메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 1357-1380

Elephants versus butterflies: The ecological role of large herbivores in the evolutionary history of two tropical worlds

Author keywords

Flower visitors; Frugivory; Herbivores; Macroevolution; Neotropics; Paleotropics; Rain forest; Savanna

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; BODY MASS; EVOLUTION; HERBIVORE; NEOTROPICAL REGION; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; TROPICAL FOREST;

EID: 0141538146     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00926.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (48)

References (231)
  • 3
    • 0002327089 scopus 로고
    • Pliocene mammals from Inchasi, Bolivia: The endemic fauna just before the Great American Interchange
    • Ananya, F. & MacFadden, B.J. (1995) Pliocene mammals from Inchasi, Bolivia: The endemic fauna just before the Great American Interchange. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 39, 87-140.
    • (1995) Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History , vol.39 , pp. 87-140
    • Ananya, F.1    MacFadden, B.J.2
  • 4
    • 0000906499 scopus 로고
    • Pollination in Malaysian primary forests
    • Appanah, S. (1981) Pollination in Malaysian primary forests. Malaysian Forester, 44, 37-42.
    • (1981) Malaysian Forester , vol.44 , pp. 37-42
    • Appanah, S.1
  • 5
    • 0001824536 scopus 로고
    • A theory of angiosperm evolution
    • Axelrod, D.I. (1952) A theory of angiosperm evolution. Evolution, 6, 29-59.
    • (1952) Evolution , vol.6 , pp. 29-59
    • Axelrod, D.I.1
  • 6
    • 0002239062 scopus 로고
    • Ocean-floor spreading in relation to ecosystematic problems
    • ed. by R.T. Allen and F.C. James. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteviller Arkansas
    • Axelrod, D.I. (1972) Ocean-floor spreading in relation to ecosystematic problems. University of Arkansas Museum occasional papers, Vol. 4. (ed. by R.T. Allen and F.C. James), pp. 15-76. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteviller Arkansas.
    • (1972) University of Arkansas Museum Occasional Papers , vol.4 , pp. 15-76
    • Axelrod, D.I.1
  • 7
    • 0000842417 scopus 로고
    • Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type
    • ed. by C.E. Jones and R.J. Little. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
    • Baker, H.G. & Baker, I. (1983) Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type. Handbook of experimental pollination biology (ed. by C.E. Jones and R.J. Little), pp. 117-141. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
    • (1983) Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology , pp. 117-141
    • Baker, H.G.1    Baker, I.2
  • 8
    • 0034347723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limb bone proportions, strength and digging in some Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) mylodontid ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra)
    • Bargo, M.S., Vizcaíno, S.F., Archuby, P.M. & Blanco, R.E. (2000) Limb bone proportions, strength and digging in some Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) mylodontid ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 601-610.
    • (2000) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.20 , pp. 601-610
    • Bargo, M.S.1    Vizcaíno, S.F.2    Archuby, P.M.3    Blanco, R.E.4
  • 11
    • 0029431960 scopus 로고
    • Arthropod predator-prey ratios on vegetation at Wau, Papua New Guinea
    • Basset, Y. (1995) Arthropod predator-prey ratios on vegetation at Wau, Papua New Guinea. Science in New Guinea, 21, 103-12.
    • (1995) Science in New Guinea , vol.21 , pp. 103-112
    • Basset, Y.1
  • 12
    • 0002534303 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants: Management issues
    • (ed. by K.S. Bawa and M. Hadley), UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing, Paris
    • Bawa, K.S., Ashton, P.S., Nor, S.M. (1990) Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants: management issues. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants (ed. by K.S. Bawa and M. Hadley), UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing, Paris, pp. 3-13.
    • (1990) Reproductive Ecology of Tropical Forest Plants , pp. 3-13
    • Bawa, K.S.1    Ashton, P.S.2    Nor, S.M.3
  • 15
    • 0035128839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil
    • Bernard, E. (2001) Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17, 115-126.
    • (2001) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.17 , pp. 115-126
    • Bernard, E.1
  • 16
    • 0031452367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of feeding behavior in insect herbivores
    • Bernays, E.A. (1998) Evolution of feeding behavior in insect herbivores. Bioscience, 48, 35-44.
    • (1998) Bioscience , vol.48 , pp. 35-44
    • Bernays, E.A.1
  • 17
    • 0001406968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Termites in ecosystems
    • ed. by T. Abe, M. Higashi and D.E. Bignell. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
    • Bignell, D.E. & Eggleton, P. (2000) Termites in ecosystems. Termites: evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology (ed. by T. Abe, M. Higashi and D.E. Bignell), pp. 363-387. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
    • (2000) Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology , pp. 363-387
    • Bignell, D.E.1    Eggleton, P.2
  • 18
    • 0038089782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeding groups, lifetypes and the global ecology of termites
    • Bignell, D.E. & Tayasu, I. (2001) Feeding groups, lifetypes and the global ecology of termites. Ecological Research 16, 941-960.
    • (2001) Ecological Research , vol.16 , pp. 941-960
    • Bignell, D.E.1    Tayasu, I.2
  • 19
    • 0034992171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPS telemetry of forest elephants in Central Africa: Results of a preliminary study
    • Blake, S., Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Karesh, W.B. (2001) GPS telemetry of forest elephants in Central Africa: results of a preliminary study. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 178-186.
    • (2001) African Journal of Ecology , vol.39 , pp. 178-186
    • Blake, S.1    Douglas-Hamilton, I.2    Karesh, W.B.3
  • 20
    • 0025631639 scopus 로고
    • Fruit patch size and frugivory in the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
    • Bodmer, R.E. (1990) Fruit patch size and frugivory in the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Journal of Zoology, 222, 121-128.
    • (1990) Journal of Zoology , vol.222 , pp. 121-128
    • Bodmer, R.E.1
  • 22
    • 0028980835 scopus 로고
    • Plant competition and herbivory in relation to vegetation biomass
    • Bonser, S.P. & Reader, R.J. (1995) Plant competition and herbivory in relation to vegetation biomass. Ecology, 76, 2176-2183.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2176-2183
    • Bonser, S.P.1    Reader, R.J.2
  • 24
    • 0041631596 scopus 로고
    • The comparative ecology of rainforest mammals in Africa and Tropical America: Some introductory remarks
    • ed. by B.J. Meggers, E.S. Ayensu, W.D. Duckworth. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Bourliére, F. (1973) The comparative ecology of rainforest mammals in Africa and Tropical America: some introductory remarks. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review (ed. by B.J. Meggers, E.S. Ayensu, W.D. Duckworth) pp. 272-292. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1973) Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review , pp. 272-292
    • Bourliére, F.1
  • 25
    • 4244097030 scopus 로고
    • The savanna mammals: Introduction
    • ed. by F. Bourlière. Elseviere Scientific, Amsterdam
    • Bourliére, F. (1983b) The savanna mammals: introduction. Ecosystems of the world 13: tropical savannas (ed. by F. Bourlière), pp. 359-361. Elseviere Scientific, Amsterdam.
    • (1983) Ecosystems of the World 13: Tropical Savannas , pp. 359-361
    • Bourliére, F.1
  • 27
    • 85005716820 scopus 로고
    • Lek mating behavior in the hammer-headed bat
    • Bradbury, J.W. (1977) Lek mating behavior in the hammer-headed bat. Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie, 45, 225-55.
    • (1977) Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie , vol.45 , pp. 225-255
    • Bradbury, J.W.1
  • 28
    • 0023471709 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of species assemblages: Effect of energetic constraints and species dynamics on the diversification of the North American avifauna
    • Brown, J.H. & Maurer, B.A. (1987) Evolution of species assemblages: effect of energetic constraints and species dynamics on the diversification of the North American avifauna. American Naturalist, 130, 1-17.
