMMA DISTRIBUTION; KINEMATIC CLOUD MODEL; SHAPE PARAMETERS; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS;

EID: 84880170045     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-0154.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0003263661 scopus 로고
    • Handbook of Mathematical Functions: With Formulas,
    • Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series, Dover Publications
    • Abramowitz, M., and I. Stegun, 1965: Handbook of Mathematical Functions: With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series, Vol. 55, Dover Publications, 1046 pp.
    • (1965) , vol.55 , pp. 1046
    • Abramowitz, M.1    Stegun, I.2
  • 2
    • 0024812929 scopus 로고
    • Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness
    • Albrecht, B. A., 1989: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness. Science, 245, 1227-1230.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 1227-1230
    • Albrecht, B.A.1
  • 5
    • 0025205625 scopus 로고
    • Bistability of CCN concentrations and thermodynamics in the cloud-topped boundary layer
    • Baker, M., and R. Charlson, 1990: Bistability of CCN concentrations and thermodynamics in the cloud-topped boundary layer. Nature, 345, 142-145.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 142-145
    • Baker, M.1    Charlson, R.2
  • 6
    • 0016952798 scopus 로고
    • Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft
    • Beard, K. V., 1976: Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 851-864.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 851-864
    • Beard, K.V.1
  • 7
    • 0029412771 scopus 로고
    • Collisions between small precipitation drops. Part II: Formulas for coalescence, temporary coalescence, and satellites
    • Beard, K. V., and H. T. Ochs III, 1995: Collisions between small precipitation drops. Part II: Formulas for coalescence, temporary coalescence, and satellites. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3977-3996.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.52 , pp. 3977-3996
    • Beard, K.V.1    Ochs, H.T.2
  • 8
    • 0001408197 scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes
    • Beheng, K. D., 1994: A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes. Atmos. Res., 33, 193-206.
    • (1994) Atmos. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 193-206
    • Beheng, K.D.1
  • 9
    • 84875334889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of raindrop spectra: A review of basic microphysical essentials
    • Rainfall: State of the Science Amer. Geophys. Union
    • Beheng, K. D., 2010: The evolution of raindrop spectra: A review of basic microphysical essentials. Rainfall: State of the Science, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 191, Amer. Geophys. Union, 29-48.
    • (2010) Geophys. Monogr. , vol.191 , pp. 29-48
    • Beheng, K.D.1
  • 10
    • 0007383439 scopus 로고
    • The time evolution of a drop spectrum due to collision/coalescence: A numerical case study on the effects of selfcollection, autoconversion and accretion
    • Beheng, K. D., and G. Doms, 1990: The time evolution of a drop spectrum due to collision/coalescence: A numerical case study on the effects of selfcollection, autoconversion and accretion. Meteor. Rundsch., 42, 52-61.
    • (1990) Meteor. Rundsch. , vol.42 , pp. 52-61
    • Beheng, K.D.1    Doms, G.2
  • 11
    • 0000563725 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part I. Double distributions
    • Berry, E. X., and R. L. Reinhardt, 1974a: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part I. Double distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1814-1824.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 1814-1824
    • Berry, E.X.1    Reinhardt, R.L.2
  • 12
    • 0000563725 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part II. Single initial distributions
    • Berry, E. X., and R. L. Reinhardt, 1974b: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part II. Single initial distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1825-1831.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 1825-1831
    • Berry, E.X.1    Reinhardt, R.L.2
  • 13
    • 84880152281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient approximation of the incomplete gamma function for use in cloud model applications
    • Blahak, U., 2010: Efficient approximation of the incomplete gamma function for use in cloud model applications. Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 329-336.
