메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 1215-1224

Contrasts in the large herbivore faunas of the southern continents in the late Pleistocene and the ecological implications for human origins

Author keywords

Body mass; Grazer radiations; Human origins; Large herbivore faunas; Late Pleistocene; Savanna biome; Southern continents

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ADAPTIVE RADIATION; BIOME; BODY MASS; BODY SIZE; EXTINCTION; GRAZING; HERBIVORE; HOMINID; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PLEISTOCENE; RECONSTRUCTION; SAVANNA; SOIL FERTILITY; SPECIES RICHNESS; TAXONOMY; UNGULATE;

EID: 84880053274     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: 13652699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12100     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (56)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0021598986 scopus 로고
    • Who's who in the Pleistocene: a mammalian bestiary
    • ed. by P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein). University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
    • Anderson, E. (1984) Who's who in the Pleistocene: a mammalian bestiary. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution (ed. by P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein ), pp. 40-89. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
    • (1984) Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution , pp. 40-89
    • Anderson, E.1
  • 2
    • 47249130033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleobiology of Pleistocene ground sloths: biomechanics, morphogeometry and ecomorphology applied to their masticatory apparatus
    • Bargo, M. & Vizcaino, S.F. (2008) Paleobiology of Pleistocene ground sloths: biomechanics, morphogeometry and ecomorphology applied to their masticatory apparatus. Ameghiniana, 45, 1-26.
    • (2008) Ameghiniana , vol.45 , pp. 1-26
    • Bargo, M.1    Vizcaino, S.F.2
  • 3
    • 0034347723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limb bone proportions, strength and digging in some Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) mylodontid ground sloths
    • Bargo, M., Vizcaino, S., Archuby, F.M. & Blanco, R.E. (2000) Limb bone proportions, strength and digging in some Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) mylodontid ground sloths. Journal of Vertebrate Physiology, 20, 601-610.
    • (2000) Journal of Vertebrate Physiology , vol.20 , pp. 601-610
    • Bargo, M.1    Vizcaino, S.2    Archuby, F.M.3    Blanco, R.E.4
  • 4
    • 77950519630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change
    • Barnosky, A.D. & Lindsey, E.L. (2010) Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change. Quaternary International, 217, 10-29.
    • (2010) Quaternary International , vol.217 , pp. 10-29
    • Barnosky, A.D.1    Lindsey, E.L.2
  • 5
    • 0003065401 scopus 로고
    • A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti
    • Bell, R.H.V. (1971) A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti. Scientific American, 225, 86-93.
    • (1971) Scientific American , vol.225 , pp. 86-93
    • Bell, R.H.V.1
  • 6
    • 0001594024 scopus 로고
    • The effect of soil nutrient availability on community structure in African ecosystems
    • ed. by B. J. Huntley and B. H. Walker). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • Bell, R.H.V. (1982) The effect of soil nutrient availability on community structure in African ecosystems. The ecology of tropical savannas (ed. by B. J. Huntley and B. H. Walker ), pp. 101-119. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1982) The ecology of tropical savannas , pp. 101-119
    • Bell, R.H.V.1
  • 7
    • 0001297632 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche
    • Blumenschine, R.J. (1987) Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche. Current Anthropology, 28, 383-407.
    • (1987) Current Anthropology , vol.28 , pp. 383-407
    • Blumenschine, R.J.1
  • 11
    • 0032869737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecological studies
    • Cerling, T.E. & Harris, J.M. (1999) Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecological studies. Oecologia, 120, 347-363.
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.120 , pp. 347-363
    • Cerling, T.E.1    Harris, J.M.2
  • 13
    • 0032857267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans
    • Cerling, T.E., Harris, J.M. & Leakey, M.G. (1999) Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans. Oecologia, 120, 364-374.