    • (1987) American Naturalist , vol.130 , pp. 1-17
    • Brown, J.H.1    Maurer, B.A.2
  • 29
    • 0000214614 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation change induced by elephants and fire in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
    • Buechner, H.K. & Dawkins, H.C. (1961) Vegetation change induced by elephants and fire in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda. Ecology, 42, 752-66.
    • (1961) Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 752-766
    • Buechner, H.K.1    Dawkins, H.C.2
  • 30
    • 0005751049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Armored xenarthrans: A unique taxonomic and ecologic assemblage
    • ed. by R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli and J.J. Flynn. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Carlini, A.A., Vizcaíno, S.F. & Scillato-Yané, G.J. (1997) Armored xenarthrans: a unique taxonomic and ecologic assemblage. The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia (ed. by R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli and J.J. Flynn) pp. 213-226. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1997) The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia , pp. 213-226
    • Carlini, A.A.1    Vizcaíno, S.F.2    Scillato-Yané, G.J.3
  • 32
    • 0003876246 scopus 로고
    • Natural History Press, Garden City, NY
    • Carlquist, S.H. (1974) Island biology, p. 660. Natural History Press, Garden City, NY.
    • (1974) Island Biology , pp. 660
    • Carlquist, S.H.1
  • 34
    • 0000454837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African primate communities: Determinants of structure and threats to survival
    • ed. by J.G. Fleagle, C.H. Janson, and K.E. Reed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Chapman, C.A., Gautier-Hion, A., Oates, J.F., Onderdonk, D.A. (1999) African primate communities: determinants of structure and threats to survival. Primate communities (ed. by J.G. Fleagle, C.H. Janson, and K.E. Reed), pp. 1-37. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (1999) Primate Communities , pp. 1-37
    • Chapman, C.A.1    Gautier-Hion, A.2    Oates, J.F.3    Onderdonk, D.A.4
  • 35
    • 0001461926 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and social adaptations in didelphid marsupials: Comparison with eutherians of similar ecology
    • ed. By J.F. Eisenberg & D.V. Kleiman. Special Publication No. 7, American Society of Mammalogists, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania
    • Charles-Dominique, P. (1983) Ecology and social adaptations in didelphid marsupials: comparison with eutherians of similar ecology. Advances in the study of mammalian behavior. (ed. By J.F. Eisenberg & D.V. Kleiman), pp. 395-422. Special Publication No. 7, American Society of Mammalogists, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania.
    • (1983) Advances in the Study of Mammalian Behavior , pp. 395-422
    • Charles-Dominique, P.1
  • 39
    • 0032470268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary strategies of Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae): How do they obtain sufficient protein?
    • Courts, S.E. (1998) Dietary strategies of Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae): how do they obtain sufficient protein? Mammal Review, 28, 185-194.
    • (1998) Mammal Review , vol.28 , pp. 185-194
    • Courts, S.E.1
  • 40
    • 0026312890 scopus 로고
    • Scaling of body weight in bats and rodents
    • Cristoffer, C. (1991) Scaling of body weight in bats and rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 72, 731-33.
    • (1991) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.72 , pp. 731-733
    • Cristoffer, C.1
  • 41
    • 0023495785 scopus 로고
    • Body size differences between New World and Old World, arboreal, tropical vertebrates: Cause and consequences
    • Cristoffer, C. (1987) Body size differences between New World and Old World, arboreal, tropical vertebrates: cause and consequences. Journal of Biogeography, 14, 165-172.
    • (1987) Journal of Biogeography , vol.14 , pp. 165-172
    • Cristoffer, C.1
  • 42
    • 14444284568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephants, woodlands and biodiversity in southern Africa
    • Cumming, D.H.M. & Brock, F.M. (1997) Elephants, woodlands and biodiversity in southern Africa. South African Journal of Science, 93, 231-236.
    • (1997) South African Journal of Science , vol.93 , pp. 231-236
    • Cumming, D.H.M.1    Brock, F.M.2
  • 43
    • 0033963904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae
    • Curran, L.M. & Leighton, M. (2000) Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae. Ecological Monographs, 70, 101-128.
    • (2000) Ecological Monographs , vol.70 , pp. 101-128
    • Curran, L.M.1    Leighton, M.2
  • 45
    • 0030613587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How environmental factors affect pollen performance: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives
    • Delph, L.F., Johannsson, M.H., Stephenson, A.G. (1997) How environmental factors affect pollen performance: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Ecology, 78(6), 1632-9.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , Issue.6 , pp. 1632-1639
    • Delph, L.F.1    Johannsson, M.H.2    Stephenson, A.G.3
  • 46
    • 0001972564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview: Laboratory experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments
    • ed. by J. Diamond and T.J. Case. Harper and Row, New York
    • Diamond, J. (1996) Overview: laboratory experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments. Community ecology (ed. by J. Diamond and T.J. Case), pp. 3-22. Harper and Row, New York.
    • (1996) Community Ecology , pp. 3-22
    • Diamond, J.1
  • 47
    • 0141586714 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Rhinoceros unicornis on riverine forest structure in lowland Nepal
    • Dinerstein, E. (1992) Effects of Rhinoceros unicornis on riverine forest structure in lowland Nepal. Ecology, 73, 701-704.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 701-704
    • Dinerstein, E.1
  • 48
    • 0027099569 scopus 로고
    • Lifetime impacts of herbivory for a perennial plant
    • Doak, D.F. (1992) Lifetime impacts of herbivory for a perennial plant. Ecology, 73, 2086-99.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 2086-2099
    • Doak, D.F.1
  • 49
    • 0002869409 scopus 로고
    • Evolution and affinities of the birds of Madagascar
    • Biogeography and ecology of Madagascar (ed. by G. Richard-Vindard and R. Batistini)
    • Dorst, J. (1972) Evolution and affinities of the birds of Madagascar. Biogeography and ecology of Madagascar (ed. by G. Richard-Vindard and R. Batistini). Monographs in Biology 30, 615-627.
    • (1972) Monographs in Biology , vol.30 , pp. 615-627
    • Dorst, J.1
  • 50
    • 0013026561 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of arboreal herbivores in the class Mammalia
    • ed. by G.G. Montgomery. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Eisenberg, J.F. (1978) The evolution of arboreal herbivores in the class Mammalia. The ecology of arboreal folivores (ed. by G.G. Montgomery), pp. 135-52. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1978) The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores , pp. 135-152
    • Eisenberg, J.F.1
  • 51
  • 52
    • 0021079712 scopus 로고
    • Tropical forest structure and the distribution of gliding and prehensile-tailed vertebrates
    • Emmons, L. & Gentry, A. (1983) Tropical forest structure and the distribution of gliding and prehensile-tailed vertebrates. American Naturalist, 121, 513-24.
    • (1983) American Naturalist , vol.121 , pp. 513-524
    • Emmons, L.1    Gentry, A.2
  • 53
    • 0021027086 scopus 로고
    • Community structure of the frugivorous-folivorous forest mammals of Gabon
    • Emmons, L.H., Gautier-Hion, A., Dubost, G. (1983) Community structure of the frugivorous-folivorous forest mammals of Gabon. Journal of Zoology, London, 199, 209-222.
    • (1983) Journal of Zoology, London , vol.199 , pp. 209-222
    • Emmons, L.H.1    Gautier-Hion, A.2    Dubost, G.3
  • 54
    • 0002914952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Game vertebrate extraction in African and Neotropical forests: An intercontinental comparison
    • ed. by J.D. Reynolds, G.M. Mace, K.H. Redford, J.G. Robinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Fa, J.E. & Peres, C.A. (2001) Game vertebrate extraction in African and Neotropical forests: an intercontinental comparison. Conservation of exploited species (ed. by J.D. Reynolds, G.M. Mace, K.H. Redford, J.G. Robinson), pp. 203-41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (2001) Conservation of Exploited Species , pp. 203-241
    • Fa, J.E.1    Peres, C.A.2
  • 55
    • 0030621377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size, diet and population density in Afrotropical forest mammals: A comparison with Neotropical sites
    • Fa, J.E. & Purvis, A. (1997) Body size, diet and population density in Afrotropical forest mammals: a comparison with Neotropical sites. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66, 98-112.