    • (2010) Geosci. Model Dev. , vol.3 , pp. 329-336
    • Blahak, U.1
  • 14
    • 28944450038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models
    • doi:101029/2005GL023851
    • Bony, S., and J. Dufresne, 2005: Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, doi:10.1029/2005GL023851.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Bony, S.1    Dufresne, J.2
  • 15
    • 0032418519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation
    • Bott, A., 1998: A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2284-2293.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 2284-2293
    • Bott, A.1
  • 16
    • 2342553182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EPIC 2001 stratocumulus study
    • Bretherton, C. S., and Coauthors, 2004: The EPIC 2001 stratocumulus study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 967-977.
    • (2004) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.85 , pp. 967-977
    • Bretherton, C.S.1
  • 17
    • 0033867145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acomprehensive two-moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. I: Description and tests
    • Cohard, J., and J. Pinty, 2000:Acomprehensive two-moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. I: Description and tests. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1815-1842.
    • (2000) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.126 , pp. 1815-1842
    • Cohard, J.1    Pinty, J.2
  • 18
  • 19
    • 84857955193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosols-cloud microphysicsthermodynamics- turbulence: Evaluating supersaturation in a marine stratocumulus cloud
    • Ditas, F., R. Shaw, H. Siebert, M. Simmel, B. Wehner, and A. Wiedensohler, 2012: Aerosols-cloud microphysicsthermodynamics- turbulence: Evaluating supersaturation in a marine stratocumulus cloud. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2459-2468.
    • (2012) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.12 , pp. 2459-2468
    • Ditas, F.1    Shaw, R.2    Siebert, H.3    Simmel, M.4    Wehner, B.5    Wiedensohler, A.6
  • 20
    • 0001140480 scopus 로고
    • A general mathematical survey of the coagulation equation
    • Part 2, G. M. Hidy and J. R. Brock, Eds., International Reviews in Aerosol Physics and Chemistry, Vols. 2-3, Pergamon Press
    • Drake, R. L., 1972: A general mathematical survey of the coagulation equation. Topics in Current Aerosol Research, Part 2, G. M. Hidy and J. R. Brock, Eds., International Reviews in Aerosol Physics and Chemistry, Vols. 2-3, Pergamon Press, 201-376.
    • (1972) Topics in Current Aerosol Research , vol.2-3 , pp. 201-376
    • Drake, R.L.1
  • 21
    • 0030430517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysics of marine stratocumulus clouds with two drizzle modes
    • Gerber, H., 1996: Microphysics of marine stratocumulus clouds with two drizzle modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1649-1662.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 1649-1662
    • Gerber, H.1
  • 22
    • 0000773553 scopus 로고
    • The effect of cloud type on earth's energy balance: Global analysis
    • Hartmann, D. L., M. E. Ockert-Bell, and M. L. Michelsen, 1992: The effect of cloud type on earth's energy balance: Global analysis. J. Climate, 5, 1281-1304.
    • (1992) J. Climate , vol.5 , pp. 1281-1304
    • Hartmann, D.L.1    Ockert-Bell, M.E.2    Michelsen, M.L.3
  • 23
    • 0029540060 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of raindrop size distribution by coalescence, breakup, and evaporation: Theory and observations
    • Hu, Z., and R. Srivastava, 1995: Evolution of raindrop size distribution by coalescence, breakup, and evaporation: Theory and observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1761-1783.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1761-1783
    • Hu, Z.1    Srivastava, R.2
  • 24
    • 1842812733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moments of truncated continuous univariate distributions
    • Jawitz, J. W., 2004: Moments of truncated continuous univariate distributions. Adv. Water Resour., 27, 269-281.
    • (2004) Adv. Water Resour. , vol.27 , pp. 269-281
    • Jawitz, J.W.1
  • 25
    • 0002884359 scopus 로고
    • On the Distribution and Continuity of Water Substance in Atmospheric Circulations
    • Kessler, E., 1969: On the Distribution and Continuity of Water Substance in Atmospheric Circulations. Meteor. Monogr., No. 32, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 pp.