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.120 , pp. 364-374
    • Cerling, T.E.1    Harris, J.M.2    Leakey, M.G.3
  • 15
    • 85042062228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Did humans cause the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene mammalian extinctions in South America in a context of shrinking open areas?
    • (ed. G. Haynes). Springer Science, Berlin.
    • Cione, A.L., Tonni, E.P. & Soibelzon, L. (2009) Did humans cause the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene mammalian extinctions in South America in a context of shrinking open areas? American megafaunal extinctions (ed. G. Haynes ), pp. 125-155. Springer Science, Berlin.
    • (2009) American megafaunal extinctions , pp. 125-155
    • Cione, A.L.1    Tonni, E.P.2    Soibelzon, L.3
  • 17
    • 0141538146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephants versus butterflies: the ecological role of large herbivores in the evolutionary history of two tropical worlds
    • Cristoffer, C. & Peres, C.A. (2003) Elephants versus butterflies: the ecological role of large herbivores in the evolutionary history of two tropical worlds. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 1-24.
    • (2003) Journal of Biogeography , vol.30 , pp. 1-24
    • Cristoffer, C.1    Peres, C.A.2
  • 18
    • 0035159784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic environmental change in South America as indicated by mammalian body size distributions (cenograms)
    • Croft, D.A. (2001) Cenozoic environmental change in South America as indicated by mammalian body size distributions (cenograms). Diversity and Distributions, 7, 271-287.
    • (2001) Diversity and Distributions , vol.7 , pp. 271-287
    • Croft, D.A.1
  • 19
    • 53849103578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The first application of the mesowear method to endemic South American ungulates (Notoungulata)
    • Croft, D.A. & Weinstein, D. (2008) The first application of the mesowear method to endemic South American ungulates (Notoungulata). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 269, 103-114.
    • (2008) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.269 , pp. 103-114
    • Croft, D.A.1    Weinstein, D.2
  • 20
    • 79960410487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relationship between hypsodonty and feeding ecology in ungulate mammals and its utility in palaeoecology
    • Damuth, J. & Janis, C.M. (2011) On the relationship between hypsodonty and feeding ecology in ungulate mammals and its utility in palaeoecology. Biological Reviews, 86, 733-758.
    • (2011) Biological Reviews , vol.86 , pp. 733-758
    • Damuth, J.1    Janis, C.M.2
  • 21
    • 0035526718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in skull morphology and mastication in the fossil giant amadillos Pampatherium spp. and allied genera, with comments on their systematics and distribution
    • De Iuliis, G., Bargo, M.S. & Vizcaino, S.F. (2000) Variation in skull morphology and mastication in the fossil giant amadillos Pampatherium spp. and allied genera, with comments on their systematics and distribution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 743-754.
    • (2000) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.20 , pp. 743-754
    • De Iuliis, G.1    Bargo, M.S.2    Vizcaino, S.F.3
  • 23
    • 0027333476 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary and ecological aspects of photosynthetic pathway variation
    • Ehleringer, J.R. & Monson, R.K. (1993) Evolutionary and ecological aspects of photosynthetic pathway variation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24, 411-439.
    • (1993) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.24 , pp. 411-439
    • Ehleringer, J.R.1    Monson, R.K.2
  • 24
    • 0342722082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grasslands in the well-watered tropical lowlands
    • ed. by J. Hodgson and A.W. Illius). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
    • Fisher, M.J., Rao, I. M., Thomas, R.J. & Lascano, C.E. (1996) Grasslands in the well-watered tropical lowlands. The ecology and management of grazing systems (ed. by J. Hodgson and A.W. Illius ), pp. 393-428. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
    • (1996) The ecology and management of grazing systems , pp. 393-428
    • Fisher, M.J.1    Rao, I.M.2    Thomas, R.J.3    Lascano, C.E.4
  • 26
    • 0030872608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low ungulate biomass in west African savannas: primary production or missing megaherbivores or large predator species?
