Limb bone proportions, strength and digging in some lujanian (late pleistocene-early holocene) mylodontid ground sloths (mammalia, xenarthra)

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 601-610

  Bargo, M Susana ^a   Vizcaíno, Sergio F ^a   Archuby, Fernando M ^a   Blanco, R Ernesto ^b  

^a FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO   (Argentina)

^b INSTITUTO DE FÍSICA   (Uruguay)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034347723     PISSN: 02724634     EISSN: 19372809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0601:LBPSAD]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Alexander, R. McN. 1981. Factors of safety in the structure of animals. Science Progress, 67:109-130.
2. Alexander, R. McN. 1983. Animal Mechanics, 2nd ed. Blackwell, Oxford. 301 pp.
3. Alexander, R. McN. 1985. Mechanics of posture and gait of some large dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 83:1-25.
4. Alexander, R. McN., and C. Pond. 1992. Locomotion and bone strength of the white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum. Journal of Zoology (London) 227:63-69.
5. Alexander, R. McN., A. S. Jayes, G. M. O. Maloiy, and E.M. Wathuta. 1979. Allometry of the limb bones of mammals from shrews (Sorex) to elephant (Loxodonta). Journal of Zoology (London) 189:305-314.
6. Anderson, J. F., A. Hall-Martin, and D. A. Russell. 1985. Long bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology (London) 207:53-61.
7. Aramayo, S., and T. M. de Bianco. 1996. Edad y nuevos hallazgos de icnitas de mamíferos y aves en el yacimiento paleoicnológico de Pehuén-Có (Pleistoceno Tardío), provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. I Reunión Argentina de Icnología Publicación Especial 4:47-57.
8. Bailey, N. J. T. 1959. Statistical methods in biology. English University Press, London, pp.
9. Carroll, R. L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 698 pp.
10. Casamiquela, R. 1974. El bipedismo de los megaterioideos. Estudio de pisadas fósiles en la Formación Río Negro típica. Ameghiniana 11: 249-282.
11. Casamiquela, R. 1983. Pisadas del Pleistoceno (¿Superior?) del Balneario Monte Hermoso, Buenos Aires. La confirmación del andar bipedal de los megaterioideos. Cuadernos del Instituto Superior “Juan XXIII” 4: 5-21.
12. Casinos, A. 1996. Bipedalism and quadrupedalism in Megatherium”, an attempt at biomechanical reconstruction. Lethaia 29:87-96.
13. Coombs, M. C. 1983. Large mammalian clawed herbivores: A comparative study. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 73(7): 1-96.
14. Cuenca Anaya, J. 1995. El aparato locomotor de los escelidoterios (Edentata, Mammalia) y su paleobiología. Adjuntament de Valencia, Colección “Estudis” 6, 452 pp.
15. Damuth, J. 1990. Problems in estimating body masses of archaic ungulates using dental measurements; pp. 229-253 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden (eds.), Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications. Cambridge University. Press, Cambridge.
16. Edmund, G. 1985. The fossil giant armadillos of North America (Pampatheriinae, Xenarthra = Edentata); pp. 83-93 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
17. Engelmann, G. F. 1985. The phylogeny of the Xenarthra; pp. 51-64 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
18. Fariña, R. A. 1995. Limb bone strengths and habits in large glyptodonts. Lethaia 28:189-196.
19. Fariña, R. A., and R. E. Blanco. 1996. Megatherium, the stabber. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 263:1725-1729.
20. Fariña, R. A., R. E. Blanco, and J. Roman. Submitted. Forearm extension in extinct ground sloths and other mammals. Journal of Zoology.
21. Fariña, R. A., and S. F. Vizcaino. 1997. Allometry of the leg bones in armadillos (Mammalia, Dasypodidae). A comparison with other mammals. Zeitschrift für Sáugetierkunde 62:65-70.
22. Fariña, R. A., S. F. Vizcaino, and M. S. Bargo. 1998. Body size estimations n Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene of South America) mammal megafauna. Mastozoologia Neotropical 5:87-108.
23. Frechkop, S. 1949. Explication biologique fournie par les tatous, d’un des caractères distinctifs des Xénarthres et d’un caractère adaptatif analogue ches les Pangolins. Bulletin Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique XXV (28): 1-12.
24. Frenguelli, J. 1921. Los terrenos de la costa Atlántica en los alrededores de Miramar (Provincia de Buenos Aires) y sus correlaciones. Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba 24:325-485.
25. Gaudin, T. J. 1995. The ear region of Edentates and the phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertetebrate Paleontology 15:672-705.
26. Gregory, W. K. 1912. Notes on the principles of quadrupedal locomotion and on the mechanism of the limbs in hoofed animals. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 22:267–294.
27. Imbellone, P., M. Teruggi, and L. Mormeneo. 1990. Crotovinas en sedimentos Cuaternarios del partido de La Plata. International Symposium on loess. Mar del Plata. CADINQUA: 166-172.
28. Janis, C. 1990. Correlation of cranial and dental variables with body size in ungulates and macropodids; pp. 225–299 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden (eds.), Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Bological Implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