    • (1969) Meteor. Monogr. Amer Meteor. Soc. , vol.32 , pp. 84
    • Kessler, E.1
  • 26
    • 0034027431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus
    • Khairoutdinov, M., and Y. Kogan, 2000: A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 229-243.
    • (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 229-243
    • Khairoutdinov, M.1    Kogan, Y.2
  • 27
    • 72449159848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the importance of microphysics and macrophysics for warm rain in marine low clouds. Part I: Satellite observations
    • Kubar, T., D. Hartmann, and R. Wood, 2009: Understanding the importance of microphysics and macrophysics for warm rain in marine low clouds. Part I: Satellite observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2953-2972.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 2953-2972
    • Kubar, T.1    Hartmann, D.2    Wood, R.3
  • 28
    • 0000843513 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus (DYCOMS) experiment
    • Lenschow, D., and Coauthors, 1988: Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus (DYCOMS) experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 1058-1067.
    • (1988) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.69 , pp. 1058-1067
    • Lenschow, D.1
  • 29
    • 0016060812 scopus 로고
    • Solutions to the droplet collection equation for polynomial kernels
    • Long, A., 1974: Solutions to the droplet collection equation for polynomial kernels. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1040-1052.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 1040-1052
    • Long, A.1
  • 30
    • 0020336093 scopus 로고
    • Collision, coalescence and breakup of raindrops. Part I: Experimentally established coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions in breakup
    • Low, T. B., and R. List, 1982a: Collision, coalescence and breakup of raindrops. Part I: Experimentally established coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions in breakup. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1591-1606.
    • (1982) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 1591-1606
    • Low, T.B.1    List, R.2
  • 31
    • 0020451767 scopus 로고
    • Collision, coalescence and breakup of raindrops. Part II: Parameterization of fragment size distributions
    • Low, T. B., and R. List, 1982b: Collision, coalescence and breakup of raindrops. Part II: Parameterization of fragment size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1607-1619.
    • (1982) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 1607-1619
    • Low, T.B.1    List, R.2
  • 32
    • 0000049347 scopus 로고
    • A parameterization scheme for simulating collision/coalescence of water drops
    • L€upkes, C., K. Beheng, and G. Doms, 1989: A parameterization scheme for simulating collision/coalescence of water drops. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 62, 289-306.
    • (1989) Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , vol.62 , pp. 289-306
    • L€upkes, C.1    Beheng, K.2    Doms, G.3
  • 33
    • 0001256212 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of raindrops with size
    • Marshall, J. S., and W. M. Palmer, 1948: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Meteor., 5, 165-166.
    • (1948) J. Meteor. , vol.5 , pp. 165-166
    • Marshall, J.S.1    Palmer, W.M.2
  • 34
    • 0000639565 scopus 로고
    • The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds
    • Martin, G. M., D. W. Johnson, and A. Spice, 1994: The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823-1842.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 1823-1842
    • Martin, G.M.1    Johnson, D.W.2    Spice, A.3
  • 35
    • 52049122864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abulk parameterization of giant CCN
    • Mechem, D. B., and Y. L. Kogan, 2008:Abulk parameterization of giant CCN. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2458-2466.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 2458-2466
    • Mechem, D.B.1    Kogan, Y.L.2
  • 36
    • 27744577273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part I: Analysis of the role of the spectral shape parameter
    • Milbrandt, J., and M. Yau, 2005: A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part I: Analysis of the role of the spectral shape parameter. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3051-3064.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 3051-3064
    • Milbrandt, J.1    Yau, M.2
  • 37
    • 67549091157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The environment of precipitating shallow cumulus convection
    • Nuijens, L., B. Stevens, and A. Siebesma, 2009: The environment of precipitating shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1962-1979.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 1962-1979
    • Nuijens, L.1    Stevens, B.2    Siebesma, A.3
  • 38
    • 1342269923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational study of drizzle formation in stratocumulus clouds for general circulation model (GCM) parameterizations
    • doi:101029/2002JD002679
    • Pawlowska, H., and J.-L. Brenguier, 2003: An observational study of drizzle formation in stratocumulus clouds for general circulation model (GCM) parameterizations. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8630, doi:10.1029/2002JD002679.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 8630
    • Pawlowska, H.1    Brenguier, J.L.2
  • 39
    • 17044444283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cloud albedo-cloud droplet effective radius relationship for clean and polluted clouds from RACE and FIRE
    • doi:101029/2000JD000281
    • Peng,Y.R., U. Lohmann, R. Leaitch, C. Banic, andM.Couture, 2002: The cloud albedo-cloud droplet effective radius relationship for clean and polluted clouds from RACE and FIRE.ACE. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4106, doi:10.1029/2000JD000281.