    • (1997) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 98-112
    • Fa, J.E.1    Purvis, A.2
  • 56
    • 0000714886 scopus 로고
    • The roosting and foraging areas of Epomophorus wahlbergi (Pteropodidae) and Scotophilus viridis (Vespertilionidae) in Kruger National Park, South Africa
    • Fenton, M.B., Brigham, R.M., Mills, A.M., Rautenbach, I.L. (1985) The roosting and foraging areas of Epomophorus wahlbergi (Pteropodidae) and Scotophilus viridis (Vespertilionidae) in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Journal of Mammalogy, 66, 461-8.
    • (1985) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.66 , pp. 461-468
    • Fenton, M.B.1    Brigham, R.M.2    Mills, A.M.3    Rautenbach, I.L.4
  • 58
  • 59
    • 0013516124 scopus 로고
    • The paleobiology of catarrhines
    • ed. by E. Delson. Alan R. Liss, New York
    • Fleagle, J.G. & Kay, R.F. (1985) The paleobiology of catarrhines. Ancestors: the hard evidence (ed. by E. Delson), pp. 23-36. Alan R. Liss, New York.
    • (1985) Ancestors: The Hard Evidence , pp. 23-36
    • Fleagle, J.G.1    Kay, R.F.2
  • 64
    • 0038896164 scopus 로고
    • Birds in Savanna Ecosystems
    • ed. by F. Bourlière. Elseviere Scientific, Amsterdam
    • Fry, C.H. (1983) Birds in Savanna Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the world 13: tropical savannas (ed. by F. Bourlière), pp. 337-357. Elseviere Scientific, Amsterdam.
    • (1983) Ecosystems of the World 13: Tropical Savannas , pp. 337-357
    • Fry, C.H.1
  • 66
    • 0032765790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit biomass and relative abundance of frugivores in a rain forest of southern Western Ghats, India
    • Ganesh, T. & Davidar, P. (1999) Fruit biomass and relative abundance of frugivores in a rain forest of southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15, 399-413.
    • (1999) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 399-413
    • Ganesh, T.1    Davidar, P.2
  • 67
    • 0001112281 scopus 로고
    • Feeding habits. Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part 1
    • ed. by R.J. Baker, J.K. Jones and D.C. Carter
    • Gardner, A.L. (1977) Feeding habits. Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part 1 (ed. by R.J. Baker, J.K. Jones and D.C. Carter) Special Publications of the Museum Texas Tech University, 10, 293-350.
    • (1977) Special Publications of the Museum Texas Tech University , vol.10 , pp. 293-350
    • Gardner, A.L.1
  • 70
    • 84967809217 scopus 로고
    • Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients
    • Gentry, A.H. (1988) Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 75,1-34.
    • (1988) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.75 , pp. 1-34
    • Gentry, A.H.1
  • 71
    • 0003005575 scopus 로고
    • Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants
    • ed. by L.E. Gilver & P.H. Raven. University of Texas Press, Austin
    • Gilbert, L.E. (1975) Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants. Plant and animal coevolution (ed. by L.E. Gilver & P.H. Raven), pp. 210-40. University of Texas Press, Austin.
    • (1975) Plant and Animal Coevolution , pp. 210-240
    • Gilbert, L.E.1
  • 72
    • 0035164551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection and activity budgets of keel-billed toucans at the landscape level
    • Graham, C. (2001) Habitat selection and activity budgets of keel-billed toucans at the landscape level. Condor, 103, 776-84.
    • (2001) Condor , vol.103 , pp. 776-784
    • Graham, C.1
  • 73
    • 0024475527 scopus 로고
    • Foregut fermentation in the hoatzin, a Neotropical leaf-eating bird
    • Grajal, A., Strahl, S.D., Parra, R., Dominguez, M.G., Neher A. (1989) Foregut fermentation in the hoatzin, a Neotropical leaf-eating bird. Science, 245, 1236-1238.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 1236-1238
    • Grajal, A.1    Strahl, S.D.2    Parra, R.3    Dominguez, M.G.4    Neher, A.5
  • 76
    • 0030779996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of herbivory on paternal fitness in scarlet gilia: Better moms also make better pops
    • Gronemeyer, P.A., Dilger, B.J., Bouzat, J.L., Paige, K.N. (1997) The effects of herbivory on paternal fitness in scarlet gilia: better moms also make better pops. American Naturalist, 150, 592-602.
    • (1997) American Naturalist , vol.150 , pp. 592-602
    • Gronemeyer, P.A.1    Dilger, B.J.2    Bouzat, J.L.3    Paige, K.N.4
  • 77
    • 0002993030 scopus 로고
    • On the rhinoceroses of South-East Asia
    • Groves, C.P. (1967) On the rhinoceroses of South-East Asia. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 15, 221-237.
    • (1967) Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen , vol.15 , pp. 221-237
    • Groves, C.P.1
  • 78
    • 0035745355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource partitioning and interspecific competition among coexisting species of guans and toucans in SE Brazil
    • Guix, J-C., Ruiz, X. & Jover, L. (2001) Resource partitioning and interspecific competition among coexisting species of guans and toucans in SE Brazil. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 51, 285-297.
    • (2001) Netherlands Journal of Zoology , vol.51 , pp. 285-297
    • Guix, J.-C.1    Ruiz, X.2    Jover, L.3
  • 79
    • 1642287051 scopus 로고
    • Speciation in Amazonian forest birds
    • Haffer, J. (1969) Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science, 165, 131-137.
    • (1969) Science , vol.165 , pp. 131-137
    • Haffer, J.1
  • 81
    • 0001929795 scopus 로고
    • Nectar characteristics and food selection by hummingbirds
    • Hainsworth, F.R. & Wolf, L.L. (1976) Nectar characteristics and food selection by hummingbirds. Oecologia (Berlin), 25, 101-113.
    • (1976) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.25 , pp. 101-113
    • Hainsworth, F.R.1    Wolf, L.L.2
  • 82
    • 0002119318 scopus 로고
    • Demography and natural history of the common fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
    • Handley, C.O. Jr, Wilson, D.E., Gardner, A.L. (1991) Demography and natural history of the common fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 511, 89-130.
    • (1991) Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology , vol.511 , pp. 89-130
    • Handley C.O., Jr.1    Wilson, D.E.2    Gardner, A.L.3
  • 83
    • 0014624845 scopus 로고
    • The role of predation in vegetational diversity
    • ed. by G.M. Woodwell & H.H. Smith. Symposium Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
    • Harper, J.L. (1969) The role of predation in vegetational diversity. Diversity and stability in ecological systems (ed. by G.M. Woodwell & H.H. Smith), pp. 48-62. Symposium Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY..
    • (1969) Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems , pp. 48-62
    • Harper, J.L.1
  • 84
    • 0141586706 scopus 로고
    • A summary report on the behaviour, ecology, and conservation of the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in Zaire
    • Hart, J.A. & Hart, T.B. (1988) A summary report on the behaviour, ecology, and conservation of the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in Zaire. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia, 80, 19-28.
    • (1988) Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia , vol.80 , pp. 19-28
    • Hart, J.A.1    Hart, T.B.2
  • 85
    • 0141698479 scopus 로고
    • Ranging and feeding behaviour of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in the Ituri Forest of Zaire: Food limitation in a rainforest herbivore?
