Pharmacological recommendations for the symptomatic treatment of dementia: The Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2012

Alzheimer's Research and Therapy

Volumn 5, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2013, Pages

  Herrmann, Nathan ^a,b   Lanctôt, Krista L ^a,b   Hogan, David B ^c  

^a SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; HYPNOTIC AGENT; MEMANTINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NOOTROPIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PLACEBO; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; RIVASTIGMINE; SEDATIVE AGENT; TRAZODONE;

AGGRESSION; AGITATION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANXIETY; APATHY; APPETITE; BRAIN INFARCTION; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSENSUS; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSTHYMIA; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; MAJOR AFFECTIVE DISORDER; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL INSTABILITY; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SLEEP; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC);

EID: 84880139684     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17589193     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/alz193     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. World Health Organization, Dementia: A Public Health Priority Geneva: WHO 2012
2. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, Hall K, Hasegawa K, Hendrie H, Huang Y, Jorm A, Mathers C, Menezes PR, Rimmer E, Scazufca M, Lancet 2005 366 2112 2117 16360788 (Pubitemid 41797645)
3. Alzheimer Society of Canada, Rising Tide: The Impact of Dementia on Canadian Society Toronto: Alzheimer Society of Canada 2010
4. EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease. Hort J, O'Brien JT, Gainotti G, Pirttila T, Popescu BO, Rektorova I, Sorbi S, Scheltens P, Eur J Neurol 17 1236 1248
5. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Ihl R, Frolich L, Winblad B, Schneider L, Burns A, Moller HJ, World J Biol Psychiatry 12 2 32
6. American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Second edition. Rabins PV, Blacker D, Rovner BW, Rummans T, Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Blass DM, McIntyre JS, Charles SC, Anzia DJ, Cook IA, Finnerty MT, Johnson BR, Nininger JE, Schneidman B, Summergrad P, Woods SM, Berger J, Cross CD, Brandt HA, Margolis PM, Shemo JP, Blinder BJ, Duncan DL, Barnovitz MA, Carino AJ, Freyberg ZZ, Gray SH, Tonnu T, Kunkle R, et al. Am J Psychiatry 2007 164 5 56 18340692
7. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: introduction. Introducing a series based on the Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia. Chertkow H, CMAJ 2008 178 316 321 18227452 (Pubitemid 351212878)
8. 4th Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia. Gauthier S PC, Chertkow H, Gordon M, Herrmann N, Rockwood K, Rosa-Neto P, Soucy JP, Can J Neurol Sci 2012 39 1 S8 23073396
9. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project. AGREE Collaboration, Qual Saf Health Care 2003 12 18 23 12571340
10. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 1. Risk assessment and primary prevention of Alzheimer disease. Patterson C, Feightner JW, Garcia A, Hsiung GY, MacKnight C, Sadovnick AD, CMAJ 2008 178 548 556 10.1503/cmaj.070796 18299540 (Pubitemid 351413998)
11. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 3. Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment without dementia. Chertkow H, Massoud F, Nasreddine Z, Belleville S, Joanette Y, Bocti C, Drolet V, Kirk J, Freedman M, Bergman H, CMAJ 2008 178 1273 1285 10.1503/cmaj.070797 18458258 (Pubitemid 351678349)
12. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 5. Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy for mild to moderate dementia. Hogan DB, Bailey P, Black S, Carswell A, Chertkow H, Clarke B, Cohen C, Fisk JD, Forbes D, Man-Son-Hing M, Lanctôt K, Morgan D, Thorpe L, CMAJ 2008 179 1019 1026 10.1503/cmaj.081103 18981443
13. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 6. Management of severe Alzheimer disease. Herrmann N, Gauthier S, CMAJ 2008 179 1279 1287 10.1503/cmaj.070804 19047609
14. Management of dementia with a cerebrovascular component. Bocti C, Black S, Frank C, Alzheimers Dement 2007 3 398 403 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.009 19595960 (Pubitemid 47541949)