    • (2002) ACE. J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 4106
    • Peng, Y.R.1    Lohmann, U.2    Leaitch, R.3    Banic, C.4    Couture, M.5
  • 40
    • 79960313922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The modified gamma size distribution applied to inhomogeneous and nonspherical particles: Key relationships and conversions
    • Petty, G., and W. Huang, 2011: The modified gamma size distribution applied to inhomogeneous and nonspherical particles: Key relationships and conversions. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1460- 1473.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68
    • Petty, G.1    Huang, W.2
  • 41
    • 0036129866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of in-cloud nucleation and turbulence on droplet spectrum formation in cumulus clouds
    • Pinsky, M., and A. Khain, 2002: Effects of in-cloud nucleation and turbulence on droplet spectrum formation in cumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 501-533.
    • (2002) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.128 , pp. 501-533
    • Pinsky, M.1    Khain, A.2
  • 42
    • 0035306604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collision efficiency of drops in a wide range of Reynolds numbers: Effects of pressure on spectrum evolution
    • Pinsky, M., A. Khain, and M. Shapiro, 2001: Collision efficiency of drops in a wide range of Reynolds numbers: Effects of pressure on spectrum evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 742-764.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 742-764
    • Pinsky, M.1    Khain, A.2    Shapiro, M.3
  • 43
    • 47549102019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of Giant CCN on warm rain processes in the ECHAM5 GCM
    • Posselt, R., and U. Lohmann, 2008: Influence of Giant CCN on warm rain processes in the ECHAM5 GCM. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3769-3788.
    • (2008) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.8 , pp. 3769-3788
    • Posselt, R.1    Lohmann, U.2
  • 44
    • 62749126696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the total anthropogenic aerosol effect to the treatment of rain in a global climate model
    • doi:101029/2008GL035796
    • Posselt, R., and U. Lohmann,2009: Sensitivity of the total anthropogenic aerosol effect to the treatment of rain in a global climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02805, doi:10.1029/2008GL035796.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Posselt, R.1    Lohmann, U.2
  • 48
    • 0031416166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. I: Description and evaluation of the microphysical processes
    • Rotstayn, L. D., 1997: A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. I: Description and evaluation of the microphysical processes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1227-1282.
    • (1997) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.123 , pp. 1227-1282
    • Rotstayn, L.D.1
  • 49
    • 1342268036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large-droplet mode and prognostic number concentration of cloud droplets in the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Part I: Module descriptions and supercell test simulations
    • Saleeby, S. M., and W. R. Cotton, 2004: A large-droplet mode and prognostic number concentration of cloud droplets in the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Part I: Module descriptions and supercell test simulations. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 182-195.
    • (2004) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.43 , pp. 182-195
    • Saleeby, S.M.1    Cotton, W.R.2
  • 51
    • 40949164957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure and mesoscale organization of precipitating stratocumulus
    • Savic-Jovcic, V., and B. Stevens, 2008: The structure and mesoscale organization of precipitating stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1587-1605.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 1587-1605
    • Savic-Jovcic, V.1    Stevens, B.2
  • 52
    • 33244472017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parametrisierung wolkenmikrophysikalischer prozesse und simulationen konvektiver mischwolken
    • Ph.D. dissertation Universit€at Karlsruhe (TH)
    • Seifert, A., 2002: Parametrisierung wolkenmikrophysikalischer prozesse und simulationen konvektiver mischwolken. Ph.D. dissertation, Universit€at Karlsruhe (TH), 240 pp.