    • Fritz, H. (1997) Low ungulate biomass in west African savannas: primary production or missing megaherbivores or large predator species? Ecography, 20, 417-421.
    • (1997) Ecography , vol.20 , pp. 417-421
    • Fritz, H.1
  • 28
    • 0024230192 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal migration by white-eared kob in relation to resources
    • Fryxell, J.M. & Sinclair, A.R.E. (1988) Seasonal migration by white-eared kob in relation to resources. African Journal of Ecology, 26, 17-31.
    • (1988) African Journal of Ecology , vol.26 , pp. 17-31
    • Fryxell, J.M.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2
  • 29
    • 0003127227 scopus 로고
    • Incisor arcade structure and diet selection in ruminants
    • Gordon, I.J. & Illius, A.W. (1988) Incisor arcade structure and diet selection in ruminants. Functional Ecology, 2, 15-22.
    • (1988) Functional Ecology , vol.2 , pp. 15-22
    • Gordon, I.J.1    Illius, A.W.2
  • 30
    • 0024875485 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and divergence of ruminants: a comparative review of their digestive systems
    • Hofmann, R.R. (1989) Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and divergence of ruminants: a comparative review of their digestive systems. Oecologica, 78, 443-457.
    • (1989) Oecologica , vol.78 , pp. 443-457
    • Hofmann, R.R.1
  • 31
    • 0001360980 scopus 로고
    • Grazer or browser: a classification based on the stomach structure and feeding habits of East African ruminants
    • Hofmann, R.R. & Stewart, D.R.M. (1972) Grazer or browser: a classification based on the stomach structure and feeding habits of East African ruminants. Mammalia, 36, 226-240.
    • (1972) Mammalia , vol.36 , pp. 226-240
    • Hofmann, R.R.1    Stewart, D.R.M.2
  • 32
    • 0002534260 scopus 로고
    • Southern African savannas
    • ed. by B.J. Huntley and B.H. Walker). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • Huntley, B.J. (1982) Southern African savannas. The ecology of tropical savannas (ed. by B.J. Huntley and B.H. Walker ), pp. 101-119. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1982) The ecology of tropical savannas , pp. 101-119
    • Huntley, B.J.1
  • 33
    • 0024248423 scopus 로고
    • The food habits of pampas deer in relation to its conservation in a relict natural grassland in Argentina
    • Jackson, J.E. & Giulietti, J.D. (1988) The food habits of pampas deer in relation to its conservation in a relict natural grassland in Argentina. Biological Conservation, 45, 1-10.
    • (1988) Biological Conservation , vol.45 , pp. 1-10
    • Jackson, J.E.1    Giulietti, J.D.2
  • 34
    • 53849142612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evolutionary history of browsing and grazing ungulates
    • ed. by I.J. Gordon and H.H.T. Prins). Springer, Berlin.
    • Janis, C. (2008) An evolutionary history of browsing and grazing ungulates. The ecology of browsing and grazing (ed. by I.J. Gordon and H.H.T. Prins ), pp. 21-46. Springer, Berlin.
    • (2008) The ecology of browsing and grazing , pp. 21-46
    • Janis, C.1
  • 35
    • 84966002657 scopus 로고
    • The social organization of antelope in relation to their ecology
    • Jarman, P.J. (1974) The social organization of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour, 48, 215-267.
    • (1974) Behaviour , vol.48 , pp. 215-267
    • Jarman, P.J.1
  • 38
    • 84963097448 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary strategies and morphological innovations: cichlid pharyngeal jaws
    • Liem, K.F. (1974) Evolutionary strategies and morphological innovations: cichlid pharyngeal jaws. Systematic Zoology, 22, 425-441.
    • (1974) Systematic Zoology , vol.22 , pp. 425-441
    • Liem, K.F.1
  • 41
    • 0031450442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin and evolution of the grazing guild in New World terrestrial mammals
    • MacFadden, B.J. (1997) Origin and evolution of the grazing guild in New World terrestrial mammals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 182-187.