15. Grades of recommendation for antithrombotic agents: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R, Pauker SG, Schunemann HJ, Chest 2008 133 123S 131S 10.1378/chest.08-0654 18574262 (Pubitemid 351892964)
16. Changing perspectives regarding late-life dementia. Fotuhi M, Hachinski V, Whitehouse PJ, Nat Rev Neurol 2009 5 649 658 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.175 19918254
17. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA, Neurology 2007 69 2197 2204 10.1212/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24 17568013 (Pubitemid 350294674)
18. Mixed brain pathologies in dementia: the BrainNet Europe consortium experience. Kovacs GG, Alafuzoff I, Al-Sarraj S, Arzberger T, Bogdanovic N, Capellari S, Ferrer I, Gelpi E, Kovari V, Kretzschmar H, Nagy Z, Parchi P, Seilhean D, Soininen H, Troakes C, Budka H, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 26 343 350 10.1159/000161560 18849605
19. Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS), Lancet 2001 357 169 175 11213093
20. Pathological correlates of dementia in a longitudinal, population-based sample of aging. Sonnen JA, Larson EB, Crane PK, Haneuse S, Li G, Schellenberg GD, Craft S, Leverenz JB, Montine TJ, Ann Neurol 2007 62 406 413 10.1002/ana.21208 17879383 (Pubitemid 350105954)
21. Recent clinical-pathologic research on the causes of dementia in late life: update from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. White L, Small BJ, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Masaki K, Abbott RD, Hardman J, Davis D, Nelson J, Markesbery W, J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2005 18 224 227 10.1177/0891988705281872 16306244 (Pubitemid 41736388)
22. The neuropathology of probable Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA, Ann Neurol 2009 66 200 208 10.1002/ana.21706 19743450
23. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Dementia: Supporting People with Dementia and their Carers in Health and Social Care London: NICE 2011 26
24. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV, Lancet 2002 359 1283 1290 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08267-3 11965273 (Pubitemid 34310633)
25. Galantamine for vascular cognitive impairment. Craig D, Birks J, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 1 D004746 16437493
26. Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): randomised double-blind trial. Courtney C, Farrell D, Gray R, Hills R, Lynch L, Sellwood E, Edwards S, Hardyman W, Raftery J, Crome P, Lendon C, Shaw H, Bentham P, Lancet 2004 363 2105 2115 15220031
27. An efficacy and safety analysis of Exelon in Alzheimer's disease patients with concurrent vascular risk factors. Kumar V, Anand R, Messina J, Hartman R, Veach J, Eur J Neurol 2000 7 159 169 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2000.00046.x 10809936 (Pubitemid 32260563)
28. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules in patients with probable vascular dementia: the VantagE study. Ballard C, Sauter M, Scheltens P, He Y, Barkhof F, van Straaten EC, van der Flier WM, Hsu C, Wu S, Lane R, Curr Med Res Opin 2008 24 2561 2574 10.1185/03007990802328142 18674411
29. Management of mixed dementia. Zekry D, Gold G, Drugs Aging 27 715 728
30. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne EJ, Deuschl G, De Deyn PP, Durif F, Kulisevsky J, van Laar T, Lees A, Poewe W, Robillard A, Rosa MM, Wolters E, Quarg P, Tekin S, Lane R, N Engl J Med 2004 351 2509 2518 10.1056/NEJMoa041470 15590953 (Pubitemid 39603164)
31. Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. Aarsland D, Laake K, Larsen JP, Janvin C, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002 72 708 712 10.1136/jnnp.72.6.708 12023410 (Pubitemid 34557010)
32. Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Ravina B, Putt M, Siderowf A, Farrar JT, Gillespie M, Crawley A, Fernandez HH, Trieschmann MM, Reichwein S, Simuni T, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 76 934 939 10.1136/jnnp.2004.050682 15965198 (Pubitemid 40909549)
33. Practice parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, Ravina B, Kleiner-Fisman G, Anderson K, Shulman LM, Gronseth G, Weiner WJ, Neurology 2006 66 996 1002 10.1212/01.wnl.0000215428. 46057.3d 16606910 (Pubitemid 44044781)
34. Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Rolinski M, Fox C, Maidment I, McShane R, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 3 D006504 22419314
35. Canadian Pharmacists Association, The Canadian Drug Reference for Health Professionals Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association 2011 954