    • (2002) , pp. 240
    • Seifert, A.1
  • 53
    • 58049132801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the parameterization of evaporation of raindrops as simulated by a one-dimensional rainshaft model
    • Seifert, A., 2008: On the parameterization of evaporation of raindrops as simulated by a one-dimensional rainshaft model. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3608-3619.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 3608-3619
    • Seifert, A.1
  • 54
    • 18144444705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adouble-moment parameterization for simulating autoconversion, accretion and selfcollection
    • Seifert, A., and K. D. Beheng, 2001:Adouble-moment parameterization for simulating autoconversion, accretion and selfcollection. Atmos. Res., 59, 265-281.
    • (2001) Atmos. Res. , vol.59 , pp. 265-281
    • Seifert, A.1    Beheng, K.D.2
  • 55
    • 33244472609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description
    • Seifert, A., and K. D. Beheng, 2006: A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 92, 45-66.
    • (2006) Meteor. Atmos. Phys. , vol.92 , pp. 45-66
    • Seifert, A.1    Beheng, K.D.2
  • 56
    • 77955579802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysical scaling relations in a kinematic model of isolated shallow cumulus clouds
    • Seifert, A., and B. Stevens, 2010: Microphysical scaling relations in a kinematic model of isolated shallow cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1575-1590.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 1575-1590
    • Seifert, A.1    Stevens, B.2
  • 57
    • 77958604982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulence effects on warm-rain autoconversion in precipitating shallow convection
    • Seifert, A., L. Nuijens, and B. Stevens, 2010: Turbulence effects on warm-rain autoconversion in precipitating shallow convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1753-1762.
    • (2010) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.136 , pp. 1753-1762
    • Seifert, A.1    Nuijens, L.2    Stevens, B.3
  • 58
    • 84871629248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of systematic differences between multiple parametrizations of warm rain microphysics using a kinematic framework
    • Shipway, B., and A. Hill, 2012: Diagnosis of systematic differences between multiple parametrizations of warm rain microphysics using a kinematic framework. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 2196-2211.
    • (2012) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.138 , pp. 2196-2211
    • Shipway, B.1    Hill, A.2
  • 59
    • 79959689422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vertical distribution of cloud feedback in coupled ocean-atmosphere models
    • doi:101029/2011GL047632
    • Soden, B., and G. Vecchi, 2011: The vertical distribution of cloud feedback in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L12704, doi:10.1029/2011GL047632.
    • (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.38
    • Soden, B.1    Vecchi, G.2
  • 60
    • 0024191344 scopus 로고
    • On the scaling of equations governing the evolution of raindrop size distributions
    • Srivastava, R., 1988: On the scaling of equations governing the evolution of raindrop size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1091-1092.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 1091-1092
    • Srivastava, R.1
  • 61
    • 14644413562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: A critical review
    • Stephens, G., 2005: Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: A critical review. J. Climate, 18, 237-273.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.18 , pp. 237-273
    • Stephens, G.1
  • 62
    • 77958533516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud controlling factors: Low clouds
    • Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance Atmospheric Dynamics and Precipitation, J Heintzenberg and R. Charlson, Eds., MIT Press
    • Stevens, B., and J. Brenguier, 2009: Cloud controlling factors: Low clouds. Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation, J. Heintzenberg and R. Charlson, Eds., MIT Press, 173-196.
    • (2009) , pp. 173-196
    • Stevens, B.1    Brenguier, J.2
  • 63
    • 0038312603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On entrainment rates in nocturnal marine stratocumulus
    • Stevens, B., and Coauthors, 2003: On entrainment rates in nocturnal marine stratocumulus. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 3469- 3493.