    • Hart, J.A. & Hart, T.B. (1989) Ranging and feeding behaviour of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in the Ituri Forest of Zaire: food limitation in a rainforest herbivore? Symposium Zoological Society of London, 61, 31-50.
    • (1989) Symposium Zoological Society of London , vol.61 , pp. 31-50
    • Hart, J.A.1    Hart, T.B.2
  • 86
    • 0033963094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How important are forest elephants to the survival of woody plant species in Upper Guinean forests?
    • Hawthorne, W.D. & Parren, M.P.E. (2000) How important are forest elephants to the survival of woody plant species in Upper Guinean forests? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16, 133-150.
    • (2000) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 133-150
    • Hawthorne, W.D.1    Parren, M.P.E.2
  • 87
    • 0026274217 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and abundance of vines in forest communities
    • ed. by F.E. Putz & H.A. Mooney. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Hegarty, E.E. & Caballé, C. (1991) Distribution and abundance of vines in forest communities. The biology of vines (ed. by F.E. Putz & H.A. Mooney), pp. 313-35. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (1991) The Biology of Vines , pp. 313-335
    • Hegarty, E.E.1    Caballé, C.2
  • 88
    • 0000703006 scopus 로고
    • Foraging movements of a frugivorous bat, Carollia perspicillata (Phyllostomidae)
    • Heithaus, E.R. & Fleming, T.H. (1978) Foraging movements of a frugivorous bat, Carollia perspicillata (Phyllostomidae). Ecological Monographs, 48, 127-143.
    • (1978) Ecological Monographs , vol.48 , pp. 127-143
    • Heithaus, E.R.1    Fleming, T.H.2
  • 89
    • 0000910481 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory and its impact on plant reproduction
    • ed. By J. Lovett-Doust J. & L. Lovett-Doust. Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Hendrix, S.D. (1988) Herbivory and its impact on plant reproduction. Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies (ed. By J. Lovett-Doust J. & L. Lovett-Doust), pp. 246-63. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1988) Plant Reproductive Ecology: Patterns and Strategies , pp. 246-263
    • Hendrix, S.D.1
  • 90
    • 0000473470 scopus 로고
    • Floral biology in Pastinaca sativa; do compensatory responses offset reduction in fitness?
    • Hendrix, S.D. & Trapp, E.J. (1989) Floral biology in Pastinaca sativa; do compensatory responses offset reduction in fitness? Evolution, 43, 891-895.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 891-895
    • Hendrix, S.D.1    Trapp, E.J.2
  • 91
    • 0003024340 scopus 로고
    • A flora do Cerrado
    • ed. by M.G. Ferri. Livraria Itataia Editora and Editora da Universidade de Sáo Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Sáo Paulo
    • Heringer, E.P., Barroso, G.M., Rizzo, J.A. & Rizzini, C.T. (1977) A flora do Cerrado. IV Simpósio sobre o Cerrado (ed. by M.G. Ferri), pp. 211-232. Livraria Itataia Editora and Editora da Universidade de Sáo Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Sáo Paulo.
    • (1977) IV Simpósio Sobre o Cerrado , pp. 211-232
    • Heringer, E.P.1    Barroso, G.M.2    Rizzo, J.A.3    Rizzini, C.T.4
  • 92
    • 0002822085 scopus 로고
    • The recent mammals of the Neotropical region: A zoo-geographic and ecological review
    • ed. by A. Keast & B. Glass. State University of New York, Albany
    • Hershkovitz, P. (1972) The recent mammals of the Neotropical region: a zoo-geographic and ecological review. Evolution, mammals, and southern continents (ed. by A. Keast & B. Glass), pp. 311-41. State University of New York, Albany.
    • (1972) Evolution, Mammals, and Southern Continents , pp. 311-341
    • Hershkovitz, P.1
  • 93
    • 0028177729 scopus 로고
    • Diversity in body size and feeding morphology within past and present vulture assemblages
    • Hertel, F. (1994) Diversity in body size and feeding morphology within past and present vulture assemblages. Ecology, 75, 1074-84.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1074-1084
    • Hertel, F.1
  • 94
    • 0036960260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Damage and recovery of Cycas micronesica after Typhoon Paka
    • Hirsch, H. & Marler, T. (2002) Damage and recovery of Cycas micronesica after Typhoon Paka. Biotropica, 34, 598-602.
    • (2002) Biotropica , vol.34 , pp. 598-602
    • Hirsch, H.1    Marler, T.2
  • 95
    • 0002518857 scopus 로고
    • Phenology of leaf production in rain forest of Gabon: Distribution and composition of food for folivores
    • ed. By G. Montgomery. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Hladik, A. (1978) Phenology of leaf production in rain forest of Gabon: distribution and composition of food for folivores. The ecology of tropical folivores (ed. By G. Montgomery), pp. 51-71. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1978) The Ecology of Tropical Folivores , pp. 51-71
    • Hladik, A.1
  • 96
    • 0017544146 scopus 로고
    • Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities
    • Holt, R.D. (1977) Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theoretical Population Biology, 12, 197-229.
    • (1977) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.12 , pp. 197-229
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 98
    • 0004067925 scopus 로고
    • An ecological study of the birds of the lowland pine savanna and adjacent rain forest in northeastern Nicaragua
    • Howell, T.R. (1971) An ecological study of the birds of the lowland pine savanna and adjacent rain forest in northeastern Nicaragua. Living Bird, 10:185-242.
    • (1971) Living Bird , vol.10 , pp. 185-242
    • Howell, T.R.1
  • 100
    • 0035100921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of native pigs (Sus scrofa) on woody understorey vegetation in a Malaysian lowland rain forest
    • Ickes, K., Dewalt, S.J. & Appanah, S. (2001) Effects of native pigs (Sus scrofa) on woody understorey vegetation in a Malaysian lowland rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17, 191-206.
    • (2001) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.17 , pp. 191-206
    • Ickes, K.1    Dewalt, S.J.2    Appanah, S.3
  • 101
    • 0141475141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hoofed mammals
    • ed. by D. Macdonald. Barnes & Noble, New York
    • Janis, C.M. & du Toit, J. (2001) Hoofed mammals. Encyclopedia of mammals (ed. by D. Macdonald), pp. 454-65. Barnes & Noble, New York.
    • (2001) Encyclopedia of Mammals , pp. 454-465
    • Janis, C.M.1    Du Toit, J.2
  • 102
    • 0000476994 scopus 로고
    • Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the Tertiary? Dances with wolves avatars
    • Janis, C.M. & Wilhelm, P.B. (1993) Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the Tertiary? Dances with wolves avatars. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1, 103-125.
    • (1993) Journal of Mammalian Evolution , vol.1 , pp. 103-125
    • Janis, C.M.1    Wilhelm, P.B.2
  • 104
    • 0030613575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen and resource limitation of compensation to herbivory in scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata
    • Juenger, T. & Bergelson, J. (1997) Pollen and resource limitation of compensation to herbivory in scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata. Ecology, 78, 1684-95.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1684-1695
    • Juenger, T.1    Bergelson, J.2
  • 106
    • 0002585503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleogeography and paleoecology. Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics
    • ed. by R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli and J.J. Flynn. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Kay, R.F. & Madden, R.H. (1997) Paleogeography and paleoecology. Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia (ed. by R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli and J.J. Flynn) pp. 520-550. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1997) The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia , pp. 520-550
    • Kay, R.F.1    Madden, R.H.2
  • 109
    • 0034005369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptic consumers and the ecology of an African savanna
    • Keesing, F. (2000) Cryptic consumers and the ecology of an African savanna. Bioscience, 50, 205-15.
    • (2000) Bioscience , vol.50 , pp. 205-215
    • Keesing, F.1
  • 113
    • 0000933313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population fluctuations in Sulawesi red-knobbed hornbills: Tracking figs in space and time
    • Kinnaird, M.F., O'Brien, T.G., Suryadi, S. (1996) Population fluctuations in Sulawesi red-knobbed hornbills: tracking figs in space and time. Auk, 113, 431-40.