36. Canadian Pharmacists Association, The Canadian Drug Reference for Health Professionals Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association 2012 1024
37. Galantamine treatment of vascular dementia: a randomized trial. Auchus AP, Brashear HR, Salloway S, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Gassmann-Mayer C, Neurology 2007 69 448 458 10.1212/01.wnl.0000266625.31615.f6 17664404 (Pubitemid 47450280)
38. Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Wilkinson D, Doody R, Helme R, Taubman K, Mintzer J, Kertesz A, Pratt RD, Neurology 2003 61 479 486 10.1212/01.WNL.0000078943.50032.FC 12939421 (Pubitemid 37025364)
39. Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS, Salloway S, Hecker J, Burns A, Perdomo C, Kumar D, Pratt R, Stroke 2003 34 2323 2330 10.1161/01.STR. 0000091396.95360.E1 12970516 (Pubitemid 37221934)
40. Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of donepezil in vascular dementia: differential effects by hippocampal size. Roman GC, Salloway S, Black SE, Royall DR, Decarli C, Weiner MW, Moline M, Kumar D, Schindler R, Posner H, Stroke 2010 41 1213 1221 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.570077 20395618
41. Canadian Pharmacists Association, The Canadian Drug Reference for Health Professionals Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association 2012 268
42. Validity of current clinical criteria for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Holmes C, Cairns N, Lantos P, Mann A, Br J Psychiatry 1999 174 45 50 10.1192/bjp.174.1.45 10211150 (Pubitemid 29037883)
43. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E, Neurology 2001 57 613 620 10.1212/WNL.57.4.613 11524468 (Pubitemid 32782987)
44. Efficacy of donepezil on behavioral symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Gauthier S, Feldman H, Hecker J, Vellas B, Ames D, Subbiah P, Whalen E, Emir B, Int Psychogeriatr 2002 14 389 404 10.1017/S104161020200858X 12670060 (Pubitemid 36331605)
45. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, Yau KK, Khan LR, Liu BA, LouLou MM, Einarson TR, CMAJ 2003 169 557 564 12975222 (Pubitemid 37174596)
46. Syncope and its consequences in patients with dementia receiving cholinesterase inhibitors: a population-based cohort study. Gill SS, Anderson GM, Fischer HD, Bell CM, Li P, Normand SL, Rochon PA, Arch Intern Med 2009 169 867 873 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.43 19433698
47. Cholinesterase inhibitors and hospitalization for bradycardia: a population-based study. Park-Wyllie LY, Mamdani MM, Li P, Gill SS, Laupacis A, Juurlink DN, PLoS Med 2009 6 1000157 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000157 19787032
48. Donepezil preserves cognition and global function in patients with severe Alzheimer disease. Black SE, Doody R, Li H, McRae T, Jambor KM, Xu Y, Sun Y, Perdomo CA, Richardson S, Neurology 2007 69 459 469 10.1212/01.wnl.0000266627. 96040.5a 17664405 (Pubitemid 47450281)
49. Donepezil treatment of patients with severe Alzheimer's disease in a Japanese population: results from a 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Homma A, Imai Y, Tago H, Asada T, Shigeta M, Iwamoto T, Takita M, Arimoto I, Koma H, Ohbayashi T, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 25 399 407 10.1159/000122961 18391486 (Pubitemid 351630073)
50. Donepezil in severe Alzheimer's disease. Winblad B, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement 2009 24 185 192 10.1177/1533317509332094
51. Donepezil treatment in severe Alzheimer's disease: a pooled analysis of three clinical trials. Winblad B, Black SE, Homma A, Schwam EM, Moline M, Xu Y, Perdomo CA, Swartz J, Albert K, Curr Med Res Opin 2009 25 2577 2587 19735164
52. Donepezil in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Winblad B, Kilander L, Eriksson S, Minthon L, Batsman S, Wetterholm AL, Jansson-Blixt C, Haglund A, Lancet 2006 367 1057 1065 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68350-5 16581404
53. Rivastigmine transdermal patch and capsule in Alzheimer's disease: influence of disease stage on response to therapy. Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, Meng X, Olin J, Somogyi M, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26 1236 1243