    • (1997) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.12 , pp. 182-187
    • MacFadden, B.J.1
  • 42
    • 0034503061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic mammalian herbivores from the Americas: reconstructing ancient diets and terrestrial communities
    • MacFadden, B.J. (2000) Cenozoic mammalian herbivores from the Americas: reconstructing ancient diets and terrestrial communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 33-59.
    • (2000) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.31 , pp. 33-59
    • MacFadden, B.J.1
  • 43
    • 24144500615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet and habitat of toxodont megaherbivores from the late Quaternary of South and Central America
    • MacFadden, B.J. (2005) Diet and habitat of toxodont megaherbivores from the late Quaternary of South and Central America. Quaternary Research, 64, 113-124.
    • (2005) Quaternary Research , vol.64 , pp. 113-124
    • MacFadden, B.J.1
  • 44
    • 0031436746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancient feeding ecology and niche differentiation of Pleistocene mammalian herbivores for Tarija, Bolivia: morphological and isotopic evidence
    • MacFadden, B.J. & Shockey, B.J. (1997) Ancient feeding ecology and niche differentiation of Pleistocene mammalian herbivores for Tarija, Bolivia: morphological and isotopic evidence. Paleobiology, 23, 77-100.
    • (1997) Paleobiology , vol.23 , pp. 77-100
    • MacFadden, B.J.1    Shockey, B.J.2
  • 45
    • 0022185714 scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene faunal extinctions in southern Patagonia
    • Markgraf, V. (1985) Late Pleistocene faunal extinctions in southern Patagonia. Science, 228, 1110-1112.
    • (1985) Science , vol.228 , pp. 1110-1112
    • Markgraf, V.1
  • 47
    • 0021557847 scopus 로고
    • Grazing lawns: animals in herds, plant form, and coevolution
    • McNaughton, S.J. (1984) Grazing lawns: animals in herds, plant form, and coevolution. The American Naturalist, 124, 863-886.
    • (1984) The American Naturalist , vol.124 , pp. 863-886
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 48
    • 33645111598 scopus 로고
    • Savannas of northern South America: a steady state regulated by water-fire interactions on a background of low soil nutrient availability
    • ed. by P. Werner). Blackwell, Oxford.
    • Medina, E. & Silva, J.F. (1991) Savannas of northern South America: a steady state regulated by water-fire interactions on a background of low soil nutrient availability. Savanna ecology and management (ed. by P. Werner ), pp. 59-70. Blackwell, Oxford.
    • (1991) Savanna ecology and management , pp. 59-70
    • Medina, E.1    Silva, J.F.2
  • 49
    • 38549139477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or foraging in open habitat?
    • Mendoza, M. & Palmqvist, P. (2007) Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or foraging in open habitat? Journal of Zoology, 274, 134-142.
    • (2007) Journal of Zoology , vol.274 , pp. 134-142
    • Mendoza, M.1    Palmqvist, P.2
  • 50
    • 0005769743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-species grazing in the Serengeti
    • ed. by J. Hodgson and A.W. Illius). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
    • Murray, M.G. & Illius, A.W. (1996) Multi-species grazing in the Serengeti. The ecology and management of grazing systems (ed. by J. Hodgson and A.W. Illius ), pp. 247-272. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
    • (1996) The ecology and management of grazing systems , pp. 247-272
    • Murray, M.G.1    Illius, A.W.2
  • 51
    • 0002651687 scopus 로고
    • The Pleistocene megafauna of Australia
    • ed. by P. Vickers-Rich, J.M. Monagham, R.F. Baird and T.H. Rich). Pioneer Design Studio, Melbourne.
    • Murray, P. (1991) The Pleistocene megafauna of Australia. Vertebrate paleontology (ed. by P. Vickers-Rich, J.M. Monagham, R.F. Baird and T.H. Rich ), pp. 1071-1163. Pioneer Design Studio, Melbourne.