    • (1996) Auk , vol.113 , pp. 431-440
    • Kinnaird, M.F.1    O'Brien, T.G.2    Suryadi, S.3
  • 114
  • 115
    • 0035815101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 levels and the fecundity of forest trees
    • 2 levels and the fecundity of forest trees. Science, 292, 95-98.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 95-98
    • LaDeau, S.1    Clark, J.S.2
  • 116
    • 0026284462 scopus 로고
    • Keystone characters of a bird-dispersed Ficus in a Malaysian lowland rain forest
    • Lambert, F.R. & Marshall, A.G. (1981) Keystone characters of a bird-dispersed Ficus in a Malaysian lowland rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 79, 793-809.
    • (1981) Journal of Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 793-809
    • Lambert, F.R.1    Marshall, A.G.2
  • 117
    • 0002886917 scopus 로고
    • Elephants as agents of habitat and landscape change in East Africa
    • Laws, R.M. (1970) Elephants as agents of habitat and landscape change in East Africa. Oikos, 21, 1-15.
    • (1970) Oikos , vol.21 , pp. 1-15
    • Laws, R.M.1
  • 118
    • 0002176259 scopus 로고
    • Forest production and regulation of primary Consumers in Barro Colorado Island
    • ed. by E.G. Leigh, A.S. Rand, and D.M. Windsor. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Leigh, E.G. & Windsor, D.M. (1982) Forest production and regulation of primary Consumers in Barro Colorado Island. The ecology of a tropical forest; seasonal rhythms and long-term changes (ed. by E.G. Leigh, A.S. Rand, and D.M. Windsor), pp. 111-22. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1982) The Ecology of a Tropical Forest; Seasonal Rhythms and Long-Term Changes , pp. 111-122
    • Leigh, E.G.1    Windsor, D.M.2
  • 120
    • 0001939999 scopus 로고
    • Hornbill social dispersion: Variations on a monogamous theme
    • ed. by D.I. Rubinstein & R.W. Wrangham. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
    • Leighton, M. (1986) Hornbill social dispersion: variations on a monogamous theme. Ecological aspects of social evolution: birds and mammals (ed. by D.I. Rubinstein & R.W. Wrangham), pp. 108-30. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
    • (1986) Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution: Birds and Mammals , pp. 108-130
    • Leighton, M.1
  • 122
    • 0141809870 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of litter size in primates
    • Leutenegger, W. (1979) Evolution of litter size in primates. American Naturalist, 114, 525-31.
    • (1979) American Naturalist , vol.114 , pp. 525-531
    • Leutenegger, W.1
  • 123
    • 0036793058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects of horses on estuarine communities
    • Levin, P.S., Ellis, J., Petrik, R. & Hay, M.E. (2002) Indirect effects of horses on estuarine communities. Conservation Biology, 16, 1364-1371.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 1364-1371
    • Levin, P.S.1    Ellis, J.2    Petrik, R.3    Hay, M.E.4
  • 124
    • 0001070788 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian herbivore-plant interactions
    • ed. by W.G. Abrahamson. McGraw-Hill, New York
    • Lindroth, R.L. (1989) Mammalian herbivore-plant interactions. Plant-animal interactions (ed. by W.G. Abrahamson), pp. 163-206. McGraw-Hill, New York.
    • (1989) Plant-Animal Interactions , pp. 163-206
    • Lindroth, R.L.1
  • 125
    • 0001575260 scopus 로고
    • An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography
    • MacArthur, R.H. & Wilson, E.O. (1963) An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution, 17, 373-87.
    • (1963) Evolution , vol.17 , pp. 373-387
    • MacArthur, R.H.1    Wilson, E.O.2
  • 126
    • 0141809868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Avifauna: Ecology, biogeography, and behaviour
    • ed. by P.S. Oliveira & R.J. Marquis. Columbia University Press, New York
    • Macedo, R.H.F. (2002) The Avifauna: ecology, biogeography, and behaviour. The Cerrados of Brazil ecology and natural history of a Neotropical Savanna (ed. by P.S. Oliveira & R.J. Marquis), pp. 242-265. Columbia University Press, New York.
    • (2002) The Cerrados of Brazil Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna , pp. 242-265
    • Macedo, R.H.F.1
  • 127
    • 0003112680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fossil evidence for the origin of terrestriality among Old World higher primates
    • ed. by E. Strasser, J. Fleagle, A. Rosenberger and H. McHenry. Plenum Press, New York
    • McCrossin, M.L., Benefit, B.R., Gitau, S.N., Palmer, A.K. & Blue, K.T. (1998) Fossil evidence for the origin of terrestriality among Old World higher primates. Primate locomotion, recent advances (ed. by E. Strasser, J. Fleagle, A. Rosenberger and H. McHenry), pp. 353-396. Plenum Press, New York.
    • (1998) Primate Locomotion, Recent Advances , pp. 353-396
    • McCrossin, M.L.1    Benefit, B.R.2    Gitau, S.N.3    Palmer, A.K.4    Blue, K.T.5
  • 128
    • 0141809869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xenarthrans: Pilosans
    • ed. by R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli and J.J. Flynn. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
    • McDonald, H.G. (1997) Xenarthrans: pilosans. The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia (ed. by R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli and J.J. Flynn) pp. 233-245. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
    • (1997) The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia , pp. 233-245
    • McDonald, H.G.1
  • 129
    • 0002327089 scopus 로고
    • Pliocene mammals from Inchasi, Bolivia: The endemic fauna just before the Great American Interchange
    • MacFadden, B.J. (1995) Pliocene mammals from Inchasi, Bolivia: the endemic fauna just before the Great American Interchange. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 39, 87-140.
    • (1995) Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History , vol.39 , pp. 87-140
    • MacFadden, B.J.1
  • 130
    • 0034503061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic mammalian herbivores from the Americas: Reconstructing ancient diets and terrestrial communities
    • MacFadden, B.J. (2000) Cenozoic mammalian herbivores from the Americas: reconstructing ancient diets and terrestrial communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 33-59.
    • (2000) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.31 , pp. 33-59
    • MacFadden, B.J.1
  • 131
    • 0031436746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancient feeding ecology and niche differentiation of Pleistocene mammalian herbivores from Tarija, Bolivia: Morphological and isotopic evidence
    • MacFadden, B.J. & Shockley, B.J. (1997). Ancient feeding ecology and niche differentiation of Pleistocene mammalian herbivores from Tarija, Bolivia: morphological and isotopic evidence. Paleobiology, 23, 77-100.
    • (1997) Paleobiology , vol.23 , pp. 77-100
    • MacFadden, B.J.1    Shockley, B.J.2
  • 134
    • 0027333302 scopus 로고
    • The sizes of vertebrate-dispersed fruits: A Neotropical-Paleotropical comparison
    • Mack, A.L. (1993) The sizes of vertebrate-dispersed fruits: a Neotropical-Paleotropical comparison. American Naturalist, 142, 840-56.
    • (1993) American Naturalist , vol.142 , pp. 840-856
    • Mack, A.L.1
  • 136
    • 0021536769 scopus 로고
    • Leaf herbivores decrease fitness of a tropical plant
    • Marquis, R.J. (1984) Leaf herbivores decrease fitness of a tropical plant. Science, 226, 537-39.
    • (1984) Science , vol.226 , pp. 537-539
    • Marquis, R.J.1
  • 137
    • 0024233246 scopus 로고
    • Land mammals and the Great American Interchange
    • Marshall, L.G. (1988) Land mammals and the Great American Interchange. American Scientist, 96, 380-388.