29. Kraglievich, L. 1934. La antigüedad Pliocena de las faunas de Monte Hermoso y Chapadmalal deducidas de su comparación con las que le precedireon y le sucedieron. Montevideo Imprenta El Siglo Ilustrado: 1-36.
30. Lydekker, R. 1894. Contributions to a knowledge of the fossil vertebrates of Argentina, Part II: The extinct edentates of Argentina. Anales del Museo de La Plata, Paleontología Argentina 3:1-118, 61 plates.
31. McDonald, H. G. 1977. Descriptions of the osteology of the extinct gravigrade edentate, Megalonyx with observations on its ontogeny, phylogeny and functional anatomy. M.S. thesis. University of Florida, 328 pp.
32. McDonald, H. G., and C. de Muizon. 1995. An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru: another group of mammals returns to water. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15(3. suppl.):42.
33. Mendel, F C. 1985. Adaptations for suspensory behavior in the limbs of the two-toed sloth; pp. 151-162 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
34. Muizon, C. de, and H. G. McDonald. 1995. An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru. Nature 375:224-227.
35. Nowack, R. M. 1991. Walker’s Mammals of the World. 5th Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. Vol. I and II, 1629 pp.
36. Owen, R. 1842. Description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth, Mylodon robustus, OWEN, with observations on the osteology, natural affinities, and probable habits of the megatherioid quadruped in general. R. & J. E. Taylor, London, 176 pp.
37. Owen, R. 1851. On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum, BLUMENBACH). I. Preliminary observations on the exogenous processes of vertebrae. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 141 (2):719-764.
38. Patterson, B., and R. Pascual. 1968. Evolution of mammals on southern continents. Quaterly Reviews of Biology 43:409-451.
39. Patterson, B., and R. Pascual. 1972. The fossil mammal fauna of South America; pp. 247-309 in A. Keast, F. Erk, and B. Glass (eds.), Evolution, Mammals, and Southern Continents. State University of New York Press, Albany, New York.
40. PC-MATLAB™ for MS-DOS Personal Computers. 1990. Natick, Massachussets: The Math Works, Inc.
41. Quintana, C. A. 1992. Estructura interna de una paleocueva, posiblemente de un Dasypodidae (Mammalia, Edentata), del Pleistoceno de Mar del Plata (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina). Ameghiniana 29:87-91.
42. Redford, K. H., and J. F. Eisenberg. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. The Southern Cone, Vol. 2. Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 430 pp.
43. Richman A. D., and T. Price. 1992. Evolution of ecological differences in the Old World leaf warblers. Nature 355:817-821.
44. Rubin, C. T., and L. E. Lanyon. 1982. Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dogs. Journal of Experimental Biology 101:187–211.
45. Scott, K. 1990. Postcranial dimensions of ungulates as predictors of body mass: pp. 301-335 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden (eds.), Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
46. Swartz S. M., and A. A. Biewener. 1992. Shape and scaling; pp. 21-43 in A. A. Biewener (ed.), Biomechanics-Structures and Systems. A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press.
47. Toledo, P. M. de. 1996. Locomotory patterns within the Pleistocene sloths. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, 309 pp.
48. Toledo, P. M. de. 1997. Feeding and locomotory adaptations of Pleistocene sloths. Abstracts VHth International Theriological Congress: 278.
49. Van Valkenburgh, B. 1990. Skeletal and dental predictors of body mass in carnivores; pp. 181-205 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden (eds.), Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
50. Vizcaino, S. F, R. A. Fariña, and G. Mazzetta. 1999. Ulnar dimensions and fossoriality in armadillos and other South American mammals. Acta Theriologica 44:309-320.
51. Vizcaino, S. F, M. Zárate, M. S. Bargo, and A. Dondas. Submitted. Pleistocene large butrows in the Mar del Plata area (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) and their probable builders. Acta Paleontologica Polonica, Special Issue Symposium Biomechanics and Paleobiology (S. F. Vizcaino, and R. A. Fariña, eds.).
52. Webb, S. D. 1985. The interrelationships of tree sloths and ground sloths; pp. 105-112 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
53. Wetzel, R. M. 1982. Systematics, distribution, ecology and conservation of South American Edentates. Special Publication in Ecology, Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology 6:345-375.
54. White, J. L. 1997. Locomotor adaptations in Miocene Xenarthrans; pp. 246-264 in R. E Kay, R. H. Madden, R. L. Cifelli, and J. J. Flynn (eds.). Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
55. White, J. L., R. D. E. Mac Phee, and C. A. Woods. 1996. Hispaniolan sloths: phylogeny and functional morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(3 suppl.):72-73A.
56. Winge, H. 1941. Edentates (Edentata); pp. 319-341 in S. Jensen, R. Spárck, and H. Volsoe (eds.), The Interrelationships of the Mammalia Genera. Reitzels Forlag, Copenhagen.
57. Zárate, M. A., M. S. Bargo, S. F. Vizcaino, A. Dondas, and O. Scaglia. 1998. Estructuras biogénicas en el Cenozoico tardio de Mar del Plata (Argentina) atribuibles a grandes mamíferos. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Sedimentología 5:95-103.