    • (1991) Vertebrate paleontology , pp. 1071-1163
    • Murray, P.1
  • 52
    • 0026615312 scopus 로고
    • Effect of animal husbandry on herbivore carrying capacity at a regional scale
    • Oesterheld, M., Sala, O.E. & McNaughton, S.J. (1992) Effect of animal husbandry on herbivore carrying capacity at a regional scale. Nature, 356, 234-236.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 234-236
    • Oesterheld, M.1    Sala, O.E.2    McNaughton, S.J.3
  • 53
    • 0001161890 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the consumption of plant products by large herbivores
    • ed. by B.J. Huntley and B.H. Walker). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • Owen-Smith, N. (1982) Factors influencing the consumption of plant products by large herbivores. The ecology of tropical savannas (ed. by B.J. Huntley and B.H. Walker ), pp. 359-404. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1982) The ecology of tropical savannas , pp. 359-404
    • Owen-Smith, N.1
  • 54
    • 0000474861 scopus 로고
    • Niche separation among African ungulates
    • ed. by E.S. Vrba). Transvaal Museum Monograph No. 4, Pretoria.
    • Owen-Smith, N. (1985) Niche separation among African ungulates. Species and speciation (ed. by E.S. Vrba ), pp. 167-171. Transvaal Museum Monograph No. 4, Pretoria.
    • (1985) Species and speciation , pp. 167-171
    • Owen-Smith, N.1
  • 55
    • 0023470877 scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal role of megaherbivores
    • Owen-Smith, N. (1987) Late Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal role of megaherbivores. Paleobiology, 13, 351-362.
    • (1987) Paleobiology , vol.13 , pp. 351-362
    • Owen-Smith, N.1
  • 57
    • 0031404006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinctive features of the nutritional ecology of browsing versus grazing ruminants
    • Owen-Smith, N. (1997) Distinctive features of the nutritional ecology of browsing versus grazing ruminants. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 62(Suppl. II), 176-191.
    • (1997) Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 176-191
    • Owen-Smith, N.1
  • 58
    • 0001684370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecological links between African savanna environments, climate change and early hominid evolution
    • ed. by T. Bromage and F. Schrenk). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • Owen-Smith, N. (1999) The ecological links between African savanna environments, climate change and early hominid evolution. African biogeography, climate change and human evolution (ed. by T. Bromage and F. Schrenk ), pp. 138-149. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1999) African biogeography, climate change and human evolution , pp. 138-149
    • Owen-Smith, N.1
  • 59
    • 0002776330 scopus 로고
    • The influence of global climatic change and regional uplift on large-mammalian evolution in east and southern Africa
    • ed. by E.S. Vrba, G.H. Denton, T.C. Partridge and L.H. Burekle). Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
    • Partridge, T.C., Wood, B.A. & deMenocal, P.B. (1995) The influence of global climatic change and regional uplift on large-mammalian evolution in east and southern Africa. Paleoclimate and evolution with emphasis on human origins (ed. by E.S. Vrba, G.H. Denton, T.C. Partridge and L.H. Burekle ), pp. 331-355. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
    • (1995) Paleoclimate and evolution with emphasis on human origins , pp. 331-355
    • Partridge, T.C.1    Wood, B.A.2    deMenocal, P.B.3
  • 60
    • 56249126475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Additional vertebrate remains from one of the late Pleistocene-Holocene Kurnool Caves of South India
    • Patnaik, R., Badan, G.L. & Murty, M.L.K. (2008) Additional vertebrate remains from one of the late Pleistocene-Holocene Kurnool Caves of South India. Quaternary International, 192, 43-51.