    • (1988) American Scientist , vol.96 , pp. 380-388
    • Marshall, L.G.1
  • 138
    • 0027846646 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of leaf damage affects fitness of the annual plant Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)
    • Mauricio, R., Bowers, M.D., Bazzaz, F.A. (1993) Pattern of leaf damage affects fitness of the annual plant Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae). Ecology, 74, 2066-71.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 2066-2071
    • Mauricio, R.1    Bowers, M.D.2    Bazzaz, F.A.3
  • 139
    • 0004224262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
    • Michener, C.D. (2000) The bees of the world, p. 913. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
    • (2000) The Bees of the World , pp. 913
    • Michener, C.D.1
  • 140
    • 0034503196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why are large herbivores absent from Australia: A new theory of macro-nutrients
    • Milewski, A.V. & Diamond, R.E. (2000) Why are large herbivores absent from Australia: a new theory of macro-nutrients. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 957-78.
    • (2000) Journal of Biogeography , vol.27 , pp. 957-978
    • Milewski, A.V.1    Diamond, R.E.2
  • 142
    • 0003811662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford Science, Malden, MA
    • Morin, P.J. (1999) Community Ecology, p. 424. Oxford Science, Malden, MA.
    • (1999) Community Ecology , pp. 424
    • Morin, P.J.1
  • 143
    • 0001700298 scopus 로고
    • Influence of habitat on the foraging distance of the fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis
    • Morrison, D.W. (1978) Influence of habitat on the foraging distance of the fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis. Journal of Mammalogy, 59, 622-624.
    • (1978) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.59 , pp. 622-624
    • Morrison, D.W.1
  • 144
    • 0002146545 scopus 로고
    • Foraging and day-roosting dynamics of canopy fruit bats in Panama
    • Morrison, D.W. (1980) Foraging and day-roosting dynamics of canopy fruit bats in Panama, Journal of Mammalogy, 61, 20-29.
    • (1980) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.61 , pp. 20-29
    • Morrison, D.W.1
  • 145
    • 0002106044 scopus 로고
    • The extent of competition in shaping an introduced avifauna
    • ed. by J. Diamond & T.J. Case. Harper and Row, New York
    • Moulton, M.P. & Pimm, S.L. (1986) The extent of competition in shaping an introduced avifauna. Community ecology (ed. by J. Diamond & T.J. Case), pp. 80-97. Harper and Row, New York.
    • (1986) Community Ecology , pp. 80-97
    • Moulton, M.P.1    Pimm, S.L.2
  • 146
    • 0000599690 scopus 로고
    • Crown distortion and elephant distribution in the woody vegetations of Ruhuna National Park, Ceylon
    • Mueller-Dombois, D. (1972) Crown distortion and elephant distribution in the woody vegetations of Ruhuna National Park, Ceylon. Ecology, 53, 208-226.
    • (1972) Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 208-226
    • Mueller-Dombois, D.1
  • 148
    • 0037331075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fig-seed predation by 2 species of Chiroderma: Discovery of a new feeding strategy in bats
    • Nogueira, M.R. & Peracchi, A.L. (2003) Fig-seed predation by 2 species of Chiroderma: discovery of a new feeding strategy in bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 84, 225-233.
    • (2003) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.84 , pp. 225-233
    • Nogueira, M.R.1    Peracchi, A.L.2
  • 150
    • 0141475134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation physiognomies and woody flora of the Cerrado biome
    • ed. by P.S. Oiveira and R.J. Marquis. Columbia University Press, New York
    • Oliveira-Filho, A.T. & Ratter, J.A. (2002) Vegetation physiognomies and woody flora of the Cerrado biome. The Cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a Neotropical savanna (ed. by P.S. Oiveira and R.J. Marquis), pp. 91-120. Columbia University Press, New York.
    • (2002) The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna , pp. 91-120
    • Oliveira-Filho, A.T.1    Ratter, J.A.2
  • 151
    • 0027332193 scopus 로고
    • Habits of the Southern bamboo rat, Kannabateomys amblyonyx (Rodentia, Echimyidae) in southeastern Brazil
    • Olmos, F., Galetti, M., Paschoal, M., Mendes, K.L. (1993) Habits of the Southern bamboo rat, Kannabateomys amblyonyx (Rodentia, Echimyidae) in southeastern Brazil. Mammalia, 57, 325-35.
    • (1993) Mammalia , vol.57 , pp. 325-335
    • Olmos, F.1    Galetti, M.2    Paschoal, M.3    Mendes, K.L.4
  • 152
    • 0001161890 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencingthe consumption of plant products by large herbivores
    • ed. By G. Huntley & B. Walker. Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Owen-Smith, R.N. (1982) Factors influencingthe consumption of plant products by large herbivores. Ecology of tropical savannas (ed. By G. Huntley & B. Walker), pp. 359-404. Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1982) Ecology of Tropical Savannas , pp. 359-404
    • Owen-Smith, R.N.1
  • 154
    • 0034977893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of flooding and herbivores on variation in recruitment of palms between habitats
    • Pacheco, M.A.W. (2001) Effects of flooding and herbivores on variation in recruitment of palms between habitats. Journal of Ecology, 89, 358-366.
    • (2001) Journal of Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 358-366
    • Pacheco, M.A.W.1
  • 156
    • 0001640795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of nonvolant mammal communities in different Amazonian forest types
    • ed. by J.F. Eisenberg & K.H. Redford. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • Peres, C.A. (1999) The structure of nonvolant mammal communities in different Amazonian forest types. Mammals of the Neotropics, Vol. 3 (ed. by J.F. Eisenberg & K.H. Redford), pp. 564-81. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
    • (1999) Mammals of the Neotropics , vol.3 , pp. 564-581
    • Peres, C.A.1
  • 157
    • 0034069991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of subsistence hunting on vertebrate community structure in Amazonian forests
    • Peres, C.A. (2000) Effects of subsistence hunting on vertebrate community structure in Amazonian forests. Conservation Biology, 14, 240-253.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 240-253
    • Peres, C.A.1
  • 158
    • 0001858349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species coexistence, distribution, and environmental determinants of Neotropical primate richness: A community-level zoogeographic analysis
    • ed. by J.G. Fleagle, C.H. Janson, and K. Reed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Peres, C.A., Janson, C.H. (1999) Species coexistence, distribution, and environmental determinants of Neotropical primate richness: a community-level zoogeographic analysis. Primate communities (ed. by J.G. Fleagle, C.H. Janson, and K. Reed), pp. 55-74. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (1999) Primate Communities , pp. 55-74
    • Peres, C.A.1    Janson, C.H.2
  • 160
    • 84985133868 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes in nectar-feeding by birds in Zaria, Nigeria
    • Pettet, A. (1977) Seasonal changes in nectar-feeding by birds in Zaria, Nigeria. Ibis, 119, 291-308.
    • (1977) Ibis , vol.119 , pp. 291-308
    • Pettet, A.1
  • 161
    • 0027026923 scopus 로고
    • The biology of flying foxes of the genus Pteropus: A review. Pacific island flying foxes: Proceedings of an international conservation conference
    • ed. by D.E. Wilson & G.L. Graham
    • Pierson, E.D. & Rainey, W.E. (1992) The biology of flying foxes of the genus Pteropus: a review. Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference (ed. by D.E. Wilson & G.L. Graham) US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report, 90, 1-17.
    • (1992) US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report , vol.90 , pp. 1-17
    • Pierson, E.D.1    Rainey, W.E.2
  • 162
    • 0028177685 scopus 로고
    • Range of males of the Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Brown Hornbill Ptilolaemus tickelli and Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulates in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
    • Poonsward, P. & Tsuji, A. (1994) Range of males of the Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Brown Hornbill Ptilolaemus tickelli and Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulates in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Ibis, 136, 79-86.