54. Safety and efficacy of galantamine (Reminyl) in severe Alzheimer's disease (the SERAD study): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Burns A, Bernabei R, Bullock R, Cruz Jentoft AJ, Frolich L, Hock C, Raivio M, Triau E, Vandewoude M, Wimo A, Came E, Van Baelen B, Hammond GL, van Oene JC, Schwalen S, Lancet Neurol 2009 8 39 47 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70261-8 19042161
55. Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, Ritchie C, Baldwin A, Barber R, Burns A, Dening T, Findlay D, Holmes C, Hughes A, Jacoby R, Jones R, Jones R, McKeith I, Macharouthu A, O'Brien J, Passmore P, Sheehan B, Juszczak E, Katona C, Hills R, Knapp M, Ballard C, Brown R, Banerjee S, Onions C, Griffin M, Adams J, Gray R, et al. N Engl J Med 2012 366 893 903 10.1056/NEJMoa1106668 22397651
56. Rivastigmine and donepezil treatment in moderate to moderately-severe Alzheimer's disease over a 2-year period. Bullock R, Touchon J, Bergman H, Gambina G, He Y, Rapatz G, Nagel J, Lane R, Curr Med Res Opin 2005 21 1317 1327 10.1185/030079905X56565 16083542 (Pubitemid 41140736)
57. A multinational, randomised, 12-week, comparative study of donepezil and rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Wilkinson DG, Passmore AP, Bullock R, Hopker SW, Smith R, Potocnik FC, Maud CM, Engelbrecht I, Hock C, Ieni JR, Bahra RS, Int J Clin Pract 2002 56 441 446 12166542 (Pubitemid 34855303)
58. A multinational, randomised, 12-week study comparing the effects of donepezil and galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Jones RW, Soininen H, Hager K, Aarsland D, Passmore P, Murthy A, Zhang R, Bahra R, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004 19 58 67 10.1002/gps.1038 14716700 (Pubitemid 38180693)
59. A long-term comparison of galantamine and donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Wilcock G, Howe I, Coles H, Lilienfeld S, Truyen L, Zhu Y, Bullock R, Kershaw P, Drugs Aging 2003 20 777 789 10.2165/00002512-200320100- 00006 12875613 (Pubitemid 36995254)
60. Comparison studies of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Hogan DB, Goldlist B, Naglie G, Patterson C, Lancet Neurol 2004 3 622 626 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00883-X 15380159 (Pubitemid 39221929)
61. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, Graham SM, McDonald S, Gergel I, JAMA 2004 291 317 324 10.1001/jama.291.3.317 14734594 (Pubitemid 38101604)
62. Memantine treatment in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease already receiving a cholinesterase inhibitor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Porsteinsson AP, Grossberg GT, Mintzer J, Olin JT, Curr Alzheimer Res 2008 5 83 89 10.2174/156720508783884576 18288936 (Pubitemid 351536358)
63. Management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Hogan DB, Bailey P, Carswell A, Clarke B, Cohen C, Forbes D, Man-Son-Hing M, Lanctôt K, Morgan D, Thorpe L, Alzheimers Dement 2007 3 355 384 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.006 19595958 (Pubitemid 47535132)
64. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T, Am J Psychiatry 1982 139 1136 1139 7114305 (Pubitemid 12051593)
65. Persistence with cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in a population-based cohort of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Amuah JE, Hogan DB, Eliasziw M, Supina A, Beck P, Downey W, Maxwell CJ, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19 670 679
66. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, Sandor P, Ruiz I, Roberts EA, Janecek E, Domecq C, Greenblatt DJ, Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981 30 239 245 10.1038/clpt.1981.154 7249508 (Pubitemid 12149145)
67. Discontinuing cholinesterase inhibitors: results of a survey of Canadian dementia experts. Herrmann N, Black SE, Li A, Lanctôt KL, Int Psychogeriatr 2011 23 539 545 10.1017/S1041610210001535 20849673
68. Cessation versus continuation of galantamine treatment after 12 months of therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled withdrawal trial. Scarpini E, Bruno G, Zappala G, Adami M, Richarz U, Gaudig M, Jacobs A, Schauble B, J Alzheimers Dis 2011 26 211 220 21606568
69. Discontinuation syndrome following donepezil cessation. Singh S, Dudley C, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003 18 282 284 10.1002/gps.811 12673601 (Pubitemid 36503036)
70. Open-label, multicenter, phase 3 extension study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease. Doody RS, Geldmacher DS, Gordon B, Perdomo CA, Pratt RD, Arch Neurol 2001 58 427 433 10.1001/archneur.58.3.427 11255446 (Pubitemid 32217459)
71. Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease: a metaanalysis. Thompson S, Herrmann N, Rapoport MJ, Lanctôt KL, Can J Psychiatry 2007 52 248 255 17500306 (Pubitemid 46743472)
72. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease. Olin JT, Schneider LS, Katz IR, Meyers BS, Alexopoulos GS, Breitner JC, Bruce ML, Caine ED, Cummings JL, Devanand DP, Krishnan KR, Lyketsos CG, Lyness JM, Rabins PV, Reynolds CF, Rovner BW, Steffens DC, Tariot PN, Lebowitz BD, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002 10 125 128 11925273 (Pubitemid 34685625)
73. Sertraline for the treatment of depression in Alzheimer disease. Rosenberg PB, Drye LT, Martin BK, Frangakis C, Mintzer JE, Weintraub D, Porsteinsson AP, Schneider LS, Rabins PV, Munro CA, Meinert CL, Lyketsos CG, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 18 136 145
74. Sertraline or mirtazapine for depression in dementia (HTA-SADD): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Banerjee S, Hellier J, Dewey M, Romeo R, Ballard C, Baldwin R, Bentham P, Fox C, Holmes C, Katona C, Knapp M, Lawton C, Lindesay J, Livingston G, McCrae N, Moniz-Cook E, Murray J, Nurock S, Orrell M, O'Brien J, Poppe M, Thomas A, Walwyn R, Wilson K, Burns A, Lancet 378 403 411
75. A longitudinal evaluation of behavioural and psychological symptoms of probable Alzheimer's disease. Eustace A, Coen R, Walsh C, Cunningham CJ, Walsh JB, Coakley D, Lawlor BA, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002 17 968 973 10.1002/gps.736 12325059 (Pubitemid 35189626)
76. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease: rationale and background. Olin JT, Katz IR, Meyers BS, Schneider LS, Lebowitz BD, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002 10 129 141 11925274
77. Clinical practice guidelines for severe Alzheimer's disease. Herrmann N, Gauthier S, Lysy PG, Alzheimers Dement 2007 3 385 397 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.007 19595959 (Pubitemid 47535131)
78. Pharmacologic management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer disease. Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL, Can J Psychiatry 2007 52 630 646 18020111 (Pubitemid 350085594)
79. Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Tariot PN, Schneider LS, Cummings J, Thomas RG, Raman R, Jakimovich LJ, Loy R, Bartocci B, Fleisher A, Ismail MS, Porsteinsson A, Weiner M, Jack CR Jr, Thal L, Aisen PS, Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011 68 853 861 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.72 21810649
80. Chronic divalproex sodium use and brain atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Fleisher AS, Truran D, Mai JT, Langbaum JB, Aisen PS, Cummings JL, Jack CR Jr, Weiner MW, Thomas RG, Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Neurology 2011 77 1263 1271 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318230a16c 21917762
81. Trends in antipsychotic use in dementia 1999-2007. Kales HC, Zivin K, Kim HM, Valenstein M, Chiang C, Ignacio RV, Ganoczy D, Cunningham F, Schneider LS, Blow FC, Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011 68 190 197 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.200 21300946
82. The efficacy of donepezil in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease. Holmes C, Wilkinson D, Dean C, Vethanayagam S, Olivieri S, Langley A, Pandita-Gunawardena ND, Hogg F, Clare C, Damms J, Neurology 2004 63 214 219 10.1212/01.WNL.0000129990.32253.7B 15277611 (Pubitemid 38971117)
83. Donepezil for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's disease. Howard RJ, Juszczak E, Ballard CG, Bentham P, Brown RG, Bullock R, Burns AS, Holmes C, Jacoby R, Johnson T, Knapp M, Lindesay J, O'Brien JT, Wilcock G, Katona C, Jones RW, DeCesare J, Rodger M, N Engl J Med 2007 357 1382 1392 10.1056/NEJMoa066583 17914039 (Pubitemid 47535593)
84. A randomized controlled trial of memantine treatment in a behaviorally enriched sample of patients with moderate to-severe Alzheimer's Disease [abstract]. Gauthier S, Herrmann N, The 6th Canadian Conference on Dementia (CCD); October 27-29 2011; Montreal, QC
85. Aripiprazole for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. De Deyn P, Jeste DV, Swanink R, Kostic D, Breder C, Carson WH, Iwamoto T, J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005 25 463 467 10.1097/01.jcp.0000178415.22309.8f 16160622 (Pubitemid 41368369)