    • (2003) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.129
    • Stevens, B.1
  • 65
    • 84926184952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics: Principles and Parameterizations
    • Straka, J., 2009: Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics: Principles and Parameterizations. Cambridge University Press, 406 pp.
    • (2009) Cambridge University Press , vol.406
    • Straka, J.1
  • 66
    • 0024927328 scopus 로고
    • Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model
    • Sundqvist, H., E. Berge, and J. E. Kristjansson, 1989: Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1641- 1657.
    • (1989) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.117
    • Sundqvist, H.1    Berge, E.2    Kristjansson, J.E.3
  • 67
    • 81555200707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of the warm rain process in cloud-resolving models using joint CloudSat and MODIS observations
    • Suzuki, K., G. Stephens, S. Vanden Heever, and T. Nakajima, 2011: Diagnosis of the warm rain process in cloud-resolving models using joint CloudSat and MODIS observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2655-2670.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 2655-2670
    • Suzuki, K.1    Stephens, G.2    Vanden Heever, S.3    Nakajima, T.4
  • 68
    • 13244272208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of drizzle in nocturnal marine stratocumulus
    • van Zanten, M. C., B. Stevens, G. Vali, and D. H. Lenschow, 2005: Observations of drizzle in nocturnal marine stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 88-106.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 88-106
    • van Zanten, M.C.1    Stevens, B.2    Vali, G.3    Lenschow, D.H.4
  • 69
    • 73549103137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling mesoscale cellular structures and drizzle in marine stratocumulus. Part I: Impact of drizzle on the formation and evolution of open cells
    • Wang, H., and G. Feingold, 2009: Modeling mesoscale cellular structures and drizzle in marine stratocumulus. Part I: Impact of drizzle on the formation and evolution of open cells. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3237-3256.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 3237-3256
    • Wang, H.1    Feingold, G.2
  • 70
    • 0034529130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parametrization of the effect of drizzle upon the droplet effective radius in stratocumulus clouds
    • Wood, R., 2000: Parametrization of the effect of drizzle upon the droplet effective radius in stratocumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 3309-3324.
    • (2000) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.126 , pp. 3309-3324
    • Wood, R.1
  • 71
    • 10944226672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drizzle in stratiform boundary layer clouds. Part I: Vertical and horizontal structure
    • Wood, R., 2005a: Drizzle in stratiform boundary layer clouds. Part I: Vertical and horizontal structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3011- 3033.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62
    • Wood, R.1
  • 72
    • 26244467200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drizzle in stratiform boundary layer clouds. Part II: Microphysical aspects
    • Wood, R., 2005b: Drizzle in stratiform boundary layer clouds. Part II: Microphysical aspects. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3034-3050.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 3034-3050
    • Wood, R.1
  • 73
    • 73549117233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the importance of microphysics and macrophysics for warm rain in marine low clouds. Part II: Heuristic models of rain formation
    • Wood, R., T. Kubar, and D. Hartmann, 2009: Understanding the importance of microphysics and macrophysics for warm rain in marine low clouds. Part II: Heuristic models of rain formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2973-2990.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 2973-2990
    • Wood, R.1    Kubar, T.2    Hartmann, D.3
  • 74
    • 33144473316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulations of trade wind cumuli: Investigation of aerosol indirect effects
    • Xue, H., and G. Feingold, 2006: Large-eddy simulations of trade wind cumuli: Investigation of aerosol indirect effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1605-1622.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 1605-1622
    • Xue, H.1    Feingold, G.2
  • 75
    • 84864949573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of the sedimentation of raindrops with finite maximum diameter
    • Ziemer, C., and U. Wacker, 2012: Parameterization of the sedimentation of raindrops with finite maximum diameter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1589-1602
    • (2012) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.140 , pp. 1589-1602
    • Ziemer, C.1    Wacker, U.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.