    • (1994) Ibis , vol.136 , pp. 79-86
    • Poonsward, P.1    Tsuji, A.2
  • 164
    • 0002172540 scopus 로고
    • Late Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems
    • ed. by A.K. Behrensmeyer, J.D. Damuth, W.A. DiMichele, R. Potts, H-D. Sues and S.L. Wing. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • Potts, C.E. & Behrensmeyer, A.K. (1992) Late Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems. Terrestrial ecosystems through time (ed. by A.K. Behrensmeyer, J.D. Damuth, W.A. DiMichele, R. Potts, H-D. Sues and S.L. Wing), pp. 419-541. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
    • (1992) Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time , pp. 419-541
    • Potts, C.E.1    Behrensmeyer, A.K.2
  • 166
    • 10244235264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges in the quest for keystones
    • Power, M.E. & Tilman, D. (1996) Challenges in the quest for keystones. Bioscience. 46, 609-620.
    • (1996) Bioscience , vol.46 , pp. 609-620
    • Power, M.E.1    Tilman, D.2
  • 167
    • 0024879079 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian biomass in an African equatorial rain forest
    • Prins, H.H.T. & Reitsma, J.M. (1989) Mammalian biomass in an African equatorial rain forest. Journal of Animal Ecology, 58, 851-61.
    • (1989) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 851-861
    • Prins, H.H.T.1    Reitsma, J.M.2
  • 169
    • 0021532570 scopus 로고
    • How trees avoid and shed lianas
    • Putz, F.E. (1984) How trees avoid and shed lianas. Biotropica, 16, 19-23.
    • (1984) Biotropica , vol.16 , pp. 19-23
    • Putz, F.E.1
  • 170
    • 0141586705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fossil mammals of the Amazon as a portrait of a Pleistocene environment
    • ed. by J.F. Eisenberg and K.H. Redford. Unversity of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • Rancy, A. (1999) Fossil mammals of the Amazon as a portrait of a Pleistocene environment. Mammals of the Neotropics: the Central Neotropics, Vol. 3, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil (ed. by J.F. Eisenberg and K.H. Redford), pp. 20-6. Unversity of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
    • (1999) Mammals of the Neotropics: The Central Neotropics, Vol. 3, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil , vol.3 , pp. 20-26
    • Rancy, A.1
  • 173
    • 0034896407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic expansion of grasslands and climatic cooling
    • Retallack, G.J. (2001) Cenozoic expansion of grasslands and climatic cooling. Journal of Geology 109, 407-426.
    • (2001) Journal of Geology , vol.109 , pp. 407-426
    • Retallack, G.J.1
  • 174
    • 0001797174 scopus 로고
    • Shedding of vines by the palms Welfia georgii and Iriartea gigantea
    • Rich, P.M., Lum, S., Muñoz E.L. & Quesada A.M. (1987) Shedding of vines by the palms Welfia georgii and Iriartea gigantea. Principes, 31, 31-40.
    • (1987) Principes , vol.31 , pp. 31-40
    • Rich, P.M.1    Lum, S.2    Muñoz, E.L.3    Quesada, A.M.4
  • 176
    • 0001815276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butterfly diversity and a preliminary comparison with bird and mammal diversity
    • ed. by D.E. Reaka-Kudla & E.O. Wilson. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC
    • Robbins, R.K. & Opler, P.A. (1997) Butterfly diversity and a preliminary comparison with bird and mammal diversity. Biodiversity II: understanding and protecting our biological resources (ed. by D.E. Reaka-Kudla & E.O. Wilson), pp. 69-82. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1997) Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources , pp. 69-82
    • Robbins, R.K.1    Opler, P.A.2
  • 178
    • 0028978306 scopus 로고
    • Benefits and costs of defense in a Neotropical shrub
    • Sagers, C.L. & Coley, P.D. (1995) Benefits and costs of defense in a Neotropical shrub. Ecology, 7, 1835-1843.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.7 , pp. 1835-1843
    • Sagers, C.L.1    Coley, P.D.2
  • 179
    • 0029659938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris L) in the Tabaro River valley, southern Venezuela
    • Salas, L.A. (1996) Habitat of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris L) in the Tabaro River valley, southern Venezuela. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 1452-1458.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.74 , pp. 1452-1458
    • Salas, L.A.1
  • 180
    • 0029659943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris L) in the Tabaro River valley, southern Venezuela
    • Salas, L.A., Fuller T.K. (1996) Diet of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris L) in the Tabaro River valley, southern Venezuela. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 1444-1451.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.74 , pp. 1444-1451
    • Salas, L.A.1    Fuller, T.K.2
  • 181
    • 0003008481 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of pollination biology in Central American forests
    • ed. by K.S. Bawa & M. Hadley. Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris.
    • Schatz, G.E. (1990) Some aspects of pollination biology in Central American forests. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants (ed. by K.S. Bawa & M. Hadley), pp. 69-84. Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris.
    • (1990) Reproductive Ecology of Tropical Forest Plants , pp. 69-84
    • Schatz, G.E.1
  • 182
    • 0141698473 scopus 로고
    • The Javan rhinoceros in Ujung Kulon Nature Preserve
    • Schenkel, R. & Schenkel-Hulliger, L. (1969) The Javan rhinoceros in Ujung Kulon Nature Preserve. Acta Tropica, 26, 98-134.
    • (1969) Acta Tropica , vol.26 , pp. 98-134
    • Schenkel, R.1    Schenkel-Hulliger, L.2
  • 184
    • 0141698472 scopus 로고
    • First record of black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri) in Bolivia
    • Schmitt, G.G. & D.C. Cole (1981) First record of black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri) in Bolivia. Condor, 83, 182-183.
    • (1981) Condor , vol.83 , pp. 182-183
    • Schmitt, G.G.1    Cole, D.C.2
  • 187
  • 188
    • 0002281786 scopus 로고
    • Birds of the Cerrado region, South America
    • Silva, J.M.C. (1995) Birds of the Cerrado region, South America. Steenstrupia 21, 69-92.
    • (1995) Steenstrupia , vol.21 , pp. 69-92
    • Silva, J.M.C.1
  • 189
    • 0023488290 scopus 로고
    • Costs and benefits of plant resistance to herbivory
    • Simms, E.L. & Rausher, M.D. (1987) Costs and benefits of plant resistance to herbivory. American Naturalist, 130, 570-81.
    • (1987) American Naturalist , vol.130 , pp. 570-581
    • Simms, E.L.1    Rausher, M.D.2
  • 190
    • 0034485958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephant utilization of Colophospermum mopane: Posible benefits of hedging
    • Smallie, J.J. & O'Conner, T.G. (2000) Elephant utilization of Colophospermum mopane: posible benefits of hedging. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 352-259.
    • (2000) African Journal of Ecology , vol.38 , pp. 352-259
    • Smallie, J.J.1    O'Conner, T.G.2
  • 191
    • 0030879015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for ecotones in generating rainforest biodiversity
    • Smith, T.B. & Wayne, R.K. (1997) A role for ecotones in generating rainforest biodiversity. Science, 276, 1855-1857.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1855-1857
    • Smith, T.B.1    Wayne, R.K.2
  • 192
    • 0141698469 scopus 로고
    • Thacker, Spink, and Company, Calcutta
    • Sterndale, R.A. (1884) Mammals of India. Thacker, Spink, and Company, Calcutta.
    • (1884) Mammals of India
    • Sterndale, R.A.1
  • 194
    • 0035114647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between fruit production and primate abundance in Neotropical communities
    • Stevenson, P.R. (2001) The relationship between fruit production and primate abundance in Neotropical communities. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 72, 161-78.
    • (2001) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.72 , pp. 161-178
    • Stevenson, P.R.1
  • 195
    • 0019753109 scopus 로고
    • Geographical aspects of bird-flower coevolution, with particular reference to Central America
    • Stiles, F.G. (1981) Geographical aspects of bird-flower coevolution, with particular reference to Central America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 68, 323-51.