    • (2008) Quaternary International , vol.192 , pp. 43-51
    • Patnaik, R.1    Badan, G.L.2    Murty, M.L.K.3
  • 61
    • 79958253243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancient feeding ecology inferred from stable isotopic evidence from fossil horses in South America over the past 3 Ma
    • Prado, J.L., Sánchez, B. & Alerdi, M.T. (2011) Ancient feeding ecology inferred from stable isotopic evidence from fossil horses in South America over the past 3 Ma. BMC Ecology, 11, 15.
    • (2011) BMC Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 15
    • Prado, J.L.1    Sánchez, B.2    Alerdi, M.T.3
  • 64
    • 1642293416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeding ecology, dispersal and extinction of South American Pleistocene gomphotheres
    • Sánchez, B., Prado, J.L. & Alberdi, M.T. (2004) Feeding ecology, dispersal and extinction of South American Pleistocene gomphotheres. Paleobiology, 30, 146-161.
    • (2004) Paleobiology , vol.30 , pp. 146-161
    • Sánchez, B.1    Prado, J.L.2    Alberdi, M.T.3
  • 65
    • 84995261301 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of the Kafue lechwe population of Zambia before the operation of the hydro-electric dams on the Kafue River
    • Sayer, J.A. & van Lavieren, L.P. (1975) The ecology of the Kafue lechwe population of Zambia before the operation of the hydro-electric dams on the Kafue River. East African Wildlife Journal, 13, 9-37.
    • (1975) East African Wildlife Journal , vol.13 , pp. 9-37
    • Sayer, J.A.1    van Lavieren, L.P.2
  • 69
    • 0033556332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotopic evidence for the diet of an early hominid, Australopithecus africanus
    • Sponheimer, M. & Lee-Thorp, J.A. (1999) Isotopic evidence for the diet of an early hominid, Australopithecus africanus. Science, 283, 368-370.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 368-370
    • Sponheimer, M.1    Lee-Thorp, J.A.2
  • 70
    • 8644255078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reanalysis of African Elephas recki: implications for time, space and taxonomy
    • 126-128
    • Todd, N.E. (2005) Reanalysis of African Elephas recki: implications for time, space and taxonomy. Quaternary International, 126-128, 65-72.
    • (2005) Quaternary International , pp. 65-72
    • Todd, N.E.1
  • 71
    • 42149167903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diets of notoungulates from the Santa Cruz formation, Argentina: new evidence from enamel microwear
    • Townsend, K.E.B. & Croft, D.A. (2008) Diets of notoungulates from the Santa Cruz formation, Argentina: new evidence from enamel microwear. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 217-230.
    • (2008) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.28 , pp. 217-230
    • Townsend, K.E.B.1    Croft, D.A.2
  • 72
    • 2542466234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene vegetation change and the mammal faunas of South America and Africa
    • de Vivo, M. & Carmignotto, A.P. (2004) Holocene vegetation change and the mammal faunas of South America and Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 943-957.
    • (2004) Journal of Biogeography , vol.31 , pp. 943-957
    • de Vivo, M.1    Carmignotto, A.P.2
  • 73
    • 0022166627 scopus 로고
    • African Bovidae: evolutionary events since the Miocene
    • Vrba, E.S. (1985) African Bovidae: evolutionary events since the Miocene. South African Journal of Science, 81, 263-266.
    • (1985) South African Journal of Science , vol.81 , pp. 263-266
    • Vrba, E.S.1
  • 74
    • 0027068265 scopus 로고
    • Mammals as a key to evolutionary theory
    • Vrba, E.S. (1992) Mammals as a key to evolutionary theory. Journal of Mammalogy, 73, 1-28.
    • (1992) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.73 , pp. 1-28
    • Vrba, E.S.1
  • 75
    • 0003160449 scopus 로고
    • The rise and fall of the late Miocene ungulate faunas in North America
    • ed. by M.H. Nitecki). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • Webb, S.D. (1983) The rise and fall of the late Miocene ungulate faunas in North America. Coevolution (ed. by M.H. Nitecki ), pp. 267-306. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (1983) Coevolution , pp. 267-306
    • Webb, S.D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.