86. Aripiprazole for the treatment of psychoses in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer dementia: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled assessment of three fixed doses. Mintzer JE, Tune LE, Breder CD, Swanink R, Marcus RN, McQuade RD, Forbes A, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007 15 918 931 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181557b47 17974864
87. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of aripiprazole for the treatment of psychosis in nursing home patients with Alzheimer disease. Streim JE, Porsteinsson AP, Breder CD, Swanink R, Marcus R, McQuade R, Carson WH, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008 16 537 550 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318165db77 18591574
88. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B, Wang Z, Timmer M, Sultzer D, Shekelle PG, JAMA 2011 306 1359 1369 10.1001/jama.2011.1360 21954480
89. Cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with Alzheimer's disease: outcomes from CATIE-AD. Vigen CL, Mack WJ, Keefe RS, Sano M, Sultzer DL, Stroup TS, Dagerman KS, Hsiao JK, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, Tariot PN, Zheng L, Schneider LS, Am J Psychiatry 2011 168 831 839 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.08121844 21572163
90. Antipsychotic drugs and hyperglycemia in older patients with diabetes. Lipscombe LL, Levesque L, Gruneir A, Fischer HD, Juurlink DN, Gill SS, Herrmann N, Hux JE, Anderson GM, Rochon PA, Arch Intern Med 2009 169 1282 1289 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.207 19636029
91. Metabolic changes associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in Alzheimer's disease patients: the CATIE-AD study. Zheng L, Mack WJ, Dagerman KS, Hsiao JK, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, Stroup TS, Sultzer DL, Tariot PN, Vigen C, Schneider LS, Am J Psychiatry 2009 166 583 590 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08081218 19369318
92. Atypical antipsychotics and parkinsonism. Rochon PA, Stukel TA, Sykora K, Gill S, Garfinkel S, Anderson GM, Normand SL, Mamdani M, Lee PE, Li P, Bronskill SE, Marras C, Gurwitz JH, Arch Intern Med 2005 165 1882 1888 10.1001/archinte.165.16.1882 16157833 (Pubitemid 41352083)
93. The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ballard C, Hanney ML, Theodoulou M, Douglas S, McShane R, Kossakowski K, Gill R, Juszczak E, Yu LM, Jacoby R, Lancet Neurol 2009 8 151 157 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70295-3 19138567
94. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. Huybrechts KF, Gerhard T, Crystal S, Olfson M, Avorn J, Levin R, Lucas JA, Schneeweiss S, BMJ 2012 344 977 10.1136/bmj.e977 22362541
95. Risk of death and hospital admission for major medical events after initiation of psychotropic medications in older adults admitted to nursing homes. Huybrechts KF, Rothman KJ, Silliman RA, Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S, CMAJ 2011 183 411 E419 10.1503/cmaj.110029 21444611
96. Risk of mortality among individual antipsychotics in patients with dementia. Kales HC, Kim HM, Zivin K, Valenstein M, Seyfried LS, Chiang C, Cunningham F, Schneider LS, Blow FC, Am J Psychiatry 2012 169 71 79 22193526
97. A double-blind comparison of citalopram and risperidone for the treatment of behavioral and psychotic symptoms associated with dementia. Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Rosen J, Mazumdar S, Blakesley RE, Houck PR, Huber KA, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007 15 942 952 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3180cc1ff5 17846102
98. Escitalopram versus risperidone for the treatment of behavioral and psychotic symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized double-blind pilot study. Barak Y, Plopski I, Tadger S, Paleacu D, Int Psychogeriatr 2011
99. Discontinuation of antidepressants in people with dementia and neuropsychiatric symptoms (DESEP study): double blind, randomised, parallel group, placebo controlled trial. Bergh S, Selbaek G, Engedal K, BMJ 2012 344 1566 10.1136/bmj.e1566 22408266
100. Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in dementia. Seitz DP, Adunuri N, Gill SS, Gruneir A, Herrmann N, Rochon P, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 2 D008191 21328305
101. Treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease: safety considerations. Fernandez HH, Trieschmann ME, Friedman JH, Drug Saf 2003 26 643 659 10.2165/00002018-200326090-00004 12814332 (Pubitemid 36871837)
102. Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Schneider LS, Dagerman K, Insel PS, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006 14 191 210 10.1097/01.JGP.0000200589. 01396.6d 16505124
103. Quetiapine for the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Cheung G, Stapelberg J, N Z Med J 2011 124 39 50 21964012
104. The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M, Perez-Lloret S, Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Hametner EM, Poewe W, Rascol O, Goetz CG, Sampaio C, Mov Disord 2011 26 Suppl 3 42 S80 22021174
105. Behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia: diagnosis, clinical staging, and management. Piguet O, Hornberger M, Mioshi E, Hodges JR, Lancet Neurol 10 162 172
106. Efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in frontotemporal dementia. Lampl Y, Sadeh M, Lorberboym M, Ann Pharmacother 2004 38 1967 1968 15479775 (Pubitemid 39425737)
107. A 6-month, open-label study of memantine in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Diehl-Schmid J, Forstl H, Perneczky R, Pohl C, Kurz A, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008 23 754 759 10.1002/gps.1973 18213609
108. Rivastigmine in frontotemporal dementia: an open-label study. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cattaruzza T, Cazzato G, Bava A, Drugs Aging 2004 21 931 937 10.2165/00002512-200421140-00003 15554751 (Pubitemid 39626373)
109. An open-label study of memantine treatment in 3 subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Boxer AL, Lipton AM, Womack K, Merrilees J, Neuhaus J, Pavlic D, Gandhi A, Red D, Martin-Cook K, Svetlik D, Miller BL, Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009 23 211 217 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318197852f 19812461
110. Galantamine in frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia. Kertesz A, Morlog D, Light M, Blair M, Davidson W, Jesso S, Brashear R, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 25 178 185 10.1159/000113034 18196898 (Pubitemid 351196131)
111. Memantine in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: negative results. Vercelletto M, Boutoleau-Bretonniere C, Volteau C, Puel M, Auriacombe S, Sarazin M, Michel BF, Couratier P, Thomas-Anterion C, Verpillat P, Gabelle A, Golfier V, Cerato E, Lacomblez L, J Alzheimers Dis 2011 23 749 759 21157021
112. Frontotemporal dementia: treatment response to serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Swartz JR, Miller BL, Lesser IM, Darby AL, J Clin Psychiatry 1997 58 212 216 10.4088/JCP.v58n0506 9184615 (Pubitemid 27242008)
113. Stimulant treatment of frontotemporal dementia in 8 patients. Huey ED, Garcia C, Wassermann EM, Tierney MC, Grafman J, J Clin Psychiatry 2008 69 1981 1982 10.4088/JCP.v69n1219a 19203481
114. Serotonergic function and treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of frontotemporal dementia. Herrmann N, Black SE, Chow T, Cappell J, Tang-Wai DF, Lanctot KL, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012 20 789 797 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31823033f3 21878805
115. Frontotemporal dementia: a randomised, controlled trial with trazodone. Lebert F, Stekke W, Hasenbroekx C, Pasquier F, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2004 17 355 359 10.1159/000077171 15178953 (Pubitemid 38721158)
116. Frontotemporal dementia: paroxetine as a possible treatment of behavior symptoms. A randomized, controlled, open 14-month study. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G, Bava A, Eur Neurol 2003 49 13 19 10.1159/000067021 12464713 (Pubitemid 35477963)
117. Paroxetine does not improve symptoms and impairs cognition in frontotemporal dementia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Deakin JB, Rahman S, Nestor PJ, Hodges JR, Sahakian BJ, Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004 172 400 408 10.1007/s00213-003-1686-5 (Pubitemid 38650975)
118. Safety and tolerability of rivastigmine transdermal patch compared with rivastigmine capsules in patients switched from donepezil: data from three clinical trials. Sadowsky CH, Farlow MR, Meng X, Olin JT, Int J Clin Pract 2010 64 188 193 20089009
119. How the FDA forgot the evidence: the case of donepezil 23 mg. Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, BMJ 2012 344 1086 10.1136/bmj.e1086 22442352
120. Current and emerging drug treatment options for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Herrmann N, Chau SA, Kircanski I, Lanctôt KL, Drugs 2011 71 2031 2065 10.2165/11595870-000000000-00000 21985169