    • (1981) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.68 , pp. 323-351
    • Stiles, F.G.1
  • 196
    • 0030613582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floral characters link herbivores/pollinators, and plant fitness
    • Strauss, S.Y. (1997) Floral characters link herbivores/pollinators, and plant fitness. Ecology, 78, 1640-45.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1640-1645
    • Strauss, S.Y.1
  • 197
    • 0030469735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foliar herbivory affects floral characters and plant attractiveness to pollinators: Implications for male and female fitness
    • Strauss, S.Y, Conner, J.K., Rush, S. (1996) Foliar herbivory affects floral characters and plant attractiveness to pollinators: implications for male and female fitness. American Naturalist, 147, 1098-1107.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.147 , pp. 1098-1107
    • Strauss, S.Y.1    Conner, J.K.2    Rush, S.3
  • 198
    • 0141809866 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the rhinoceros in Malaya
    • Strickland, D.L. (1967) Ecology of the rhinoceros in Malaya. Malayan Nature Journal, 20, 1-17.
    • (1967) Malayan Nature Journal , vol.20 , pp. 1-17
    • Strickland, D.L.1
  • 200
    • 0033507118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of cervid browsing on the terrestrial gastropod fauna in the boreal forests of Fennoscandia
    • Suominen, O. (1999) Impact of cervid browsing on the terrestrial gastropod fauna in the boreal forests of Fennoscandia. Ecography, 22, 651-658.
    • (1999) Ecography , vol.22 , pp. 651-658
    • Suominen, O.1
  • 202
    • 0034980460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Role of microenvironmental heterogeneity in the ecology and diversification of Neotropical rain-forest palms (Arecaceae)
    • Svenning, J-C. (2001) On the Role of microenvironmental heterogeneity in the ecology and diversification of Neotropical rain-forest palms (Arecaceae). Botanical Review 67, 1-53.
    • (2001) Botanical Review , vol.67 , pp. 1-53
    • Svenning, J.-C.1
  • 203
    • 0141586704 scopus 로고
    • A look at threatened species
    • Talbot, L.M. (1960) A look at threatened species. Oryx, 5, 169-215.
    • (1960) Oryx , vol.5 , pp. 169-215
    • Talbot, L.M.1
  • 204
    • 0031054033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of Africa's forgotten forest elephant
    • Tangley, L. (1997) In search of Africa's forgotten forest elephant. Science, 275, 1417-1419.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1417-1419
    • Tangley, L.1
  • 206
    • 0001824249 scopus 로고
    • Convergence vs. nonconvergence in primate communities
    • ed. by J.H.R. Gee & P.S. Giller. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford
    • Terborgh, J. & van Schaik, C.A. (1987) Convergence vs. nonconvergence in primate communities. Organization of communities: past and present (ed. by J.H.R. Gee & P.S. Giller), pp. 205-25. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
    • (1987) Organization of Communities: Past and Present , pp. 205-225
    • Terborgh, J.1    Van Schaik, C.A.2
  • 207
    • 0020922941 scopus 로고
    • The annual migrations of three species of West African fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
    • Thomas, D.W. (1983) The annual migrations of three species of West African fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 2266-2272.
    • (1983) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.61 , pp. 2266-2272
    • Thomas, D.W.1
  • 210
    • 0001810825 scopus 로고
    • Studying forest elephants by direct observations: Preliminary results from the Dzanga clearing, Central African Republic
    • Turkalo, A.K., Fay, J.M. (1995) Studying forest elephants by direct observations: preliminary results from the Dzanga clearing, Central African Republic. Pachyderm, 20, 45-54.
    • (1995) Pachyderm , vol.20 , pp. 45-54
    • Turkalo, A.K.1    Fay, J.M.2
  • 212
    • 0034057302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of resource competition and herbivory on plant performance along a natural productivity gradient
    • Van Der Wal, R., Egas, M., Van Der Veen, A., Bakker, J. (2000) Effects of resource competition and herbivory on plant performance along a natural productivity gradient. Journal of Ecology, 88, 317-30.
    • (2000) Journal of Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 317-330
    • Van Der Wal, R.1    Egas, M.2    Van Der Veen, A.3    Bakker, J.4
  • 213
    • 0031856797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest elephant paths and movements at the Odzala National Park, Congo: The role of clearings and Marantacea forests
    • Vanleeuwe, H. & Gautier-Hion, A. (1998) Forest elephant paths and movements at the Odzala National Park, Congo: the role of clearings and Marantacea forests. African Journal of Ecology, 36, 174-182.
    • (1998) African Journal of Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 174-182
    • Vanleeuwe, H.1    Gautier-Hion, A.2
  • 215
    • 0033775838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of forest type and tree species on canopy-dwelling beetles in Budongo Forest, Uganda
    • Wagner, T. (2000) Influence of forest type and tree species on canopy-dwelling beetles in Budongo Forest, Uganda. Biotropica, 32, 502-514.
    • (2000) Biotropica , vol.32 , pp. 502-514
    • Wagner, T.1
  • 217
    • 0032853865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What it will take to monitor forest elephant populations
    • Walsh, P.D. & White, L.J.T. (1999) What it will take to monitor forest elephant populations. Conservation Biology, 13, 1194-1202.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 1194-1202
    • Walsh, P.D.1    White, L.J.T.2
  • 220
    • 0002977892 scopus 로고
    • Late Cenozoic mammal dispersals between the Americas
    • ed. by F.G. Stehli and S.D. Webb. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • Webb, S.D. (1985) Late Cenozoic mammal dispersals between the Americas. The Great American Biotic Interchange (ed. by F.G. Stehli and S.D. Webb), pp. 357-386. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
    • (1985) The Great American Biotic Interchange , pp. 357-386
    • Webb, S.D.1
  • 222
    • 84995114599 scopus 로고
    • Bird-flowers: Hovering versus perching exploitation
    • Westerkamp, C. (1990) Bird-flowers: hovering versus perching exploitation. Botanica Acta, 103, 366-71.
    • (1990) Botanica Acta , vol.103 , pp. 366-371
    • Westerkamp, C.1
  • 223
    • 0028878674 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the duration of elephant dung piles in rain forest in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon
    • White, L.J.T. (1994) Factors affecting the duration of elephant dung piles in rain forest in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. African Journal of Ecology 33, 142-150.
    • (1994) African Journal of Ecology , vol.33 , pp. 142-150
    • White, L.J.T.1
  • 224
    • 0002264894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations in Miocene xenarthrans
    • ed. by R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli and J.J. Flynn. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • White, J.L. (1997) Locomotor adaptations in Miocene xenarthrans. The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia (ed. by R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli and J.J. Flynn) pp. 246-264. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1997) The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia , pp. 246-264
    • White, J.L.1
  • 227
    • 0025526852 scopus 로고
    • Interisland movements of fruit bats (Pteropus mariannus) in the Mariana Islands
    • Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC
    • Wiles, G.J. & Glass, P.O. (1990) Interisland movements of fruit bats (Pteropus mariannus) in the Mariana Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin number 343. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
    • (1990) Atoll Research Bulletin Number 343 , vol.343
    • Wiles, G.J.1    Glass, P.O.2
  • 228
    • 0002689746 scopus 로고
    • Phenological behaviour in some Shorea species in peninsular Malaysia
    • ed. by K.S. Bawa & M. Hadley. UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing, Paris
    • Yap, S.K. & Chan, H.T. (1990) Phenological behaviour in some Shorea species in peninsular Malaysia. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants (ed. by K.S. Bawa & M. Hadley), pp. 21-35. UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing, Paris.
    • (1990) Reproductive Ecology of Tropical Forest Plants , pp. 21-35
    • Yap, S.K.1    Chan, H.T.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.